TENTANG IKAN

Rangka Ikan Kira-kira setengah dari spesies verterbrata (binatang bertulang belakang) adalah jenis ikan. Ada sekitar 28.000 spesies ikan atau bahkan mencapai 32.500 spesies yang diperkirakan masih hidup di bumi saat ini. Sepertiga diantara spesies yang ada adalah keluarga Cyprinidae (seperti jenis ikan karper), Gobiidae (seperti ikan gobi), Cichlidae, Characidae,Loricariidae (seperti jenis ikan lele atau ikan sapu), Balitoridae, Serranidae, Labridae, Scorpaenidae. Secara umum ikan dapat ditandai sebagai binatang yang memiliki rangka, bertulang belakang, memiliki insang, memiliki sirip, walaupun ada jenis ikan yang tidak masuk kategori tanda-tanda tersebut, seperti kerang-kerangan (Shellfish), , cumi, sotong (Cuttlefish), Udang (Crayfish), ubur-ubut (Jellyfish). Ikan juga menjadi bagian penting dalam legenda atau cerita-cerita agama. Dalam cerita agama seperti Yunus diceritakan ditelan oleh ikan besar dan kemudian masih hidup setelah dimuntahkan oleh ikan tersebut. Ada juga cerita yang melegenda seperti Ikan Duyung yang berbentuk setengah manusia dan setengah ikan. Demikian pula simbolsimbol zodiac seperti Pisces. Taxonomy Ikan untuk contoh ikan mas (goldfish) dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut:

Domain: Eukaryota; Whittaker & Margulis,1978 eukaryotes Kingdom: Animalia; Linnaeus, 1758 animals Sub-Kingdom: Bilateria; (Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983 Branch: Deuterostomia; Grobben, 1908 Infra-Ingdom: Chordonia; (Haeckel, 1874) Cavalier-Smith, 1998 Phylum: Chordata; Bateson, 1885 Chordates Sub-Phylum: Vertebrata; Cuvier, 1812 Vertebrates Infra-Phylum: Gnasthostomata; Auct. Jawed Vertebrates Super-Class: Ostheichthyes; Huxley, 1880 Bony Fishes Class: Ostheichthyes; Huxley, 1880 Bony Fishes Sub-Class: Actinopterygii; Ray-Finned Fishes Infra-Class: Actinopteri: Cohort: Clupeocephala Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae; Minnows and Carps Sub-Family: Cyprininae Genus: Carassius Specific Name: Auratus

Species: Auratus Scientific Name: Carassius auratus auratus

Animalia atau sering juga disebut Metozoa secara etymology berasal dari bahasa Latin; animale atau anima yang berarti bernyawa atau berjiwa. Dalam definisi biologi kata ini disebutkan sebagai anggota dari Kerajaan Binatang termasuk manusia. Catatan tertua ditemukan melalui penemuan fossil dari mahluk laut yang diperkirakan semasa jaman Cambrian 543 Juta Tahun Lalu. Bilateria adalah binatang yang memiliki bentuk bersifat simetris. Bukti awal adanya bilateria adalah dalam bentuk fossil di endapan Ediacaran dan Kimberella yang bertahun 555 juta tahun lalu. Vermanimaculata mungkin bentuk awal binatang Bilateria. Deuterostomes secara etymology berasal dari kata deuterostomia yang berarti mulut kedua. Jadi deuterostomes sudah memiliki mulut dan anus. Turunan dari deuterostomes yang disebut phylum adalah jenis binatang bertulang belakang (vertebrata), jenis bintang laut atau timun laut (echinodermata), jenis cacing (hemichordata), jenis cacing menyerupai binatang (Xenoturbellida) yang dianggap sudah punah. Chordata adalah jenis binatang verterbrata yang belum memiliki otak walau sudah memiliki saraf dan berciri memiliki tubuh berongga. Sulit memberi contoh bentuk tetapi jenis sotong menjadi gambaran yang mendekati bentuk binatang ini. Vertebrata secara etymology berasal dari kata Latin Vertebratus (Pliny) yang berarti memiliki sambungan. Satu karakteristik dari binatang vertebrata adalah memiliki tulang belakang dan melalui rongga tulang belakang ini terjalin sistim saraf. Ciri-ciri lainnya dari vertebrata bahwa pada bagian kepala terdapat organ sensorik seperti mata, walaupun bentuk rahang masih belum sempurnah perkembangannya. Pada periode Ordovician bentuk rahang sudah terlihat dan pada periode Denovidian memiliki rahang sudah menjadi umum. Vertebrata sudah mulai berkembang pada periode Cambrian 525 juta tahun lalu. Vertebrata yang tertua diketahui disebut Myllokunmingia, dan jenis lainnya disebut Haikouichthys ercaicunensis yang ditemukan di Chengjiang berusia 524 juta tahun lau, dan masih belum memiliki rahang yang sempurna.

Ikan guppy, salah satu ikan akuarium terpopuler di dunia Klasifikasi ilmiah

Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Chordata (tidak termasuk) Craniata Ikan adalah anggota poikilotermik (berdarah dingin) yang hidup di air dan bernapas dengan insang. Ikan merupakan kelompok vertebrata yang paling beraneka ragam dengan jumlah spesies lebih dari 27,000 di seluruh dunia. Secara taksonomi, ikan tergolong kelompok paraphyletic yang hubungan kekerabatannya masih diperdebatkan; biasanya ikan dibagi menjadi ikan tanpa rahang (kelas Agnatha, 75 spesies termasuk lamprey dan ikan hag), ikan bertulang rawan (kelas Chondrichthyes, 800 spesies termasuk hiu dan pari), dan sisanya tergolong ikan bertulang keras (kelas Osteichthyes). Ikan dalam berbagai bahasa daerah disebut iwak (jv, bjn), jukut (vkt). Ikan memiliki bermacam ukuran, mulai dari paus hiu yang berukuran 14 meter (45 ft) hingga stout infantfish yang hanya berukuran 7 mm (kira-kira 1/4 inci). Ada beberapa hewan air yang sering dianggap sebagai ikan, seperti ikan paus, ikan cumi dan ikan duyung, yang sebenarnya tidak tergolong sebagai ikan. Sampai saat ini, ikan pada umumnya dikonsumsi langsung. Upaya pengolahan belum banyak dilakukan kecuali ikan asin. Ikan dapat diolah menjadi berbagai produk seperti ikan kering, dendeng ikan, abon ikan, kerupuk ikan, ikan asin, kemplang, bakso ikan dan tepung darah ikan sebagai pupuk tanaman dan pakan ikan. Klasifikasi Ikan adalah kelompok parafiletik yang berarti, setiap kelas yang memuat semua ikan akan mencakup pula tetrapoda yang bukan ikan. Atas dasar ini, pengelompokan seperti Kelas Pisces, seperti pada masa lalu, tidak layak digunakan lagi. Berikut adalah unit-unit yang mencakup semua vertebrata yang biasa disebut sebagai ikan:

Subkelas Pteraspidomorphi (ikan tak berahang primitif) Kelas Thelodonti Kelas Anaspida (tidak berstatus) Cephalaspidomorphi (ikan tak berahang primitif) (tidak berstatus) Hyperoartia Petromyzontidae (lamprey) Kelas Galeaspida Kelas Pituriaspida Kelas Osteostraci Infrafilum Gnathostomata (vertebrata bermulut besar) Kelas Placodermi (ikan berperisai, punah) Kelas Chondrichthyes (ikan bertulang rawan: hiu, pari) Kelas Acanthodii (hiu berduri, punah)

Superkelas Osteichthyes (ikan bertulang sejati: mencakup hampir semua ikan penting masa kini) Kelas Actinopterygii (ikan bersirip kipas) Kelas Sarcopterygii (ikan sirip berdaging/ikan bersirip cuping) Subkelas Coelacanthimorpha (coelacanth) Subkelas Dipnoi (ikan paru)

Ekologi ikan Ikan dapat ditemukan di hampir semua genangan air yang berukuran besar baik air tawar, air payau maupun air asin pada kedalaman bervariasi, dari dekat permukaan air hingga beberapa ribu meter di bawah permukaan air. Namun, danau yang terlalu asin seperti Great Salt Lake tidak bisa menghidupi ikan. Ada beberapa spesies ikan dibudidayakan dan dipelihara untuk hiasan dalam akuarium, kita kenal sebagai ikan hias. Ikan adalah sumber makanan yang penting. Hewan air lain, seperti moluska dan krustasea kadang dianggap pula sebagai ikan ketika digunakan sebagai sumber makanan. Menangkap ikan untuk keperluan makan dalam jumlah kecil atau olah raga pancing sering disebut sebagai memancing. Hasil penangkapan ikan seluruh dunia setiap tahunnya berjumlah sekitar 100 juta ton pertahun. Overfishing adalah sebuah istilah dalam bahasa Inggris untuk menjelaskan penangkapan ikan secara berlebihan. Fenomena ini merupakan ancaman bagi berbagai spesies ikan. Pada tanggal 15 Mei 2003, jurnal Nature melaporkan bahwa semua spesies ikan laut yang berukuran besar telah ditangkap berlebihan secara sistematis hingga jumlahnya kurang dari 10% jumlah yang ada pada tahun 1950. Penulis artikel pada jurnal tersebut menyarankan pengurangan penangkapan ikan secara drastis dan reservasi habitat laut di seluruh dunia.

Kandungan Gizi Kandungan Ikan kaya akan manfaat karena merupakan sumber protein bagi tubuh. Selain itu ternyata ikan juga mengandung berbagai zat yang sangat bermanfaat bagi kesehatan. Kandungan zat gizi yang terdapat pada ikan segar dan manfaatnya antara lain :

Omega 3, untuk proses perkembangan otak pada janin dan penting untuk perkembangan fungsi syaraf dan penglihatan bayi. Mengandung serat protein yang pendek sehingga mudah di cerna Kaya akan asam amino seperti taurin untuk merangsang pertumbuhan sel otak balita. Vitamin A dalam minyak hati ikan untuk mencegah kebutaan pada anak

Vitamin D dalam daging dan minyak hati ikan untuk pertumbuhan dan kekuatan tulang Vitamin B6 untuk membantu metabolisme asam amino dan lemak serta mencegah anemia dan kerusakan syaraf Vitamin B12 untuk pembentukan sel darah merah, membantu metabolisme lemak, dan melindungi jantung juga kerusakan syaraf Zat besi yang mudah di serap oleh tubuh Yodium untuk mencegah terjadinya penyakit gondok dan hambatan pertumbuhan anak Selenium untuk membantu metabolisme tubuh dan sebagian anti oksidan yang melindungi tubuh dari radikal bebas Seng yang membantu kerja enzim dan hormon Fluor yang berperan dalam meguatkan dan menyehatkan gigi anak

Kandungan ikan kaya akan manfaat akan lebih optimal jika dalam bentuk daging ikan segar sehingga kandungan gizi dalam ikan tetap untuk mendapatkan kandungan ikan yang kaya akan manfaat. Selanjutnya mengenai Ikan-Ikan terkait, saya deskripsikan pada Categories Deskripsi Ikan! Sumber: http://konsumenikan.wordpress.com/about/ http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan

Thelodonti
Thelodonti
Fossil range: Middle-Upper Ordovician[1] to Late Devonian[2]

Shielia tiati

Scientific classification Kingdom: Phylum: Subphylum: Class: Animalia Chordata Vertebrata Thelodonti

Subgroupings
(unranked, see Turner 1991)

Theleodontina

Loganiida Katoporida

There is much debate over whether the clade of Palaeozoic fish known as the Thelodonti (formerly coelolepids[3]) represent a monophyletic grouping, or disparate stem groups to the major lines of jawless and jawed fish. Thelodonts (from Greek: "Nipple teeth") are characterised by being small and jawless, and united in possession of "thelodont scales". This defining character is not necessarily a result of shared ancestry, as it may have been evolved independently by different groups. "Thelodonts" were morphologically very similar, and probably closely related, to fish of the classes Heterostraci and Anaspida, differing mainly in their covering of distinctive, small, spiny scales. These scales were easily dispersed after death; their small size and resilience makes them the most common vertebrate fossil of their time.[4][5] The fish lived in both freshwater and marine environments, first appearing during the Ordovician, and perishing during the Frasnian - Fammenian extinction event of the Late Devonian. They were predominantly deposit-feeding bottom dwellers, although there is evidence to suggest that some species took to the water column to be free-swimming organisms.

Contents

1 Description 2 Scales 3 Ecology 4 Utility as biostratigraphic markers 5 Evolutionary patterns 6 Further reading 7 External links 8 See also 9 References

Description

Very few complete thelodont specimens are known; fewer still are preserved in three dimensions. This is due in part to the lack of an internal ossified (i.e. bony) skeleton; it does not help that the scales are poorly, if at all, attached to one another. Consequently, we are best able to describe the exoskeleton, which was composed of many tooth-like scales, usually around 0.5-1.5mm in size. These scales did not overlap,[6] were aligned to point backwards along the fish, in the most streamlined direction, but beyond that often appear haphazard in their orientation. The scales themselves approximate the form of a teardrop mounted on a small, bulky base, with the base often containing a small rootlet with which the scale was attached to the fish. The "teardrop" often contains lines, ridges, furrows and spikes running down its length in an array of sometimes complex patterns.[7] Scales found around the gill region were generally smaller than the larger, bulkier scales found on the dorsal/ventral sides of the fish; some genera display rows of longer spikes.[8] The scaly covering contrasts them with most other jawless fish (Cephalaspidomorphi), which were armor-plated with large, flat scales. Aside from scattered scales, some specimens do appear to display imprints, giving an indication of the structure of the whole animal - which appeared to reach 15-30 cm in length.[9] Tentative studies appear to suggest that the fish possessed a more developed braincase than the lampreys, with an almost shark-like outline. Internal scales have also been recovered, some fused into plates resembling gnathostome tooth-whorls to such a degree that some researchers favour a close link between the families.[7] Despite the rarity of complete fossils, very rarely specimens do allow us to gain an insight into the innards of the Thelodonts. Some specimens described in 1993 were the first to be found with a significant degree of three-dimensionality, ending speculations

that the Thelodonts were flat fish. Further, these fossils allowed the gut morphology to be interpreted, which generated much excitement: their guts were unlike those of any other agnathans, and a stomach was clearly visible: this was unexpected, as it was previously thought that stomachs evolved after jaws. Distinctive fork-shaped tails - usually characteristic of the jawed fish (gnathostomes) - were also found, linking the two groups to an unexpected degree.[10] The fins of the thelodonts are useful in reconstructing their mode of life. Their paired pectoral fins combined with single, usually well-developed, dorsal and anal fins;[9] these and the prolonged anterior tube-like handle, followed by a heterocercal tail resemble features of modern fish that associated with their deftness at predation and evasion.[8]

Scales

Left to right: denticles of Paralogania (?), Shielia taiti, Lanarkia horrida. The bony scales of the thelodont group, as the most abundant form of fossil, are also the best understood - and thus most useful. The scales were formed and shed throughout the organisms' lifetimes, and quickly separated after their death.[3] Bone - being one of the most resistant materials to the process of fossilisation - often preserves internal detail, which allows the histology and growth of the scales to be studied in detail. The scales comprise a non-growing "crown" composed of dentine, with a sometimes-ornamented enameloid upper surface and an aspidine base.[11] Its growing base is made of cell-free bone, which sometimes developed anchorage structures to fix it in the side of the fish.[7] Beyond that, there appear to be five types of bone-growth, which may represent five natural groupings within the thelodonts - or a spectrum ranging between the end members meta- (or ortho-) dentine and mesodentine tissues.[12] Interestingly, each of the five scale morphs appears to resemble the scales of more derived groupings of fish, suggesting that thelodont groups may have been stem groups to succeeding clades of fish.[7]

However, using scale morphology alone to distinguish species has some pitfalls. Within each organism, scale shape varies hugely according to body area,[13] with intermediate forms appearing between different areas - and to make matters worse, scale morphology may not even be constant within one area! To confuse things further, scale morphologies are not unique to taxa, and may be indistinguishable on the same area of two different species.[9] The morphology and histology of the thelodonts provides the main tool for quantifying their diversity and distinguishing between species - although ultimately using such convergent traits is prone to errors. None the less, a framework comprising three groups has been proposed based upon scale morphology and histology.[12]

Ecology
Furcacauda heintzae Most thelodonts were probably deposit feeders, although nektonic forms were not. They are mainly known from open shelf environments, but are also found nearer the shore and in some freshwater settings.[4] The appearance of the same species in fresh- and salt-water settings has led to suggestions that some thelodonts migrated into fresh water, perhaps to spawn. However, the transition from fresh- to salt- water should be observable, as the scales' composition would change to reflect the different environment. This compositional change has not yet been found.[14]

Utility as biostratigraphic markers

Thelodont scales are globally widespread during the Silurian and Early Devonian times, becoming restricted in range to Gondwana, until their extinction in the Late Devonian (Frasnian).[7] The morphology of some species diversified rapidly enough for the scales to rival the conodonts in utility as biostratigraphic markers, allowing precise correlation of widely-spaced sediments.

Evolutionary patterns

The first major pattern or group of jawless fish with exoskeletons or plated armour, was the Laurentian group, which existed during the Cambrian-Ordovician time. However, the thelodonts (as well as the conodonts, placoderms, acanthodians, and chondrichthyans) are the second major group which are believed to have emerged in the middle Ordovician and lasted near the Late Devonian period. Due to their similar characteristics and chronological time frame of existence, many believe the thelodonts have Laurentian origins. [15]

Further reading

Long, John A (1996). The Rise of Fishes: 500 Million Years of Evolution. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5438-5. Mrss, T., Turner, S. & Karatajte-Talimaa, V. 2007. "Thelodonti", in H.P. Schultze: Agnatha II 1B. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Mnchen, 143. A range of images of scales are available in Mrss, T (2006). "Thelodonts (Agnatha) from the basal beds of the Kuressaare Stage, Ludlow, Upper Silurian of Estonia.". Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology, 55, 1,43-66..

External links

Fossil Museum. Immense Thelodont Fossil Fish from Silurian Scotland. Retrieved on 2007-10-30. Contains some images. Mikko's Phylogeny Archive (2006-02-26). Thelodonti thelodonts. Retrieved on 2007-10-30. A phylogeny.

See also

List of thelodont genera

References
1. ^ Mrss, T.; Karatajt-Talimaa, V. N. (2002). "Ordovician and Lower Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)". Geodiversitas 24 (2): 381-404. Retrieved on 2007-10-31. 2. ^ Turner, S.; Dring, R.S. (1981). "Late Devonian thelodonts (Agnatha) from the Gneudna Formation, Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia". Alcheringa 5: 39-48. 3. ^ a b Turner, S.; Tarling, D.H. (1982). "Thelodont and other agnathan distributions as tests of Lower Paleozoic continental reconstructions". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 39: 295311.

4. ^ a b Turner, S (1999), Early Silurian to Early Devonian thelodont assemblages and their possible ecological significance, in AJ Boucot & J Lawson [eds.], Palaeocommunities, International Geological Correlation Programme 53, Project Ecostratigraphy, Final Report. Cambridge University Press, pp. 42-78. 5. ^ The early and mid Silurian. See Kazlev, M.A., White, T (2001-03-06). Thelodonti. Retrieved on 2007-10-30. 6. ^ Turner, S. (1973). "Siluro-Devonian thelodonts from the Welsh Borderland". Journal of the Geological Society 129 (6): 557-584. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.129.6.0557. 7. ^ a b c d e Janvier, Philippe (1998). "Early vertebrates and their extant relatives", Early Vertebrates. Oxford University Press, 123-127. ISBN 0-19-854047-7. 8. ^ a b Donoghue, P.C.J.; Smith, M.P. (2001). "The anatomy of Turinia pagei (Powrie), and the phylogenetic status of the Thelodonti". Transactions: Earth Sciences 92 (1): 15-37. Retrieved on 2007-10-31. 9. ^ a b c Botella, H.; Valenzuela-Rios, J.I.; Carls, P. (2006). "A New Early Devonian Thelodont From Celtiberia (spain), With A Revision Of Spanish Thelodonts". Palaeontology 49 (1): 141-154. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00534.x. 10. ^ Wilson, M.V.H., Caldwell, M.W. "New Silurian and Devonian fork-tailed thelodonts are jawless vertebrates with stomach and deep bodies" Nature 361. (1993), Oct. 24, 2007 11. ^ Mrss, T. (2006b). "Exoskeletal Ultrasculpture Of Early Vertebrates". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26 (2): 235-252. doi:[235EUOEV2 10.1671/02724634(2006)26[235EUOEV]2]. 12. ^ a b Turner, S. (1991). "Monophyly and interrelationships of the Thelodonti", Early vertebrates and related problems of evolutionary biology. Science press, Beijing, 87-119. 13. ^ Mrss, T. (1986). "Squamation of the thelodont agnathan Phlebolepis". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 6 (1): 1-11. ISSN 0272-4634. 14. ^ Mrss, T. (1992) "The structure of growth layers of Silurian fish scales as potential evidence of environmental changes". Academia 1: 41-48. 15. ^ Donoghue and Smith. "The spatial and temporal diversification of Early Palaeozoic vertebrates" Geological Society, London, Special Publications; 2002; v. 194; p. 69-72

Agnatha
Idealized agnatha. Agnatha (Greek, "no jaws") is a paraphyletic[citation needed] superclass of jawless fish in the phylum CHI YOU ARE THE BESThordata, subphylum Vertebrata. Agnatha have existed since the Cambrian, and continue to live in modern times. There are two extant groups of jawless fish (sometimes called cyclostomes), the lampreys and the hagfish, with about 100 species between them. In addition to the absence of jaws, Agnatha are characterised by absence of paired fims; the presence of a notochord both in larvae and adults; and seven or more paired gill pouches. The bronchial arches supporting the gill pouches lie close to the body surface. There is a light sensitive pineal eye (homologous to

the pineal gland in mammals). There is no identifiable stomach. Fertilization is external. The Agnatha are ectothermic, with a cartilaginous skeleton, and the heart contains 2 chambers. jawless fish come from te ocean and they eat worms and dead fish Although they are superficially similar, many of these similarities are probably shared primitive characteristics of ancient vertebrates, and modern classifications tend to move the hagfish into a separate group (the Myxini or Hyperotreti), with the lampreys (Hyperoartii) being more closely related to the jawed fishes.