BIOREMEDIASI BIOREMEDIASI

Bi di i k t Bioremediasi merupakan suatu

usaha penghancuran atau
i k d li b h mengurangi kandungan limbah
berbahaya secara biologis pada
l t k t i i areal yang terkontaminasi
Bioremediation
Bioremediation is the use of biological treatment
systems to destroy or reduce the concentration of
hazardous wastes froma contaminated site. hazardous wastes from a contaminated site.
Bioremediation is the intentional use of
biodegradation process to eliminate environmental
pollutants fromcontaminated sites pollutants from contaminated sites.
Bioremediation technologies use the physiological
potential of microorganisms to eliminate
i t l t i t environmental contaminants.
SEGITIGA BIOREMEDIASI SEGITIGA BIOREMEDIASI
(Bioremediation Triangle)
Tiga hal penting dalam segitiga bioremediasi
adalah :
K t i ( ) Kontaminan (cemaran)
Mikrobia
N t i i Nutrisi
Tantangan teknis adalah bagaimana membawa
ketiga komponen ini saling bersentuhan ketiga komponen ini saling bersentuhan
(point of contact) pada lokasi dan kondisi
yang sulit
IMPLEMENTASI Bioremediasi
Implementasi teknologi bioremediasi
didasarkan pada dua pertanyaan yaitu:
Dimanakah kontaminan (cemaran) dapat Dimanakah kontaminan (cemaran) dapat
dimetabolisir? dan bagaimana lokasi
remediasi dapat dicapai?
Berkenaan dengan lokasi proses secara Berkenaan dengan lokasi, proses secara
mikrobia dapat menghancurkan kontaminan
in-situ, sedangkan cemaran ditemukan di
l ( it ) di b h lapangan (ex-situ), dimana bahan pencemar
harus dibawa dari lapangan ke bioreaktor
untuk diolah.
PEMILIHAN METHODA
Keputusan pemilihan methoda yang digunakan dalam
bioremediasi tergantung pada:
K kt i tik k t i ti t k i it b t Karakteristik kontaminan seperti toksisitasnya, berat
molekul, solubilitas, volatilitas, dan kemudahan
dirombak mikroorganisme. g
Ditentukan oleh lokasi terjadinya pencemaran:
kondisi geologinya, hidrologi, jenis tanah, iklim, aspek
hukum ekonomi dan tekanan politik hukum, ekonomi, dan tekanan politik.
Intrinsic Bioremediation
Intrinsic bioremediation tergantung kepada
kemampuan mikroorganisme alami dalam
melaksanakan proses perombakan tanpa melaksanakan proses perombakan tanpa
penambahan nutrisi atau mikroba lain.
Agar Intrinsic Bioremediation berjalan effektif maka
kecepatan perombakan kontaminan dalamtanah kecepatan perombakan kontaminan dalam tanah
haruslah lebih cepat dibandingkan pergerakan bahan
tersebut dalam tanah. Kecepatan relatif perombakan
bahan dalamtanah dalamhal ini ditentukan oleh bahan dalam tanah dalam hal ini ditentukan oleh
jenis bahan, komunitas mikrobia, dan kondisi
hidrogeokimia lahan terkontaminasi.
Engineered Bioremediation Engineered Bioremediation
(EB)
EB dapat mempercepat intrinsic bioremediation atau
sepenuhnya menggantikannya melalui modifikasi
prosedur seperti penggalian, manipulasi hidrologis, prosedur seperti penggalian, manipulasi hidrologis,
dan instalasi bioreaktor.
EB sangat cocok untuk digunakan pada bahan
polutan yang tidak menguap dan sedikit larut polutan yang tidak menguap dan sedikit larut.
Ada berbagai alasan mengapa EB lebih disukai
dibandingkan dengan Intrinsic bioremediation
d l kt d bi t k ti dengan alasan waktu dan biaya serta kepastian.
Assessment of Bioremediation Assessment of Bioremediation
Strategies
Cek karakteristik yang tidak diinginkan seperti
toksisitas dan kemungkinan dapat dirombak oleh
mikroorganisme. J ika hal tersebut ditemukan maka mikroorganisme. J ika hal tersebut ditemukan maka
bioremediasi dapat dikerjakan.
Cek apakah perombakan dapat berlangsung tanpa
penambahan oksigen penambahan oksigen.
Cek apakah polutan (kontaminan) tersedia sebagai
subtrat aerobik.
Cek apakah polutan (kontaminan) merupakan subtrat
bagi pertumbuhan. J ika tidak penambahan co-sbstrat
dibutuhkan.
RENCANA KERJ A
Review data yang tersedia
Pengambilan sampel Pengambilan sampel
Karakteristik lokasi
St di t t Bi t t bilit b h Studi tentang Biotreatability bahan
Perkiraan Biotreatability
Pemilhan methoda
Pelaksanaan pembersihan Pelaksanaan pembersihan.
METODA BIOREMEDIASI
Bioaugmentation: Addition of bacterial cultures to a
contaminated site. It could be ex-situ or in-situ.
Biofilters: Use of microbial stripping columns to treat Biofilters: Use of microbial stripping columns to treat
air emission.
Biostimulation: Stimulation of indigenous microbial
l ti i il t b d i it population in soils or water, maybe done in ex-situ or
in-situ.
Soil slurry reactor: Biodegradation in a container or
reactor. It could be used to treat soil slurry or liquid.
METODA BIOREMEDIASI
Bioventing: Method of treating contaminated soils by
drawing oxygen through the soil to stimulate
microbial growth and activity. microbial growth and activity.
Composting: Aerobic thermophilic treatment process
in which contaminated material is mixed with a
bulking agent; can be done using static piles aerated bulking agent; can be done using static piles, aerated
piles or continuously fed piles.
Land farming: Solid-phase treatment system for
t i t d il b d i it it i contaminated soils: may be done in-situ or ex-situ in
a constructed cell.
METODA BIOREMEDIASI
Pump and Treat: This consists of extracting
contaminated ground water and treating it on the
surface This technology is generally considered surface. This technology is generally considered
when significant levels of ground water contamination
exist.
Biofluffing: Augering soil to increase porosity.
Biopile: An engineered pile of excavated
contaminated soil with engineering to optimize air contaminated soil with engineering to optimize air,
water, and nutrient control.
METODA BIOREMEDIASI
Bioleaching: Use of microbes to transform
elements so that elements can be extracted
froma material when water is filtered through from a material when water is filtered through
it.
Phytoremediation: Use of plants to remove Phytoremediation: Use of plants to remove
and accumulate contaminants from soil or
water to harvestable biomass.
Aquifer Sparging: Injection of air into a
contaminated aquifer to stimulate aerobic
degradation: may also stimulate volatilization degradation: may also stimulate volatilization.
METODA BIOREMEDIASI
Sanitary Landfill: A highly engineered site
where solid waste is dumped and allowed to
decompose It is a very slowdegradation decompose. It is a very slow degradation
process.
Treatment train system: Combination of two Treatment train system: Combination of two
or more bioremediation methods. It could be
a physical method and a biological method or
h i l th d ith bi l i l th d a chemical method with a biological method
or two different biological methods in
sequence. seque ce
METODA BIOREMEDIASI
Anaerobic System: Several alternative electron
acceptors such as nitrate, sulfate, and iron are used
for anaerobic degradation. This is successful in for anaerobic degradation. This is successful in
places where it is difficult to establish and maintain
aerobic conditions in some ground water sites.
Addition of Surfactants: Surfactants are added to Addition of Surfactants: Surfactants are added to
increase the bioavailability of class of contaminants
such as DNAPL (dense non aqueous phase liquid) or
LNAPL (light non aqueous phase liquid) LNAPL (light non aqueous phase liquid).
Groundwater Contamination Groundwater Contamination
from Gasoline
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In-Situ Bioremediation
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Pump and Treat
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Soil Slurry Reactor
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Lagoon Bioremediation
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Land Farming
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Bioventing
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Bioventing to Remove TCE
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Air Sparging
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Results of Air Sparging
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In-Situ SteamEnhanced In Situ Steam Enhanced
Extraction Process
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Soil Flushing
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Composting
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Treatment Train System
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Marine Oil Spills
Marine oil spills are major pollution
events that can have a dramatic impact p
on coastal ecosystems.
The best approach to open water oil The best approach to open water oil
spill is intrinsic (passive) bioremediation.
The best we can do is spray nitrogen The best we can do is spray nitrogen
fertilizer and monitor chemical
concentration concentration.
Coastal Oil Spills
The coastal oil spill is often dealt by biostimulation
method. Nutrient supplements such as supply of
oxygen and nitrogen are essential oxygen and nitrogen are essential.
Most common nutrients that are lacking in the coastal
water is nitrogen and phosphorous. g p p
The best form of adding these nutrients is through
oleophilic fertilizer.
Oleophilic Fertilizer
Oleophilic fertilizer is effective because they are
retained in oil and not diluted by tidal fluxes.
The most commonly used oleophilic fertilizer is Inipol The most commonly used oleophilic fertilizer is Inipol
EAP 22. This is a microemulsion of urea in brine
encapsulated in oleic acid and lauryl phosphate.
Thi t i l d f l f 1989 This was extensively used for clean up of 1989
Exxon Valdez Alaskan Oil spill. This fertilizer
formulation is very effective for rocky shorelines but
t th t ff ti i d b h not that effective in sandy beaches.
Limitation of Bioremediation
Microbial: Not enough microbes available.
Environmental: Lack of nutrients and
f i hibit diti presence of inhibitory conditions.
Toxicity: Contaminant is too toxic.
Bi il bilit C t i t i t t Bioavailability: Contaminant is not water
soluble.
Mass Transfer Limitations: Diffusion of Mass Transfer Limitations: Diffusion of
nutrients is difficult in some sites due to the
presence of clay and other barriers.
Limitation of Bioremediation
Ability to meet time line.
Ability to conformspace limitation Ability to conform space limitation.
Regulations: GEMS are not allowed.
H R F t Th i l k Human Resource Factor: There is lack
of trained human resources in this field.
Thi i ltidi i li fi ld d t This is a multidisciplinary field and most
of the training is acquired on the job.
Advantages of Bioremediation
Can be done on site
Keeps site disruption to a minimum
Eliminates transportation costs and liabilities
Eliminates waste permanently
Eli i t l t li bilit Eliminates long-term liability
Biological systems are often less expensive
Can be coupled with other treatment methods into a Can be coupled with other treatment methods into a
treatment train.