naTela jabua
samnaviani bazilikis
arqiteqturuli tipi
saqarTveloSi
Tbilisi
2009
UDC 726.5(479.22)(09)
j_129
naSromSi ganxilulia qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani arqiteqturuli tipis, samnaviani bazilikis, arqiteqturul-mxatvruli maxasiaTeblebi, saqarTveloSi misi gavrcelebis
Taviseburebani da roli saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebis xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriaSi.
wigni gankuTvnilia specialistebisTvis, studentebisa da saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobiT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis.
redaqtori:
xelovnebaTmcodneobis mecn. doq. prof. zaza sxirtlaZe
recenzentebi:
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, nana burWulaZe
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, dinara vaCnaZe
ISBN 978-9941-0-1526-7
n. jabua, 2009
Sinaarsi
winasityvaoba.......................................................................................
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kvlevis Sedegebi udevs. faqtobrivi masalis mravalferovnebis da Zeglebis mravalricxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, isini Seiswavleba statistikur-tipologiuri aRricxvisa da analizis meTodis gamoyenebiT. es meTodi
TiToeul Zeglis Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebis sistemuri Seswavlis safuZvelze sakvlevi obieqtis struqturis kvlevas iTvaliswinebs, rac masalis qronologiuri aspeqtiT ganxilvis da arqiteqturuli tipis etapobrivi saxecvlis naTlad warmoCenis pirobas qmnis.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Cvens xelT arsebuli faqtobrivi masala ar iZleva yvela dasmul sakiTxze amomwuravi pasuxis gacemis saSualebas, rac konkretuli Zeglebis
Semdgomi Seswavlis aucileblobas adasturebs.
qristianuli bazilikis
arqiteqturuli tipis Sesaxeb
da adgilmdebareoba: pastoforia - samkveTlo sakurTxevlis romelime mxares, sadiakvne taZris Sesasvlelis marjvniv, xolo sanaTlavi ezoSia. taZarTan kaTakmevelTa specialuri sadgomi imgvarad aris mowyobili
(savaraudod RiobebiT dakavSirebuli), rom aq myofT
fsalmunebis mosmenis SesaZlebloba eZlevaT. taZris dasavleTiT portikebiani oTxkuTxa ezoa.
taZarSi mlocvelTa damsaxurebis, sqesis da asakis
mixedviT ierarqiuli ganawileba sakurTxevelTan mimarTebis da marjvena mxaris prioritetulobis gaTvaliswinebiT xorcieldeba.
amgvarad, qristianuli eklesiis ZiriTadi nawilebis reglamentacia, maTi funqcia, mlocvelTa ganawilebis wesi mkafiod aris gansazRvruli. amave dros gacxadebulia sauflo saxlis sakraluri daniSnulebis simboluri mniSvneloba, romlis mixedviT taZris Sida
ezoSi Sesvla oTxi saxarebis Segonebaa, taZris sami kari - wm. samebis aRiareba. Tavad taZari, sauflo saxli, morwmuneTa Sesakrebi, keTili mwyemsis samwyoss cxvrebis sadgomia. taZari gemi kidoban xomaldia
morwmuneTa sulebis zeciur sasufevelSi gadasasvlelad agebuli. sasuliero pirni gemis gamcileblebia,
vinc warmarTavs mrevls am rTul gzaze. wm. naTlobis
saidumlo ocdaerTi winaswarmetyvelis da Tormeti mociqulis TanadgomiT xorcieldeba, rac sanaTlavis zomebSia gacxadebuli.
werilobiTi wyaroebis ganxilva naTelyofs, rom
qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis pirvel
etapze, IV-V saukuneebSi, eklesiis moTxovna Seesabameba
bazilikis arqiteqturul tips da eklesiis mier mis
dakanonebas ganapirobebs, rasac faqtobrivi masalac
adasturebs. situacia icvleba VI saukunidan, rodesac
15
imperator iustinianes epoqaSi igeba monumenturi gumbaTiani nagebobebi, Tumca bazilikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
wagrZelebuli gegmareba da samnawilianoba ZiriTadad
ZalaSi rCeba (mag.: e.w.gumbaTiani bazilikis tipis Zeglebi). am droidanve iwyeba taZris arqiteqturul
struqturaSi gumbaTis, rogorc Sida sivrcis mTavari
maorganizebeli elementis formirebis procesi ( VI saukunis rusafa, qasr-ibn-vardani; VII saukunisis dasasrulis nikeis miZinebis, VIII saukunis miras wm.nikolozis, IX saukunis ankaris wm. klimentis taZrebi). ikveTeba taZris struqturis daxvewa-gamartivebis tendencia, romelic
konstantinepolSi neas taZris agebiT sruldeba. axali e.w. Caxazuli jvris tipi (igive
cross domed, quincunx, cross in square) SemgomSi gabatonebul adgils imkvidrebs aRmosavleT qristianuli qveynebis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi.
gumbaTiani arqiteqturis prioritetuli mniSvneloba, uTuod, ganpirobebuli iyo eklesiis mier RvTis
saxlis
mSeneblobis
axleburi gaazrebiT, razec
maqsime aRmsareblis [lout, 1995; kekeliZe,1961:1454;averincevi,1989:36-59] da germane konstantinepolelis [mango,1972:141-143] interpretacia metyvelebs,
romlis mixedviT eklesia, RvTis saxli, ganasaxierebs
zeciur sauflos, kosmoss. maqsime aRmsarebelTan aseve
xilul samyaris da TviT adamians, romelic sakraluri
mniSvnelobiT mikrokosmoss warmoadgens.
patriarq germanesTan eklesia ganasaxierebs qristes
jvarcmas, mis saflavs da aRdgomas; winaswarmetyvelTa
mier nawinaswarmetyvelebi da TviT mociqulTa daarsebulia; mas ufro metad eTayvanebian vidre moses mowmobis kidobans, romelic iyo madlmofenili da wmidaTawmida.
16
lel xomaldad aRiqvams; VII-VIII saukuneebSi am periodis Teologiur xedvas asaxavs da rTul, mravalsaxovan interpretacias efuZneba. rogorc r. krauThaimeri
miuTiTebs, srulad es simbolika, uTuod, mxolod mcirericxovan ganswavlul pirTaTvis iyo gasagebi, magram
ZiriTadi arsi yvelasaTvis naTeli iyo [krauthaimeri,1965:300]. IV-V saukuneebSi simboluri gaazreba ZiriTadad sakraluri ricxvebis mniSvnelobis ganmartebas
iTvaliswinebs (sami samebis, oTxi oTxi saxarebis,
Tormeti mociqulTa da ocdaerTi winaswarmetyvelTa ricxvis mixedviT). maSin, rodesac VII-VIII saukuneebSi saeklesio nageboba simboluri mniSvnelobiT
kosmoss, xilul samyaros, RvTis xats ganasaxierebs da
wminda msxverplSewirvis da xsnis ideas gamoxatavs
[jabua, 2003:280-285]. Sesabamisad, IV-V saukuneebSi gavrcelebuli bazilikis nacvlad, romelic im periodis
moTxovnebs miesadageboda, bizantiisa da aRmosavleT
qristianuli qveynebis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi prioritetuli mniSvneloba gumbaTian arqiteqturas eniWeba; gumbaTiT dagvirgvinebuli erTiani xalvaTi sivrce, udaod,
badebda eklesiis axali moTxovnis, qristes msxverlpSewirvis da xsnis ideiT ganmsWvaluli samyaros mTlianobis gancdis SegrZnebas.
werilobiTi wyaroebis ganxilva naTelyofs, rom
qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis formirebis sawyis etapze eklesiis moTxovnebs bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipi Seesatyviseboda, ramac ganapiroba misi gavrceleba
adreqristianuli samyaros qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom qristiani moRvaweebi termin bazilikis etimologiis Tavisebur ganmartebas iZlevian. sa18
qristianobis oficialurad aRiarebis Semdegomac taZris funqciis Sesasruleblad sruliad damakmayofileblad iqna miCneuli.
qristianuli bazilikis genetikuri fesvebis Ziebis
Tavisebur interpretacias iZleva kreizeri [kreizeri,1859], romelic ewinaaRmdegeba bazilikis berZnulromauli arqiteqturidan warmomavlibis ideas da mas
egviptisa da iudevelTa xuroTmoZRvrebas ukavSirebs.
misi mosazrebiT bazilika egviptidan iudevelTa gavliT
Semovida evropaSi da aqedan gamomdinare qristianuli
bazilika ebraul-egviptur tips ufro miekuTvneba, vidre romauls.
o. motesi naSromSi bazilikuri forma pirveli
saukuneebis qristianebTan, misi prototipebi da ganviTareba [motesi,1865]
bazilikas Zvel samyaroSi farTod gavrcelebul formad miiCnevs da magaliTad moaqvs
iseTi gansxvavebuli xuroTmoZRvruli tradiciebis
qveynebis Zeglebi, rogoricaa asureTi, finikia, irani,
siria (sasaxleebi), ost-indoeTi (kldeSi nakveTi taZrebi e.w. vigarebi), iudea (solomonis sasaxle da taZari, herodes taZari), saberZneTi (parTenoni), romi da
sxv. faqtiurad, bazilikis saxeliT aerTianebs sworkuTxa gegmarebis svetebian nagebobebs, romlebTanac, misi azriT, qristianuli bazilikis kavSiris moZieba aris
SesaZlebeli. Tumca, Tavad qristianul bazilikas qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis mier Seqmnil tipad aRiarebs. ZiriTadad igive azrs iziarebs n. krasnoselcevi
[krasnoselcevi, 1874].
qristianuli bazilikis konkretul prototipebs
asaxeleben reberi [reberi,1859] da v.vaingartneri [vaingartneri,1858]. pirveli maTgani, ZiriTadad werilobiT
wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, respublikis periodis kerZo
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radRebas amaxvilebs im garemoebazec, rom aseTi nagebobebis mSeneblobis impulsi centraluri mmarTvelobidan
momdinareobda. bazilika, romelic adrec iyo gavrcelebuli, gansakuTrebiT romis dasavleT provinciebSi, rogorc samoqalaqo daniSnulebis sazogadoebrivi Senobis
nairsaxeoba, ar gamoirCeoda didi samSeneblo da konstruqciuli sirTuleebiT, ramac axal viTarebaSi mis
farTo gavrcelebas Seuwyo xeli. iziarebs ra pirvel
qristianul bazilikad 313 wels romSi agebuli laTeranis wm.ioanes saxelobis eklesiis aRiarebis mosazrebas, aRniSnavs, rom imperator konstantines saxelTan
asocirebuli erTaderTi SemorCenili bazilika 305-312
wlebSi agebuli triris bazilikaa.
g.zarneckis [zarnecki,1975] mixedviT III saukunidan adreuli satrapezo Sekrebebi da locvebi gadaizarda regularul msaxurebaSi, sadac evqaristias umTavresi mniSvneloba eniWeboda. es garTulebuli ceremoniali, ra Tqma unda, veRar ganxorcieldeboda
sacxovrebel saxlSi. Sesabamisad, Cndeba e.w. domus ecclesiae. qristianobis oficialur religiad gamocxadebis
Semdeg didi sivrcis nagebobebis agebis tradiciis
uqonloba arqiteqtorebs Tavdapirvelad warmarTuli
formebisaken ubiZgebs; Tumca xdeba maTi SeTanxmeba
axal qristianul kultTan. Sesabamisad, romaul da
qristianul bazilikebs Soris saerTo niSnebis arsebobis miuxedavad g.zarneckis qristianuli bazilika Tvisobrivad axal movlenad miaCnia.
f.daixmani [daixmani, 1982] konstantines xanis xuroTmoZRvrebis arqiteqturul-konstruqciuli wanamZRvrebis warmoCenisas problemebis farTo wres mimoixilavs. gaanalizebulia religiur-ideologiuri da fsiqologiuri garemo, romelmac am epoqis arqiteqturuli
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amocanebis xasiaTi ganapiroba. faqtobriv masalaze dayrdnobiT gansazRvrulia is arqiteqturul-konstruqciuli formebi da kompoziciuri sqemebi, maT Soris bazilikebi, romelTa bazaze moxda axali moTxovnebis maRalmxatvrul doneze ganxorcieleba. warmoCenilia konstantines epoqis arqiteqtorTa damsaxureba, romlebmac
maqsimaluri sisruliT, drois mcire monakveTSi SeZles
am amocanebis xorcSesxma da safuZveli Cauyares qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebas.
e.badStiubneri [badStiubneri, 1978] qristianuli
sakulto nagebobas antikuri taZrebis sapirispirod
sivrciT arqiteqturad gaiazrebs. Tu warmarTuli taZari iyo yvela mxridan aRsaqmeli plastikuri forma,
RvTis saxli, romelSic Sesvla ikrZaleboda; bazilika,
piriqiT, qalaqis nagebobebs Soris mdgar Sesakreb
saxls warmoadgenda. r. hamanis [hamani, 1955] da f.krausis [krausi, 1967] darad, e.badStiubneris azriT, gvianantikur-romaul periodSi am arqiteqturuli tipis
swored aseTma aRqmam ganapiroba misi qristianuli religiisaTvis gamosadeg, RvTismsaxurebis da morwmuneTa
Sesakreb nagebobad gaazreba. mkvlevari uaryofs saero
xuroTmoZRvrebidan bazilikis warmomavlobas da ewinaaRmdegeba f.daixmanisa da k.andrezenis [daixmani, andrezeni, 1974] am mosazrebas. igi iseve, rogorc h.keleri
[keleri, 1972], yuradRebas qristianuli taZris arqiteqturul nawilTa simbolur gaazrebaze amaxvilebs.
rogorc vxedavT, zemoT ganxilul naSromebSi TiTqmis yvela mkvlevari miuTiTebs romauli da qristianuli bazilikebis genetikur kavSirze Tu ara msgavsebaze
mainc. es sruliad bunebrivia, radgan qristianuli, kerZod bizantiis, arqiteqtura, teritoriuli, istoriuli Tu, sakuTriv, samSeneblo tradiciebiT romTan iyo
25
uxvad Cans sxvadasxa qveynis arqiteqturaSi qristianobamdeli periodis sworkuTxa gegmarebis, svetebiT dayofili Sida sivrcis mqone nagebobebi. amgvari arqiteqturuli kompoziciis, Sesabamisi samSeneblo tradiciis
arseboba, qristianuli religiis gavrcelebis periodSi
am qveynebSi bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis damkvidrebis myar safuZvels qmnida.
saqarTveloSi arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi
dReisaTvis gansxvavebul suraTs iZleva. jerjerobiT
saqarTvelos teritoriaze qristianobamdeli xanis, interierSi svetebis mqone ramdenime nagebobaa dadasturebuli, rogoricaa dedoflis mindoris Zv.w. II- I ss-is
sataZro kompleqsi [gagoSiZe,1977:72-77], vanis Zv.w.IIIIss-is
sataZro kompleqsi [lorTqifaniZe,1976:41-46],
sadac taZris interierSi in situ ori baza aRmoCnda.
yvelaze ukeT svetebiani nagebobis gegma ikiTxeba mcxeTis, armazis cixis I saukunis eqvssvetian nagebobaSi
[afaqiZe,1963:.25]. gansakuTebiT sainteresoa Cvens dromde kargad SemorCenili orsvetiani darbazi ufliscixeSi [xaxutaiSvili,1965].amas garda sxvadasxva arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros aRmoCenilia ostaturad Sesrulebuli kolonaTa bazebi da kapitelebi. aseTia magaliTad, Zalisas [boxoCaZe,1977:17], sairxis [nadiraZe,1975:95], SiomRvimis [leJava,1979:11], sarkineTis [afaqiZe,1963: 39-40] da sxva [yifiani,1987] gaTxrebze aRmoCenili masala. magram maTi Tavdapirveli adgilmdebareoba da im nagebobebis gegma, romlebsac isini ganekuTvneboda, umetesad, ucnobia.
dReisaTvis Cvens xelT arsebuli faqtobrivi masala amagrebs samecniero literaturaSi gabatonebul
azrs [CubinaSvili, 1936: 23-24: beriZe,1974:19; ciciSvili,1995:53] imis Sesaxeb, rom qarTul arqiteqturaSi
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yaroSi gavrcelebuli
arqiteqturuli tipis, adgilobriv niadagze Taviseburi gaazrebis, tipis konstruqciuli Tu mxatvruli SesaZleblobebis axleburad
gamovlenis, dakanonebuli sqemidan yovelgvari gadaxris
warmoCena iZleva saSualebas ukeT davinaxoT qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvrebis arsebiTi Taviseburebani.
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8.
9.
10.
11.
Zeglis mdebareoba.
Zeglis TariRi.
Zeglis daculoba.
samSeneblo periodebi. SekeTeba-gadakeTebis dro
da xasiaTi.
XX-XXIss-is restavracia.
a/samSeneblo masala. b/kedlis sisqe.
Zeglis zomebi: sigrZe-siganis monacemi da Sefardeba eqsteriersa da interierSi. simaRlesTan Sefardeba.
Sua da gverdiTi navebis urTierTdamokidebuleba
/simaRlis da siganis Sefardeba/.
sayrdenebi da TaRebi. a/raodenoba da forma. b/
TaRis da sayrdenis zomebis Sefardeba. g/TaRis da
sayrdenis simaRleTa Sefardeba.
navebis gadaxurva. a/kamarebi. b/gambrjeni TaRebi.
sakurTxevlis afsida. a/forma. b/satriumfo TaRis
forma da zomebi/. g/Subli. d/bema. e/sakurTxevelsa da taZris iatakis doneTa Soris sxvaoba, safe-
31
r-ni), rkoni (kaspis r-ni), itria (xaSuris r-ni), anCisxati (Tbilisi). Sida qarTlSia Warebi da qlivana
(cxinvalis r-ni). amas garda mTian regionebSia TianeTis
sioni (gadmotanilia Tbilisis Ria cis qveS muzeumSi),
JaleTi (TianeTis r-ni), xevis sioni, yazbegis axalcixe
(yazbegis r-ni). istoriul TorSi, borjomis raionSi
mdebareobs qvabisxevis bazilika.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi 9 bazilikaa: biWvinta, ganTiadi, alahaZe (gagris r-ni), cixisZiri (qobuleTis rni), sefiaTi (abaSis r-ni), noqalaqevis ori bazilika
(senakis r-ni), vaSnari (ozurgeTis r-ni), kvirikewminda
(ambrolauris r-ni).
TurqeTis teritoriazea urTas, oTxTaeklesiis da
parxalis bazilikebi.
25 bazilikidan, romelTa statistikur-struqturaluri aRricxva ar moxerxda, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 16 Zeglia: kaxeTSi _areSi(yvarlis r-ni), Telavis RvTaeba, lopotisxevi, kurdRelauri (Telavis rni), qobTavi (sagarejos r-ni), mukuzanis sveticxoveli
(gurjaanis r-ni); qarTlSi _ mcxeTis sveticxoveli,
wilkani (mcxeTis r-ni), akaurTa (bolnisis r-ni), niqozi (cxinvalis r-ni) mosabruni, korinTa (axalgoris rni), zRuderi, noste (kaspis r-ni), sifTaqSeni, (marneulis r-ni), Ti-qilisa (walkis r-ni).
samxreT saqarTveloSi, aspinZis raionSia zeda Tmogvi. dasavleT saqarTveloSia nunisi (xaragoulis r-ni),
RrmaRele (lanCxuTis r-ni), ilemi (zestafonis r-ni).
TurqeTis teritoriazea eruSeTis, wyarosTavis,
esbekis, parexTas, svetis bazilikebi.
34
35
amrigad, CvenTvis cnobili 68 bazilikidan aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 46 Zeglia, xolo dasavleT saqarTveloSi 12. e.i. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikebi TiTqmis oTxjer sWarbobs dasavleTisas. amas
garda Tor-mesxeTSi 2 da dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze 8 bazilikaa. es monacemebi cxadyofs, rom samnaviani bazilikis arqiteturuli tipi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ufro metad aris gavrcelebuli.
saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikebis adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb naTel warmodgenas qmnis ruka, romelzec aRricxuli ormocdaori samnaviani bazilikaa aRniSnuli.
2. samnaviani bazilikebis qronilogiuri monacemebi.
saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebis mSeneblobis
qronologiuri monacemebi pirvel cxrilSia warmodgenili (ix. cxrili #1). V-VII saukuneebs ganekuTvneba 36
bazilika, xolo momdevno saukuneebSi 32 Zegli aigo.
amaTgan XI saukunis Semdgomi xanisaa 7 bazilika.
saqarTveloSi bazilikebis mSeneblobis qronologiuri CarCoebi ZiriTadad V-X saukuneebiT SemoisazRvreba. X saukunis Semdgom erTeuli Zeglebi igeba. qronologiuri cxrili cxadyofs, rom samnaviani bazilikebis
aqtiuri mSeneblobis periodi V-VI saukuneebia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT atenis sionsa da samTavisSi bazilikebis
arsebobis varauds, agreTve adreuli samSeneblo fenebis gamovlenis SesaZleblobas sxva ZeglebSic, dasaSvebia am periodis bazilikebis ricxvi meti iyos.
samnaviani bazilikebis qronologiuri da adgilmdebareobis ganmsazRvreli monacemebis Sejereba warmoaCens, rom qarTl-kaxeTis Zeglebis umravlesoba VII sau36
kunemdea agebuli, xolo mTiani mxaris (TianeTis, yazbegis, cxinvalis raionis) Zeglebi momdevno xanisaa. dasavleT saqarTvelos yvela Zegli V-VI ss ganekuTvneba.
gamonaklisia raWaSi mdebare XIs-is kvirikewminda da
XVI-XVII ss ilemi, romelic zestafonis raionSi mdebareobs.
amrigad, Suasaukuneebis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis
adreul etapze bazilikebis mSenebloba centralur regionebSi mimdinareobda, xolo VIII saukunidan periferiebisaken iSleba. VII saukunidan dasavleT saqarTveloSi
samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis Zeglebi erTeuli gamonaklisis garda aRar igeba.
3. Zeglebis daculoba.
aRricxuli samnaviani bazilikebis daculobis Sesaxeb informacia #2 cxrilSia mocemuli. daculobis
donis dasafiqsireblad gamoyenebulia mokle pirobiTi
aRniSvna (cudi,kargi, gegma ikiTxeba, nawilobrivi dazianeba,kamarebCamoqceuli),rac met-naklebi sizustiT asaxavs Zeglebis mdgomareobas. aqve unda ganimartos, rom
vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi gvainteresebs nagebobis konstruqciuli mdgradobis dadgena, dafiqsirebulia Zeglebis dRevandeli arqiteqturuli saxis daculobis done.
Sesabamisad, gadakeTebul bazilikebSi aRniSnulia nagebobis axlandeli mdgomareoba da ara Tavdapirveli
formebis daculobis xarisxi.
ormocdaori Zeglidan, romlebzec Catarda statistikur-tipologiuri aRricxva, Svidi arqeologiuri
gaTxrebis Sedegad aris gamovlenili da maTi mxolod
gegma ikiTxeba. kedlis simaRle calkeul SemTxvevaSi
0,5-dan 1 metramde aRwevs. am Zeglebidan dasavleT sa37
gamagreba da sxv.) 2. Riobebis zomis da maTi raodenobis Secvla. 3. interierSi axali mcire arqiteqturuli
formis ageba (kankeli, saxate da sxv.).
Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT bazilikis gadakeTebis
magaliTebi.
xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglis yvelaze mniSvnelovani gadakeTeba misi pirvandeli arqiteqturuli tipis Secvlaa. dadasturebulia bazilikis gumbaTian eklesiad gadakeTebis ramdenime magaliTi: mcxeTis sveticxoveli,
niqozi, caiSi, wilkani, wyarosTavi, noqalaqevis ormocmowameTa, xirsa. savaraudod, atenis sioni da samTavro.
gvxvdeba bazilikis aragumbaTian tipebad gadakeTebis magaliTebic: nastakisi, zRuderi, akaurTa, mukuzanis sveticxoveli. pirveli ori sameklesiian bazilikad, xolo danarCeni ori darbazul eklesiad iyo gadakeTebuli. CvenTvis cnobil yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi bazilikis
dangreva-dazianebis Semdeg misi aRdgena Tavdapirveli
arqiteqturuli tipis farglebSi moxda.
gadaxurvis sistemis (kamarebi, sayrdenebi, TaRebi)
dazianebis Semdeg aRdgenilia bolnisis sioni, sefieTi,
anCisxati (Secvlilia sayrdenebis raodenoba), urbnisi,
rkoni, bodbe, yazbegis axalcixe. amaTgan oTx ZeglSi
(bolnisis sioni, anCisxati, urbnisi, bodbe) aRdgena-gadakeTeba XVII saukuneSi ganxorcielda, rac naTlad
vlindeba rogorc masalis (aguri), aseve arqiteqturuli formebis (Seisruli) gadawyvetaSi. rogorc Cans
XVI-XVIIss-Si aRadgines kurdRelauris eklesiac, romelsac saremonto samuSaoebi XIX saukuneSic Cautarda. am dros moxda Riobebis gafarToeba. XIX saukuneSivea aRdgenili Ti-qilisas bazilika. amave saukuneSi Catarda samuSaoebi anCisxatis, bodbis da itriis bazilikebSi.
40
rce am ZeglebSi TaRebis amoSenebisas kedlebiT danawevrda, ramac Secvala interieris gadawyvetis xasiaTi.
rac Seexeba Zeglebis SekeTebisas ganxorcielebul
arsebiT cvlilebebs, aRsaniSnavia xaSmis bazilikaSi nawilobriv dadablebuli TaRebi, Tumca maTi Tavdapirveli forma naTlad ikiTxeba. ganTiadis bazilikaSi Sua
navis kamaris aRdgenisas sayrdenebis gasamagreblad pilastrebia miSenebuli. xevis sionSi daviwrovebulia kidura dasavleTi TaRebi. umetes bazilikebSi sayrdenis
da TaRis pirvandeli forma SenarCunebulia.
Tavdapirveli saxiT yvela Riobi TiTqmis arc erT
ZeglSi ar aris SemorCenili. xSir SemTxvevaSi sarkmlebis forma da raodenoba Secvlilia an isini gadakeTebis drosaa gaWrili. XVII saukunis xanis sarkmelebia bolnisis sionis, nawilobriv anCisxatis, urbnisis,
bodbes bazilikebSi. gadakeTebis kvali etyoba sefieTis,
xaSmis, kondolis, rkonis, alvanis sarkmlebs. Sesasvlelis pirvandeli saxec umetesad Secvlila. zogierT
ZeglSi axali karia gaWrili (magaliTad bolnisis sionis da zedazenis dasavleTi Sesasvleli, matanis CrdiloeTi saTavsidan sakurTxevelSi gamavali kari, axSanis
sammagi TaRedis amoSenebisas gaWrili Sesasvleli). Zveli forma, umetesad, sakurTxevlis sarkmels aqvs SenarCunebuli. amgvarad, samnavian bazilikebSi Riobebis
Tavdapirveli formis da raodenobis garkveva sakmaod
rTulia. TavisTavad es faqti imaze metyvelebs, rom
Riobebis sakiTxi SekeTeba-gadakeTebis dros aqtualuri
iyo.
Zeglis agebis Semdgomi periodis kankeli da saxateebi ramdenime bazilikaSia dadasturebuli. kankeli
SemorCenilia Zv. SuamTis, matanis, akuras, alvanis da
zedazenis eklesiebSi. naSTebi sxva ZeglebSic aris da42
dasturebuli. es kankelebi XV-XVI saukuneebisaa. mxatvruli doniT gamoirCeva natkoras da zedazenis kankelebi. pirveli maTganis fragmentebi gawmendiTi samuSaoebis dros gamoCnda da gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom SeiZleba Zeglis Tanadrouli iyos [gagniZe,2005:394]. rac
Seexeba zedaznis kankels, is TariRdeba X-XI ss-iT da
qvaze kveTis maRalmxatvrul nimuSs warmoadgens. XVIII
saukunis saxateebi da salxinobelia daculi xaSmis bazilikaSi.
amrigad, samnaviani bazilikebi ucvleli saxiT faqtiurad ar aris SemorCenili; saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
maT gadakeTebisa Tu SekeTebis Sedegad sxvadasxva saxis
cvlileba ganicades.
7.
Zeglebis
zomebi.
sigrZe-siganis
Sefardeba
eqsterierSi da interierSi, simaRlesTan Sefardeba.
#3 cxrilSi mocemulia aRricxuli bazilikebis
zomebi rogorc eqsterierSi, aseve interierSi. Sverilafsidiani Zeglebis sigrZe eqsterierSi mocemulia afsidis CaTvliT, interierSi sakurTxevlis afsidamde.
aseve aRniSnulia sigrZe-siganis da sigrZe-simaRlis Sefardeba. es monacemebi TvalsaCinod warmoaCens samnaviani bazilikebis masStabs da proporciul Tanafardobas.
46
bazilikis interierSi sigrZe-siganis Sefardeba eqsterieris monacemebze naklebia (ix. cxrili #3), radgan
aRmosavleT mxares sakurTxevlis afsidis da pastoforiumebis arseboba sigrZiv RerZs amoklebs, ris gamoc
interierSi centrulobis tendencia ufro sagrZnobia.
gamokveTili aRmosavleT-dasavleT RerZis mqone interieri, roca sigrZe 1,5-jer da metad sWarbobs siganes
sul 11 ZeglSia. yvela es bazilika V-VI saukuneebs ganekuTvneba. danarCen bazilikebSi kvadrats miaxlovebuli (8 Zegli) an odnav wagrZelebuli (10 Zegli) Sida
sivrcea. 12 bazilikaSi dasavleT-aRmosavleTi RerZi
Crdilo-samxreTisaze naklebia. eseni ZiriTadad VIII, IX
da IX-X saukuneebis bazilikebia. mxolod 5 Zegli ganekuTvneba V-VI saukuneebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom eqsterierSi
sakmaod wagrZelebuli gegmarebis X saukunis ZeglebSic
interierSi sigrZe-siganis Sefardeba didi ar aris.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare saqarTvelos
samnaviani bazilikis interiers Zlier wagrZelebuli
gegmareba ar axasiaTebs. V-VI saukuneebis Zeglebis nawils (e.w. didi bazilikebis jgufi da dasavleT saqarTvelos rigi Zeglebi) aqvs interierSi siganeze sagrZnoblad meti sigrZe. V-VI saukuneebis danarCen da VII
saukunidan yvela bazilikaSi Sida sivrcis sigrZe-siganes Soris didi sxvaoba ar aRiniSneba.
rac Seexeba bazilikebSi simaRle-sigrZis da simaRle-siganis Sefardebis monacemebs, isini arasrulia (ix.
cxrili #3), vinaidan simaRlis garkveva bevr ZeglSi
ar xerxdeba. arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT interierSi
simaRle-siganis (h/L) Sefardeba 0,5-dan 1,3-mdea. yvelaze gavrcelebulia Sefardeba 1:1. simaRle-siganis Sefardeba(h/S) 0,8-dan 1,2-mdea. umetes SemTxvevaSi Sefardebaa 0,9. amdenad, Cvens xelT arsebuli monacemebis mi49
xedviT saqarTvelos bazilikebSi ufro metad gavrcelebulia iseTi proporviuli Tanafardoba, rodesac nagebobis simaRle sigrZes utoldeba da odnav sWarbobs
siganes.
amrigad, saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebis zemoT
ganxiluli monacemebis Sejerebisas vlindeba, rom bazilikebis zomebi da maTi proporciuli urTierTSeTanxmeba gawonasworebuli, erTiani, Sekruli Sida sivrcis
Seqmnas uwyobs xels.
Ti navebis simaRleTa Soris yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli Tanafardoba 1,5-1,6-ia. am mxriv gamoirCeva bolnisis
sioni, sadac Sefardeba 1,1-ia. es ganpirobebulia XVII
saukunis gadakeTebis droindeli orkalTa gadaxurvis
arsebobiT, ris gamoc navebs Soris gansxvaveba simaRleSi mcirea. aRsaniSnavia aseve sefieTis bazilika, sadac
gverdiTi navebi mcire simaRlis miuxedavad (5,75m) orsarTuliania. rac Seexeba akuras, misi CrdiloeTi navis
Tavze, mTel sigrZeze samalavia mowyobili. amitom
CrdiloeTi navi samxreTisaze dabalia. yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi gverdiTi navebi daaxloebiT toli simaRlisaa.
navebis simaRlis monacemebis Sejereba gviCvenebs,
rom gavrcelebulia Sua da gverdiTi navebis iseTi
proporciuli urTierTdamokidebuleba, roca Sua navi
simaRleSi erTnaxevarjer metia gverdiTebze, rac interieris erTianobas, navebis organul kavSirs ganapirobebs.
bazilikaSi Sua navis proporciebi Sida sivrcis
arqiteqtonikis ganmsazRvrelia. amdenad, misi simaRlesiganis Tanafardebis dadgena interieris sivrculi gadawyvetis xasiaTs warmoaCens. mopovebuli masalis mixedviT, romelic #4 cxrilis Sesabamis grafaSia mocemuli, Sua navis simaRlis siganesTan Sefardeba 1,8-dan
(zedazeni) 2,6-mdea (parxali). Sefardeba 2,8-bodbeSi
da 1,7-sefieTSi gadakeTebis xanis gadaxurvis monacems
warmoadges; iseve rogorc urbnisis da bolnisis sionis. farTod gavrcelebulia Zeglebi, sadac Sua navis
simaRle orjer sWarbobs mis siganes. e.i. arqiteqturuli masebis ganawilebaSi vertikali gamokveTilia, magram misi gansakuTrebuli xazgasma ar xdeba. amdenad Sua
navi Sekrul, monoliTur sivrces qmnis.
52
amrigad, saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi Sua navis proporciebi da misi gverdiT navebTan urTierTdamokidebuleba arqiteqturuli formebis gawonasworebuli, harmoniuli urTierTSeTanxmebis da zomierebis
princips efuZneba.
9. sayrdenebi da TaRebi. a/raodenoba da forma. b/TaRisa
da sayrdenis zomis Sefardeba. g/ TaRis da sayrdenis
simaRleTa Sefardeba.
samnaviani bazilikis interieris ZiriTadi arqiteqturuli elementebia sayrdeni da TaRi. maTi forma,
zoma da proporciuli Tanafardoba Sida sivrcis Taviseburebas ganapirobebs. aRricxuli samnaviani bazilikebis sayrdenebis da TaRebis raodenoba, forma, zoma da
Sefardeba #5 cxrilSia aRniSnuli.
moZiebuli masalis safuZvelze naTlad Cans, rom
saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi sayrdenebis mcire
ricxvi gamoiyeneba, rac Zeglebis masStabiT da gegmarebis specifikiT aris ganpirobebuli. gvxvdeba 1-2-3-4-5
wyvili sayrdenis mqone bazilikebi. yvelaze gavrcelebulia ori wyvili sayrdenis mqone Zeglebi. isini V saukunidan XVI saukunis CaTvliT, e.i. bazilikebis mSeneblobis yvela periodSi igeba. Zeglebi xuTi, oTxi da
sami wyvili sayrdeniT qronologiurad adreul V-VI
saukuneebSi gvxvdeba. oTxi wyvili sayrdeni aqvs aseve
X saukunis parxalsa da oTxTaeklesias, xolo sami
wyvili urTas. erTi wyvili sayrdeni sxvadasva drois momcro zomis xuT ZeglSi (Zveli SuamTa-Vs, revazaSeni-VIII-IXss, qvabisxevi-VIII-IXss, bodbe-IXs, kvirikewminda-XI) da SedarebiT didi zomis sanagires bazilikaSia. interieris organizaciis TaviseburebiT gamoirCeva
53
alahaZe, sadac es monacemi 3metrs aRwevs; aseve qvabisxevi (0,40m) da Warebis sayrdenebis erTi wyvili
(0,45m).
saqarTvelos bazilikebSi TaRis formis Sesaxeb
monacemebi arasrulia. rva bazilikaSi (biWvinta, noqalaqevi, cixisZiri, nastakisi, vaSnari, alahaZe, ufliscixe, TianeTis sioni, JaleTi) TaRebi ar aris SemorCenili. SekeTebis Sedagad zogierT ZeglSi forma Secvlilia, xolo anCisxatis, ormocmowameTas, xirsas da
bodbes bazilikebSi gviani gadakeTebis periodis TaRebia. arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT (ix. cxrili #5)
gvxvdeba sami saxis TaRi: naliseburi, naxevarwriuli
da Seisruli. ufro gavrcelebulia naxevarwriuli TaRebi, romlebic yvela periodis bazilikebSi gamoiyeneba.
naliseburi TaRebi V-VII saukuneebis ZeglebSi gvxvdeba,
aseve VIII-IX ss-is zedazensa da akuraSi. Seisruli TaRebi mxolod X saukunis or ZeglSi, oTxTaeklesiasa
da parxalSia.
saqarTvelos bazilikebSi #5 cxrilis mixedviT
TaRis sigane 1,3 metridan 4,3 metramdea. yvelaze mcirea sefieTis da matanis, xolo ganieri ufliscixis
TaRi. gavrcelebulia 2,5-3 metri siganis TaRebi. rogorc wesi, bazilikebSi TaRebi toli sididisaa. am
mxriv gamoirCeva ufliscixis, yazbegis axalcixis, sanagires, oTxTaeklesiisa da parxalis bazilikebi. aq TaRebi sxvadasxva siganisaa, rac garkveul kanonzomierebas emorCileba. yazbegis axalcixesa da sanagireSi ufro didia aRmosavleTi kidura TaRebi, xolo oTxTaeklesiasa da parxalSi aRmosavleTidan meore wyvili.
aseTi gadawyveta interierSi centraluri sivrcis xazgasmas emorCileba.
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xevarwriuli, jvruli, elifsuri, wris meoTxedi formis, gumbaTiani) kamarebi gamoiyeneba. SemorCenili masalis Seswavlis safuZvelze gamovlinda, rom centraluri navi mTel sigrZeze mimarTuli erTiani kamariT aris
gadaxuruli. (gamonaklesia bolnisis sionis XVII saukunis droindeli e.w. varclebis sistema.) gverdiT navebSic umetesad igive wesia. gamonaklisia zemoT aRniSnuli ramdenime bazilika, sadac sxvadasxva saxis kamaris an maTi perpendikularuli ganlagebis gziT xdeba
navis erTiani gadaxurvis danawevreba.
samnavian bazilikebSi kamarovani sistema gambrjen
TaRebs efuZneba. Zeglebis masStabis, sayrdenebis ricxvis gaTvaliswinebiT maTi raodenoba calkeul ZeglebSi
gansxvavebulia. gambrjeni TaRebi rogorc wesi sayrdenebs Seesabameba. amas garda isini zogjer navis dasavleT an aRmosavleT kedelsac ukavSirdeba. monacemebi
gambrjeni TaRebis raodenobisa da formis Sesaxeb mocemulia #6 cxrilis Sesabamis grafaSi, romlis mixedviT saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi gamoiyeneba 1-23-4-5-6 gambrjeni TaRi. ufro metad gavrcelebulia 23 gambrjeni TaRis mqone Zeglebi.
imis mixedviT Tu ras eyrdnoba gambrjeni TaRi gamoiyofa Zeglebis sami jgufi: 1. bazilikebi, sadac gambrjeni TaRi pilastrs eyrdnoba. 2. bazilikebi, sadac
gamrjeni TaRi konsols eyrdnoba. 3. bazilikebi, sadac
gamoyenebulia rogorc pilastri, aseve konsoli. amasTan, pilastri Sua, xolo konsoli gverdiT navebSia.
gamonaklisia qlivana, sadac Sua navSi konsolebi, xolo gverdiT navebSi pilastrebia. pirveli da meore
jgufis bazilikebi interieris gansxvavebuli gadawyvetiT xasiaTdeba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi kedlis masivi danawevrebulia, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi sadaa, rac gansx59
vavebul arqiteqturul gadawyvetas qmnis. mesame, SedarebiT mravalricxovani jgufis bazilikebSi, viwro da
dabal gverdiT navebSi TaRebi konsolebs eyrdnoba, xolo maRal da ganier Sua navSi pilastri arqiteqturuli formebis vertikaluri ganviTarebis xazgasmas emsaxureba. aseTi gadawyveta srulad Seesabameba Sida sivrcis organizaciis logikur sqemas.
saukuneebis ZeglebSia gavrcelebuli da momdevno saukuneebis mxolod or, VIII-IX saukuneebis TianeTis sionsa da akuras bazilikebSi gvxvdeba. naxevarwriuli
moxazulobis afsida V saukunidan XVI saukunemdea
gavrcelebuli.
satriumfo TaRi saqarTvelos bazilikebSi naxevarwriuli, naliseburi da Seisruli formisaa (ix. cxrili #7). yvelaze gavrcelebulia naxevarwriuli moxazulobis satriumfo TaRi, romelic V saukunidan XVI
saukunemde gvxvdeba. naliseburi formis satriumfo TaRi Svid bazilikaSia, romelTagan oTxi V-VI saukuneebs
ganekuTvneba. Seisruli TaRi mxolod X saukunis oTxTaeklesiasa da parxalSia. rac Seexeba urbnisis Seisrul TaRs, is XVII saukunis gadakeTebis periodisaa.
interieris centraluri sivrcis organizebaSi satriumfo TaRi mniSvelovan rols asrulebs. amdenad,
mravlismetyvelia satriumfo TaRis simaRlis siganesTan Sefardebis monacemebi (ix. cxrili #7). arsebuli
masalis mixedviT satriumfo TaRis simaRlis siganesTan
Sefardeba yvelaze didia vazisubnis bazilikaSi 3,7;
xolo mcire ganTiadSi 1,2. 2-ze naklebi Sefardebaa
im ZeglebSi, sadac afsidis konqs zeviT Sublia(ix.
cxrili #7). yvelaze gavrcelebulia 2-2,5 monacemis
mqone bazilikebi. es Sefardeba didi ar aris, Tumca
vertikalis xazgasmis SesaZleblobas iZleva. satriumfo TaRis amgvari proporciebi Seesabameba navebis,
mTlianad Sida sivrcis xasiaTs da masTan harmoniul
erTianobaSi aRiqmeba.
im bazilikebSi, sadac SesaZlebelia sakurTxevlis
afsidis konqs zeviT Sublis arsebobis garkveva, Subli
12 ZeglSia: bolnisis sioni, sefieTi, xaSmi, anCisxati,
axSani, urbnisi, rkoni, bodbe, sanagire, kvirikewminda,
61
qlivana, Warebi. aqedan eqvs Zegls (bolnisis sioni, sefieTi, bodbe, sanagire, kvirikewminda, Warebi) Sverili
afsidebi aqvs, rac Sublis arsebobas ganapirobebs. danarCen ZeglebSi konqs zeviT saTavsi samalavia. gamonaklisia axSani, sadac Subli dabalia. aRsaniSnavia, rom
urbnisis, bodbes samalavebi gadakeTebis xanisaa. danarCen ZeglebSi, romlebic aRricxul bazilikaTa umravlesobas warmoadgens, Subli ar aris. amdenad, saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebs Sua navis mTel simaRleze
amarTuli sakurTxevlis afsida axasiaTebs, rac xalvaTi sivrcis Seqmnas uwyobs xels.
aRricxuli ormocdaori bazilikidan ocdaerT ZeglSi sakurTxevlis win bemaa (ix.cxrili #7). unda aRiniSnos, rom bemis armqone Zeglebidan TerTmeti, V-VII
saukuneebis bazilikebia. e.i. adreuli Zeglebi ufro
xSirad bemis gareSe igeba, xolo VII saukunidan umetes
SemTxvevaSi afsidis win bemaa. es sakiTxi garkveulwilad pastoforiumebis gamoyofas ukavSirdeba, radgan
sakurTxevlis win bemis arseboba gverdiTi saTavsebisaTvis aucilebeli farTobis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas
qmnis. bema TiToeul ZeglSi gansxvavebuli sididisaa.
VIII-IX saukuneebis ZeglebisaTvis ufro metad Rrma bema aris damaxasiaTebeli.
iseve, rogorc qristianuli sakulto arqiteqturis sxva tipis Zeglebis, aseve samnaviani bazilikis, sakurTxevlis afsida nagebobis saerTo donidan amaRlebulia. Tavdapirveli iatakis done ganaTxari Zeglebis
garda sxva bazilikebSi faqtobrivad ar aris SemorCenili. amitom arsebuli monacemebi mxolod saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi gamomuSavebuli tradiciis dadgenis SesaZleblobas iZleva. rig ZeglebSi miwayrilis arsebobis
an sxva mizezis gamo iatakis doneTa Soris gansxvaveba
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ar irkveva. arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT sakurTxeveli erTi, ori, iSviaTad sami safexuriT aris amaRlebuli (ix.cxrili #7), rac, TavisTavad, sakurTxevlis gamoyofis erT-erT xerxs warmoadgens.
sakurTxevlis afsidas zogierT SemTxvevaSi sasuliero pirTa Camosajdomi naxevarwriuli qvis rigi Semohyveba, romlis centrSi xSirad amaRlebuli adgilia
gamoyofili (ix.cxrili #7). ufliscixesa da oTxTaeklesiis bazilikebSi or rigia. baWvintis, xaSmis. vaSnaris. urbnisis. rkonis, zedazenis, akuras, sanagires, xevis xionis, parxalis bazilikebSi rigis centrSi damatebiTi safexuria gamoyofili. danarCen ZeglebSi sasuliero pirTa dasajdomi naxevarwriuli rigi ar aris
dadasturebuli. amrigad, aRricxuli bazilikebis mesamedze mets sakurTxevlis afsidaSi Camosajdomi qvis
rigi aqvs. amaTgan aT bazilikaSi mRvdelmTavris adgili
calkea gamoyofili, rac sakuTriv eklesiis statusTan
(mag.: saepiskoposo, samonastro) unda iyos dakavSirebuli.
saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi sakurTxevelSi
qvis trapezi Cvidmet ZeglSia dadasturebuli (ix.cxrili #7). isini afsidis centrSi an kedelTan aris moTavsebuli. qvis trapezis TariRis garkveva yvela konkretul SemTxevaSi calke gamokvlevas saWiroebs. arqauli forma aqvs Zv. SuamTis da xaSmis trapezs, romelTa
aRmosavleT mxares niSaa moTavsebuli. urbnisSi mas
trapeciis forma aqvs, xolo xevis xionSi da yazbegis
axalcixeSi wriuli qvaa dadasturebuli. yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi is kubis formisaa an Zalze dazianebuli saxiTaa SemorCenili. amrigad, saqarTvelos bazilikebis did nawilSi qvis trapezi ar aris. im ZeglebSi,
sadac trapezia, adreuli xanis bazilikebSi xSirad ke63
b/Sesasvlelis
hqonda kari, rac saTuos xdis maT pastoforiumis funqciiT gamoyenebas) da IX-X ss-is yazbegis axalcixis saTavsebi. igive formis afsidiani pastoforiumebia IX saukunis bodbis da Xsaukunis veres bazilikebSi. gegmaSi
kvadratulia VII saukunis rkonis da VIII-IX ss-is alvanis, xolo afsidiani kvadratis formisaa XI saukunis
dasawyisis sanagires pastoforiumebi. amrigad, saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi ufro metad gavrcelebulia
aRmosavleT-dasavleT RerZze wagrZelebuli formis
pastoforiumebi.
CrdiloeTi da samxreTi saTavsi TiToeul ZeglSi
daaxloebiT erTnairi formisaa. am mxriv gamonaklisia
anCisxatisa da urbnisis bazilikebi (ix. cxrili #8).
aseve gamoirCeva oTxTaeklesiisa da parxalis pastoforiumebi, romlebic kedliT or nawilad aris gayofili.
pastoforiumebis kedlebSi zog SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva zomis niSebia moTavsebuli, romlebic asimetriuladaa ganlagebuli. yvelaze meti, xuTi niSaa anCisxatis samxreT sadgomSi. erTi, ori an sami niSaa anCisxatis CrdiloeTi saTavsis, vazisubnis, ufliscixis, rkonis, akuras, JaleTis, yazbegis axalcixis, oTxTaeklesiis da parxalis pastoforiumebSi.
kedelTan mdgari qvis trapezi dadasturebulia vazisubnis, urbnisis, alvanis, sanagires samxreT saTavsebSi. CrdiloeT saTavsSi qvis trapezi aris nastakissa da
sanagireSi. trapezi ZiriTadad kubis formisaa. urbnisSi
mas trapeciis moyvaniloba aqvs.
pastoforiumebSi Sesasvleli, rogorc wesi, gverdiTi navebidan aris gaWrili. cxra bazilikaSi (ix.
cxrili #8) CrdiloeT saTavsSi meore, sakurTxevelTan damakavSirebeli, karic aris gaWrili, rac samkveT66
ganlageba.
nagebobis interieris aRqmisas Sesasvlels, mis mdebareobas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. Sida sivrce, misi calkeuli arqiteqturuli detali sxvadasxva
rakursSi gansxvavebul mxatvrul efeqts qmnis. amdenad,
xedvis wertilebis SerCeva xuroTmoZRvris erT-erT ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens. sazogadod, bazilikaSi, sadac Sida sivrce dasavleT-aRmosavleT RerZzea mimarTuli, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba dasavleT Sesasvlels eniWeba. monacemebi saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi Sesasvlelebis da maTi ganlagebis Sesaxeb #9
cxrilSia warmodgenili.
saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi Sesasvleli ganlagebulia nagebobis samxreT, dasavleT da CrdiloeT
kedlebSi. Sesaslveli SeiZleba iyos samive, ori an erTi mxridan. TiToeul mxares, ZiriTadad, TiTo karia.
erT fasadze ori kari mxolod matanis, bolnisis sionis, noqalaqevis, vaSnaris da sanagires bazilikebSia.
amasTan, isini yovelTvis grZiv kedlebSia gaWrili.
aRricxuli Zeglebidan sami mxridan Sesasvleli
aqvs V-XIV saukuneebis cxramet bazilikas (ix. cxrili
#9). or mxares Sesasvlelia V-XVI saukuneebis Teqvsmet bazilikaSi. aqedan Tormet ZeglSi kari dasavleT
da samxreT mxares aris gaWrili (ix. cxrili #9). da68
savleT da CrdiloeT mxares karia ganTiadis bazilikaSi, xolo grZiv kedlebSi Sesasvlelia bolnisis sionis
(dasavleTi kari XVII saukunis remontis droindelia)
da xevis sionis bazilikebSi. erTi Sesasvlelia Svid
ZeglSi. amaTgan samxreT mxares kari aqvs ufliscixis,
zedazenis, alvanis, revazaSenis, urTas bazilikebs, xolo dasavleT mxares _ nastakisis (arqeologiuri
gaTxrebisas mikvleulia mxolod dasavleTi Sesasvleli), qvabisxevis, yazbegis axalcixis bazilikebs.
ori an sami mxridan Sesasvlelis mqone ZeglebSi
zogierT SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia mTavari Sesasvlelis
gamoyofa. umetesad misi mniSvneloba Tavdapirveladve
iyo gansazRvruli an droTa viTarebaSi sxvadasxva mizezis gamo SeiZina. am dros garkveul rols asrulebs
Zeglis mdebareoba, reliefi, misasvleli gza, karibWis
miSeneba, rac TavisTavad Sesasvlelis mniSvnelobas
warmoaCens. dasavleTi mxridan arsebuli Sesasvlelis
prioriteti aRiniSneba biWvintis, sefieTis, alahaZis,
ganTiadis, urbnisis, rkonis, bodbis, sanagires, oTxTaeklesiis, itriis bazilikebSi. samxreTi Sesasvleli
mTavaria Zv.SuamTis, matanis, axSanis, ormocmowameTas,
JaleTis, parxalis, Warebis bazilikebSi. amdenad, CrdiloeTi kari mxolod sami mxridan Sesasvlelis mqone
Zeglebs aqvs. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom sefieTis,
xaSmis, urbnisis da TianeTis sionis bazilikebSi CrdiloeTi kari ara samxreTis pirdapir, aramed ufro aRmosavleTiT aris gaWrili. karis aseTi mdebareoba SesaZloa misi daniSnulebiT ganisazRvreboda, gamoiyeneboda ra ara mrevlis, aramed eklesiis msaxurTa Sesasvlelad.
saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi kars xSirad
forma Secvlili aqvs. 9 bazilikaSi cudi daculobis
69
da karibWe. isini Zeglis Tanadroulia an mogviano xanaSia miSenebuli (ix. cxrili #9).
aRricxul bazilikebSi narteqsi aqvs V-VI saukuneebis dasavleT saqarTvelos biWvintis, noqalaqevis,
cixisZiris, ganTiadis taZrebs, IX saukunis bodbis da
XI saukunis dasawyisis sanagires bazilikebs. dasavleT
saqarTvelos ZeglebSi narteqsis mxolod naSTebia SemorCenili. aRsaniSnavia, rom biWvintis da noqalaqevis
narteqsis samxreT nawilSi sanaTlavi iyo mowyobili
[ciciSvili, 1977:100; kapanaZe, 1987:95]. biWvintis, cixisZiris da ganTiadis bazilikebSi narteqsi sami kariT
samive navs ukavSirdeboda. asevea bodbesa da sanagireSic, magram aq narteqsi ori gambrjeni TaRiT sam nawilad aris gayofili. sanagireSi centraluri sivrce
jvruli kamariTaa gadaxuruli. narteqsSi Sesasvleli
CrdiloeTi da samxreTi mxridan aris gaWrili. mis meore sarTulze patronikea. zeda sarTulze asasleli kibe Crdilo-dasavleT kuTxeSia. aRsaniSnavia, rom, rogorc arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovlinda,
narteqsi da galereebi hqonda mcxeTis sveticxovlis
bazilikas [cincaZe,1987:15-26].
Ria galereebi aqvs bolnisis sions. misi CrdiloeTi galerea nagebobis mTel sigrZezea da aRmosavleTiT
afsidiT mTavrdeba. samxreTi galerea moklea. mis aRmosavleTiT orafsidiani sanaTlavi mdebareobs. Ria galereebi hqonda aseve wyarosTavis bazilikas.
garSemosavleli aqvs axSanis, vazisubnis da vaSnaris bazilikebs. axSanis bazilikis garSemosavleli Zeglis agebis Semdgomi xanisaa. mas TiToeul mxares samTaRiani Sesasvleli aqvs. gadaxurulia elifsuri kamariT,
romelic nagebobis perpendikularulad aris mimarTuli. kamarebi pilastrebsa da konsolebs eyrdnoba. gar72
saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi minaSenebis kvali irkveva Zv.SuamTis, noqalaqevis, nastakisis, anCisxatis, urbnisis, akuras, JaleTis, veres, qlivanas bazilikebSi.
amrigad, saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi narteqsi, galerea da garSemosavleli farTod gavrcelebuli
ar Cans da ZiriTadad V-VI saukuneebis ZeglebSi
gvxvdeba. narteqsi umTavresad dasavleT saqarTvelos
bazilikebSia, xolo galerea da garSemosavleli mxolod ramdenime ZeglSia dadasturebuli. sagulisxmoa,
rom minaSenebis kvali Cans mTel rig bazilikebSi, magram maTi arqiteqturuli formisa da daniSnulebis
zustad dadgena Znelia. Sesasvlelis win garkveuli arqiteqturuli formis arseboba, marTalia, ramdenime
ZeglSia dadasturebuli, magram aseTi Zeglebis ricxvi,
uTuod, meti iqneboda. savaraudoa, rom es sadgomebi
qristianuli eklesiis moTxovnis mixedviT kaTakmevelebisa da gankicxulTaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. rac Seexeba
karibWes, is Tavisi masStabiT da gegmarebiT nagebobaSi
Sesasvlelis win erTgvari mosamzadebeli safexuris,
winkaris, funqcias asrulebs da VIII-IX saukuneebidan
gvxvdeba. rig SemTxvevebSi karibWe adreul bazilikebzec iqna miSenebuli.
metia. bazilikis aRmosavleT mxares 2-dan 7-mde sarkmeli gvxvdeba. mxolod oTxTaeklesiasa da parxalSia Sesabamisad 15 da 12. rogorc aRiniSna, es Zeglebi sarkmelebis raodenobiT da maTi iarusebad ganawilebis
mxriv, udaod, gamoirCeva (ix.cxrili #10-11).
sakurTxevlis afsidas erTi sarkmeli anaTebs. gamonaklesia ganTiadis, bodbis, sanagires da itriis bazilikebi, sadac 3 sarkmelia. sefieTSi gadakeTebis Sedegad ori sarkmelia.
sarkmlebi TaRovani da sworkuTxa moxazulobisaa.
wriuli sarkmeli gvxvdeba mxolod X-XI saukuneebis
sanagires, oTxTaeklesiis, parxalis da urTas bazilikebSi. sworkuTxa sarkmlebia qvabisxevis bazilikaSi. erTdroulad TaRovani da sworkuTxa sarkmeli gvxvdeba
bolnisis, anCisxatis, urbnisis, alvanis, xevis sionis
bazilikebSi da gadakeTebis Sedegi unda iyos. yvela
sxva bazilikaSi TaRovani sarkmlebia. umetes SemTxvevaSi sarkmlis gverdebi interieris mxares ganivrdeba,
rac sinaTlis sxivebis ukeT gabnevas uwyobs xels. VVIsaukuneebis Zveli SuamTis, xaSmis, anCisxatis, ganTiadis, urbnisis bazilikebSi SemorCenilia paralelurgverdebiani sarkmlebi. rogorc wesi, nagebobis sxva sarkmelebTan SedarebiT didi zomiT gamoirCeva sakurTxevlis afsidis sarkmeli. gansakuTrebiT didi zomisaa paralelurgverdebiani, naliseburi moxazulobis sarkmlebi xaSmis da anCisxatis bazilikebSi.
amrigad, saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebisaTvis
mravalricxovani sarkmlebi ar aris damaxasiaTebeli.
gamonaklisia Xsaukunis oTxTaeklesia da parxali, romlebSic isini ramdenime iarusad aris ganlagebuli. bazilikebSi sarkmlebi oTxive mxares aris gaWrili. iSviaTia, roca romelime mxares (umetesad CrdiloeTiT)
76
da yvelaanTubnis bazilikebSi. amas garda isini ar SemorCa an gviani gadakeTebis xanisaa noqavaqevis, cixisZiris, nastakisis, alahaZis, anCisxatis, ormocmowameTas,
xirsas, bodbes bazilikebSi.
umetes aRricxul bazilikebSi sayrdens baza ar
aqvs (ix. cxrili #12). rig ZeglebSi maTi arsebobis da
formis garkveva ar xerxdeba. dadasturebulia sami saxis baza: kvadratuli, jvris formis da wriuli. kvadratuli bazaa vaSnaris, ormocmowameTas, qvabisxevis, JaleTis, Warebis (dasavleTi wyvili), itriis bazilikebSi. amaTgan ormocmowameTas da itriis taZrebSi orsafexuriani bazebia. gegmaSi jvris formisaa bolnisis sionis, anCisxatis, urbnisis, ufliscixis, rkonis; wriuli formisaa TaineTis sionis (samsafexuriani), parxalis da Warebis (aRmosavleTi wyvili) bazebi. amdenad,
saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi sayrdeni umetesad
bazis gareSea. kvadratuli baza yvela periodis ZeglebSi gvxvdeba. jvruli forma V-VII saukuneebis bazilikebSi gamoiyeneba, xolo wriuli baza VIII saukunis
Semdgomi xanis ramdenime ZeglSia.
amrigad, aRricxul bazilikebSi svetisTavi V-XIII
saukuneebis 10 ZeglSia. ornamentuli motiviT Semkuli
svetisTavebi da bazebia dadasturebuli aseve sveticxovlis (bazebi), wilkanis da akaurTas (svetisTavebi) bazilikebSi. svetisTavebi formaTa mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. svetisTavis erTi, gavrcelebuli tipi
ar SemuSavebula da yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi axali mxatvruli saxea Seqmnili. adreuli periodis svetisTavebi ufri rTuli formisaa. dasavleT saqarTvelos ZeglebSi gvxvdeba klasikuri kapitelebi, xolo
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi reliefebiT Semkuli svetisTavebi, romlebic Tavisi mxatvruli gadawyvetiT sasa82
cixe, xevis sioni, vere, oTxTaeklesia, parxali, qlivana, itria. yvela es Zegli aRmosavleT saqarTveloSia.
dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebSi pilastri ar
gvxvdeba. rogorc vxedavT, pilastri jer kidev V-VI
saukuneebis ZeglebSi gamoiyeneba da momdevno xanebSic
farTod aris gavrcelebuli. pilastrs aqvs rogorc
konstruqciuli, aseve mxatvruli funqcia da interierSi vertikalis xazgasmas uwyobs xels. pilastrebi umetesad Sua navSi, sayrdenebsa da Sua navis kedlebzea.
amdenad, am bazilikebSi sayrdens gegmaSi T-s an jvris
forma aqvs. gamonaklesia sanagires, veres, itriis bazilikebi, sadac pilastri sayrdenis impostidan iwyeba.
gverdiT navebSi pilastri urbnisis, oTxTaeklesiis da
parxalis bazilikebSia, sadac isini erTmaneTs TaRebiT
ukavSirdeba.
saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi calkeul ZeglebSi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva arqiteqturuli elementi,
rogoricaa dekoraciuli TaRedi, dekoraciuli naxevarkolona da lavgardani. pirveli maTgani gvxvdeba matanis (araTavdapirveli), zedazenis bazilikebis Sua navSi.
akuras bazilikaSi aguris naxevarkolonebi pilastris
orive mxares aris moTavsebuli. lavgardani gamoyenebulia sefietis bazilikaSi, sadac is CrdiloeT, dasavleT da samxreT kedlebs or rigad, xolo sakurTxevlis afsidas erT rigad Semohyveba. sagulisxmoa, rom
interierSi horizontalis xazgasma saqarTvelos ZeglebisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli da sefieTi am mxriv
gamonaklisia. Tumca lavgardani ganTiadis da ufliscixis bazilikebSic gvxvdeba, magram mxolod afsidis konqis fuZesTan.
amrigad, saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebis interieri ZiriTadad xalvaTi, erTiani sivrcis Seqmnis, ver86
tikaluri formebis xazgasmis, mTavari da daqvemdebarebuli nawilebis urTierTSeTanxmebis principzea agebuli. mas sisadave da lakonuriba axasiaTebs. Sida sivrcis mxatvrul saxes, umTavresad, arqiteqturul-konstruqciuli elementebis plastikuri gamomsaxveloba da
maTi ritmuli ganawilebis wesi gansazRvravs.
19. interieris da eqsterieris
urTierTdamokidebuleba.
b/sakurTxevlis afsida aRmosavleT fasadze sarkmlis an sarkmlebis saSualebiT ixsneba. amas garda, zogierT SemTxvevaSi moculobiTi formiT gamoiyofa niSebis an Sverilis saxiT (ix. cxrili #13). aRricxuli
bazilikebidan 27 ZeglSi afsida gegmis swirkuTxedSia
Cawerili. amaTgan sam, rkonis, veres da itriis bazilikebSi niSebiT gamoiyofa. Sverili afsida 14 bazilikaSia. bolnisis sionis, sefieTis bodbis da sanagires afsidebi naxevarwriuli, danarCeni xuTwaxnaga formisaa
(ix. cxrili #13). gamorCeulia alahaZe, sadac afsida
Svidwaxnagaa. aRsaniSnavia, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos
yvela bazilika Sverilafsidiania.
g/pastoforiumebi bazilikebSi umetesad gegmis
sworkuTxedSia Cawerili. aRmosavleT fasadze Sverili
saxiT gamodis mxolod ganTiadis, bodbis da sanagires
pastoforiumebi. iSviaTad es saTavsebi grZiv fasadebzec aris gamoweuli. amis magaliTia anCisxatis CrdiloeTi da ganTiadis orive saTavsi. aRsaniSnavia Warebis
bazilikis iregularuli formis CrdiloeTi saTavsi,
romlis moxazuloba eqsterierSic aris gamovlenili.
pastoforiumebis sarkmlebi, rogorc wesi, aRmosavleT
fasadzea gaWrili. rig SemTxvevebSi pastoforiumis
sarkmlebi CrdiloeT da samxreT fasadzec gadis.
zogierTi bazilikis eqsterierSi damoukidebeli
gadaxurvis mqone moculobiTi formaa (ix. cxrili
#13), rogoricaa dasavleTi navi Zvel SuamTasa da matanSi, garSemosavleli vazisubansa da axSanSi, Ria galereebi da sanaTlavi bolnisis sionSi, aseve Zeglis
Tanadrouli an Semdgomi xanis karibWeebi.
aRniSnuli Zeglebis eqsterierSi sami naviT Seqmnil erTian struqturas erwymis damatebiTi moculobiTi forma (Sverili afsida da pastoforiumebi, dasav88
li TvalsazrisiT met-naklebi mniSvnelobisaa da loklur xasiaTs atarebs. sagulisxmoa, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli Taviseburebebi gamonaklisad bazilikebTan
mimarTebaSi aRiqmeba (mag.: galerea, garSemosavleli,
patronike, wriuli sarkmeli), xolo saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebis sxva arqiteqturul tipebTan Sedarebisas bevri paraleli eZebneba.
92
cxrilebi saqarTvelos sa
mnaviani bazilikebis
samnaviani
monacemebis Sesaxeb
93
94
V-VIss.
1.nastakisi
2.xaSmi
Vs.
1.biWvinta
2.bolnisi
3.matani
4.noqalaqevi
5.sefieTi
6.cixisZiri
7.Zv.SuamTa
1. rkoni
(VIIs.)
1.anCisxati
2.axSani
3.alahaZe
4.ganTiadi
5.vazisubani
6.vaSnari
7.kondoli
8.natkora
9.ormocmowameTa
10.urbnisi
11.ufliscixe
12.xirsa
VIs.
1.zedazeni
2.alvani
3.TianeTi
4.revazaSeni
VIII-IXss.
1.akura
2.bodbe
3.qvabixevi
IXs.
1.JaleTi
2.yazbegis
axalcixe
3.yvelaanTubani
4.xevis
sioni
IX-Xss.
1.vere
2.oTxTaeklesia
3.parxali
4.urTa
5.sanagire
6.kvirikewminda
X-XIss.
1.qlivana
2.Warebi
3.itria
XIIIXVIIIss.
cxrili # 1
95
8.areSi
9.eruSeTi
10.niqozi
11.sveticxoveli
12.caiSi
3.akaurTa
13.zRuderi
14.Telavis
RvTaeba
15.Ti-qilisa
16.kurdRelauri
17.nunisi
18.wilkani
19.wyarosTavi
5.esbeki
6.korinTa
7.lopotisxevi
8.mosabruni
4.parexTa
5.qobTavi
7.zeda
Tmogvi
8.sveti
4.ilemi
5.mukuzanis sveticxoveli
6.noste
7.sifTaqSeni
96
biWvinta
bolnisi
matani
noqalaqevi
sefieTi
cixisZiri
Zveli SuamTa
nastakisi
xaSmi
anCisxati
alahaZe
axSani
ganTiadi
vazisubani
vaSnari
kondoli
natkora
ormocmowamaTa
urbnisi
ufliscixe
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Zegli
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
VIs.dasw.
VIs.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.
VIs.dasw.
VIs.
VIs.ImeoT.
VIs.
VIs.
Vs.
478-493ww
Vs. Sua
Vs. Sua
Vs. IInax
Vs.
Vs.
V-VIss.
V-VIss.
TariRi
kargi
gegma ikiTxeba
nawilobr.dazianeba
kamarebCamoqceulia
nawilobr.dazianeba
cudi
nawilobr.dazianeba
cudi
kargi
kargi
cudi
gegma ikiTxeba
kargi
kargi
gegma ikiTxeba
nawilobr.dazianeba
gegma ikiTxeba
kargi
cudi, VIIIs-daingra
nawilobr.dazianeba
daculobis done
samSeneblo
periodebi
_
VIII, XIV, XVII
VIII-IX,XV-XVII
_
ramdenime
_
mogvian.minaSeni
VI-VII samekl.
VII-VIII,IX,XIVXV,XVI,XVIII
XVII,XIX
_
XI-XIII,XV-XVI
IX
XIX
_
XVII,XIX
X, XII, XIV
VIII-IXXVI-XVII
IX-X,XVII
_
1958-74ww,1986-87ww.
arq.g.1970-71ww.
_
1971w,198081ww.
1951-52ww- gadaxurva
arq.g.1949
_
_
1977w.
1953-66ww, 1981-81ww
arq.g.1957w,1974-75,1987ww.
arq.g.1952-73ww, 1982-84ww
1936-40ww,1970-86ww
1986-87ww
arq.g.1975-77ww
1971gadaixura1987gaiwmin.
arq.g.1961-62ww,1982w.
1971-76
arq.g.1980-82,kons.1985-86
1982w.
XXs-is restavracia
cxrili # 2
97
revazaSeni
akura
bodbe
qvabisxevi
JaleTi
yazbegi
yvelaanTubani
xevis sioni
vere
oTxTaeklesia
parxali
urTa
sanagire
kvirikewmin-da
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40 qlivana
41 Warebi
42 itria
xirsa
rkoni
zedazeni
alvani
TianeTi
21
22
23
24
25
cudi
kargi
kargi
kargi
kamarebCamoqceulia
kargi
cudi
kargi
cudi
kargi
kargi
nawilobr.dazianeba
nawilobr.dazianeba
kamarebCamoqceulia
nawilobr.dazianeba
kargi
kargi
nawilobr.dazianeba
kamarebCamoqceulia
XIII-XIVss kamarebCamoqceulia
XIII-XIVss kamarebCamoqceulia
XVIs.
kargi
VIII-IXss.
855w.
IXs
IXs.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
Xs.
Xs.IInax.
Xs.IInax.
Xs.
XIs.dasw.
XIs.
VIs.
VIIs.
VIIIs.IInax.
VIII-IXss.
VIII-IXss.
XIX
_
_
_
XVI
XVII,XIX
_
_
_
_
_
XI
_
XV-XVI
_
XIII
XVII
VIII-IX,XI,XVI
XIII-karibWe
IXkaribWe,XVIII
XVI
_
1950-53ww
1972-75ww,1986w gaiwminda
1938w,1950-53ww,1972-80-82ww
1971-74-75ww
arq.g.1951w, 1967w-Ria cis
qveS muzeumSi
_
1970-76ww.
1995w.
1986-87ww
1958w.1961-62ww.
_
_
1968w.
60-iani ww,1990-91-gaiwmin.
_
_
_
Sedgenilia proeqti
1991w..miwisZvriT
dazianda
_
_
1980-81ww gaiwminda
98
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
biWvinta
bolnisi
matani
noqalaqevi
sefieTi
cixisZiri
Zveli SuamTa
nastakisi
xaSmi
anCisxati
alahaZe
axSani
ganTiadi
vazisubani
vaSnari
kondoli
natkora
ormocmowamaTa
urbnisi
ufliscixe
Zegli
Vs.
478-493ww
Vs. Sua
Vs. Sua
Vs. IInax
Vs.
Vs.
V-VIss.
V-VIss.
VIs.dasw.
VIs.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.
VIs.dasw.
VIs.
VIs.ImeoT.
VIs.
VIs.
TariRi
90-110
130-160
80
110
110
110-120
70
100
130-140
115
150-180
70
95
105
130
70-130
100
100
110
120
kedlis
sisqe
(sm)
28,30
27,80
9,60
26,60
14,60
33
10,8
16,67
25,20
21,50
37,40
13,80
20,10
18,70
21,2
19,30
22
17,9
32
_
sigrZe
S1 (m)
13,60m
24,50m
8,80
14,6
12,40
17,80
8,90
10
14
13,60
14,20
10,40
15,30
10,50
16,20
9,60
14,20
12
15
_
sigane
S2 (m)
eqsterieri
2,08
1,13
1,09
1,8
1,2
1,8
1,1
1,6
1,8
1,5
2,6
1,3
1,3
1,75
1,3
2
1,5
1,5
2,1
_
S1
S2
18
21,50
6
20
8 80
26
7,40
9,60
19,50
16
27
8,80
12,50
13
15,40
14
16,50
13
25
12,80
sigrZe
S1 (m)
12
13,50
7,20
13
10,20
16
7,20
8
11,30
10
11,20
9
13,20
8,80
14,40
7,80
9,30
10
12,80
17
sigane
S2 (m)
interieri
1,5
1,6
0,8
1,2
0,8
1,6
1,02
1,2
1,7
1,6
2,4
0,9
0,9
1,4
1,05
1,8
1,8
1,3
1,96
0,7
S1
S2
0,9
1,1
0,9
0,5
0,57
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,8
0,5
0,9
1,1
cxrili # 3
99
xirsa
rkoni
zedazeni
alvani
TianeTi
revazaSeni
akura
bodbe
qvabisxevi
JaleTi
yazbegi
yvelaanTubani
xevis sioni
vere
oTxTaeklesia
parxali
urTa
sanagire
kvirikewminda
qlivana
Warebi
itria
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
VIs.
VIIs.
VIIIs.IInax.
VIII-IXss.
VIII-IXss.
VIII-IXss.
855w.
IXs.
IXs.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
Xs.
Xs.IInax.
Xs.IInax.
Xs.
XIs.dasw.
XIs.
XIIIXIVss
XIIIXIVss
XVIs.
140
90
100
80
80-100
90
105-120
80
110
80
75-90
90
100
80
90
100
75-95
80
_
100-120
75
110
18,70
14
13,40
9,60
12
11,50
18
17
10,31
13,70
8,10
9,8
12,70
11,70
8,80
11
12,10
17
11,50
9,50
17
12
14,20
16
28,50
27
15,65
20,40
10,75
14
11,80
12
13
12,50
9,80
31
18,50
13
14
14,30
1,3
1,4
1,1
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,5
1,4
1,3
1,4
1,3
1
0,9
1,5
1
2,60
1,5
1
1,15
1,4
10,70
10,75
11,30
6,50
7,80
12,50
6,80
10,60
9,80
10,20
_
15
15
10,70
10
7,20
8,40
10
10
10,5
11,50
10,50
7,50
8,60
_
19,50
20
10,25
8
5,20
11,80
8
25
13,20
8,30
9,20
8,50
1,2
1,1
1
1,3
0,8
1,23
1,3
1,3
1
0,8
0,7
1,4
0,8
2,5
1,2
0,7
0,8
1,1
0,8
1
0,9
0,9
1,2
1,2
1
1,1
1
1,3
1
1
1
0,8
0,8
0,7
1,2
0,9
100
VIs.ImeoT.
VIs.
19 urbnisi
6,2
3,5
3,5
8,5
VIs.dasw.
VIs.
VIs.
6,8
4,45
VIs.IInax.
VIs.IInax.
3,5
3,8
VIs.
VIs.IInax.
4,38
4,3
VIs.dasw.
3,15
V-VIss.
4,8
6,8
2,9
5,9
6,20
2,
1,15
1,4
2,3
1,4
2,5
1,8
2,2
1,77-Cr.
2,04-sam.
2,15
1,5
1,4
2,75
1,7
1,35-Cr.
1,7-samx.
2@,95
2,30-Cr.
2,39-sam.
2,2
3,1
2,5
3,7
3,1
2,7
2,1
1,59
2,5
2,14
2,1
2,1
2,9
2,8
3,4
2,1
1,7
2,7
14,3
7,75
_
10,6
6,3
8,35
6,8
11
_
9,4
7,5
4,9
6,6
3,75
_
5,75
3,2
1,9
1,5
_
1,6
1,6
1,7
1,4
2,1
1,1
2,3
2,2
_
2,1
2,4
2,1
1,7
2,3
1,8
V-VIss.
Vs.
16 kondoli
17 natkora
18 ormocmowamaTa
14 vazisubani
15 vaSnari
11 alahaZe
12 axSani
13 ganTiadi
10
anCisxati
8 nastakisi
9 xaSmi
6 cixisZiri
7 Zveli SuamTa
Vs.
Vs Sua
Vs. IInax
sefieTi
4 noqalaqevi
478-493ww
Vs. Sua
Vs.
matani
biWvinta
TariRi
2 bolnisi
Zegli
hSecvlilia
zomebiSecvl.
hSecvlilia
hSecvlilia
gv.nav.2sarT.
das.nav.LL-3,8m
das.navis
L-2m
hSecvlilia
SeniSvna
cxrili # 4
101
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
34 vere
35 oTxTaeklesia
36 parxali
7,5
7,5
Xs.
Xs.IInax.
Xs.IInax.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
3,3
4,25
IXs.
32 yvelaanTubani
33 xevis sioni
3,3
IXs.
4,2
5,3
28 bodbe
855w.
29 qvabisxevi
30 JaleTi
31 yazbegi
27
akura
VIII-IXss.
26 revazaSeni
2,8
2,8
2,1
1,6
1,2
2,7-Cr.
1,7-samx.
2
1,5-Cr.
1,3-samx.
2,8
2,25
VIIIs.IInax. 5,3
VIII-IXss. 4,2
2,4
2,3
VIII-IXss.
25
3
1,4
4,6
VIIs.
6,5
5,2
VIs.
VIs.
TianeTi
24
alvani
22 rkoni
23 zedazeni
20 ufliscixe
21 xirsa
2,6
2
2,6
2,7
1,9
2,1
2,1
2,2
2,6
1,8
1,8
3,7
2,1
19,5
19
11m
10,7
10
8,8
10
2,1
1,5
1,6
1,6
11,67
11,82
1,6
1,5
5,25-Cr. 2
7,5-samx 1,4
6,5
1,6
4.6
5,6-Cr.
5-samx.
2,6
2,5
2,8
1,8
2
2,1
hSecvlilia
Cr.nav. zeviT
samalavi
hSecvlilia
102
Vs.
Vs.
V-VIss.
V-VIss.
cixisZiri
Zveli SuamTa
nastakisi
xaSmi
6
7
natkora
ormocmowamaTa
urbnisi
ufliscixe
17
18
19
20
16
anCisxati
alahaZe
axSani
ganTiadi
vazisubani
vaSnari
kondoli
10
11
12
13
14
15
VIs.
VIs.ImeoT.
VIs.
VIs.
VIs.dasw.
VIs.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.
VIs.dasw.
Vs.
478-493ww
Vs. Sua
Vs. Sua
Vs. IInax
biWvinta
bolnisi
matani
noqalaqevi
sefieTi
1
2
3
4
TariRi
Zegli
3wy
2an3
4wy
2wy
3wy
5wy
2wy
4wy
2wy
3wy
2wy
4wy
_
1wy
3wy
5wy
5wy
1wy
2wy
3wy
rao
den.
jvriseb
_
jvriseb
jvriseb
sworkuTxa
jvriseb
swork
T-s
kvadrat
T-s
kvadrat
swork
_
T-s
jvriseb
_
jvriseb
kvadrat
kvadrat
kvadrat
forma
naliseb
_
naliseb
naliseb
_
_
naliseb
naxevarw
naliseb
_
naxevarw
naliseb
_
naxevarw
_
_
naliseb
naxevarw
_
naxevarw
TaRis
forma
TaRi
3,15m
_
3,3m
3,4m
4,3m
2,8m
2m
2,4m
1,6m
3,3m
1,8m
2,6m
1,5m 2,1
_
_
1,8m 1,8
1m 3,4
4,3
1,4m 2
3m
0,6
1m 2,4
0,8m 2
1,4m 2,3
0,7m 2,4
1,5m 1,7
_
_
_
1,4m 1,2m 1,17
1,6m 1,3m
1,3
2,45m 1,75m 1,4
L1
2,1m
2,4m
1,3m
4m
1,25m
L1
L2 L2
0,8m 2,6
1,35m 1,77
0,8m 1,6
1m
4
1,1m 1,1
sayr
sigane-L
_
6,6m
_
_
3,5m
2,2m
h1
_
8,5m
2,4m
_
2,5m
2,2m
_
2,6m
_
_
4,3m
_
_
1,8m
1,5m
_
1,5
_
_
2
1,4
sam.TaRebi
amoSeneb.
1 wy.jvris
TaRebi
dadableb.
2wy.wriul
I sarT
II sarT
SeniSvna
cxrili # 5
h1
h2 h2
_
_
6,5m 1,3
1,75m 1,4
_
_
1,7m 1,4
1,4m 1,5
_
_
1,5m 1,7
_
_
simaRle-h
TaRi
sayrdeni
sayr
103
itria
42
41
XVIs.
XIs.
XIII-XIVss
XIII-XIVss
XIs.dasw.
sanagire
kvirikewminda
qlivana
Warebi
Xs.
Xs.IInax.
urTa
parxali
Xs.
Xs.IInax.
IXs.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
qvabisxevi
JaleTi
yazbegi
yvelaanTubani
xevis sioni
vere
oTxTaeklesia
VIs.
VIIs.
VIIIs.IInax.
VIII-IXss.
VIII-IXss.
VIII-IXss.
855w.
IXs.
xirsa
rkoni
zedazeni
alvani
TianeTi
revazaSeni
akura
bodbe
39
40
38
37
36
35
34
33
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
2wy
1wy
2wy
2wy
1wy
3wy
4wy
2wy
4wy
1wy
_
2wy
2wy
2wy
4wy
2wy
2wy
2wy
2wy
1wy
1
1wy
jvriseb
kvadrat
aR-kvad.
d-wr.
kvadrat
wriuli,
rvawaxn.
jvriseb
kvadrat
rvawaxn
kvadrat
kvadrat
T-s
kvadrat
_
T-s
swork
T-s
T-s
jvriseb
kvadrat
jvriseb
wriuli
naxevarw
naxevarw
_
naxevarw
naxevarw
naxevarw
Seisr.
naxevarw
Seisr.
naxevarw
_
naxevarw
naxevarw
naxevarw
naliseb
_
naxevarw
naliseb
naxevarw
_
0,8m
1m
2m
2,5m
2m
2,5
4,3
3,8m 1,8m
1,8m
3m
0,7m
3,4m 1,2m
2,6m 0,8m
0,45m
3m 0 75m
3,2
7,2
4
2,8
2,1
1
4,2
2,5
2
2,4
0,7m 1,6m 0,04
4,3m
2,7
2,6m
1,5
0,7m 1,5m 0,04
4m
2,7
2,1m
1,4
0,4m
1,7m 2
1,2m 2,8
1,1m 1,6
1,4m 1,6
0,75m 3,3
0,6m 3
1,6m 1,8
1,3m 1,4
1,75m
3,5m
3,4m
1,8m
2,25m
2,5m
1,8m
3m
1,8m
2,4m
1,5
2,7m
_
4,4m
6m
2
1,7m 1,5
_
_
2,7m 1,6
3m
3,6m
1,25m 1,8
_
_
2,3m
1,7
_
3,7m
_
_
_
2,75m 1,8
2,1m 1,6
2,8m 1,4
_
_
6,2m
_
_
5m
3,4m
4m
_
ori saxis
sayrdeni
ori saxis
sayrdeni
1-swork.
104
biWvinta
bolnisi
matani
noqalaqevi
sefieTi
cixisZiri
Zveli SuamTa
nastakisi
xaSmi
anCisxati
alahaZe
axSani
ganTiadi
vazisubani
vaSnari
kondoli
natkora
ormocmowamaTa
urbnisi
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Zegli
1
2
3
VIs.
VIs.dasw.
VIs.
VIs.ImeoT.
VIs.
VIs.dasw.
VIs.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.IInax.
V-VIss.
V-VIss.
Vs.
Vs.
Vs. Sua
Vs. IInax
Vs.
478-493ww
Vs. Sua
TariRi
ar aris
aris
ar aris
aris
aris
ar aris
aris
Camoqc.
aris
ar aris
aris
ar aris
aris
ar aris
aris
ar aris
aris
aris
gadaxurva
gumbT.
XVIIs
XVIIs.
aRdgenilia
XVIIs
gadakeTeba
naxevarwr.
naxevarwr.
naxevarwr.
wris meoTx
elifsuri
elifsuri
elifsuri
elifsuri
Seisruli
elifsuri
naxevarw.
naxevarwr.
jvruli
wris meoTx
elifsuri
sam.navis cenSi gumb.
gverd. navi
Seisruli
elifsuri
naxevarwr.
Seisruli
jvrul.TaRi
elifsuri
Sua navi
kamaris forma
4- 4- 4
3,C-2,s-3
2-1-1
6, sam-4
Cr-gumb
2, C-1
s-3
5
3 Cr-2
sam-2
das-3
gambrjeni
TaRi
pilastri
konsoli
S-pilast.
g-konsol
konsoli
konsoli
S-pilast.
g-konsol
konsoli
pilastri
konsoli
pilastri
konsoli
cxrili # 6
105
ufliscixe
xirsa
rkoni
zedazeni
alvani
TianeTi
revazaSeni
akura
bodbe
qvabisxevi
JaleTi
yazbegi
yvelaanTubani
xevis sioni
vere
oTxTaeklesia
parxali
urTa
sanagire
kvirikewminda
qlivana
Warebi
itria
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
XIII-XIVss
XVIs.
IXs.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
Xs.
Xs.IInax.
Xs.IInax.
Xs.
XIs.dasw.
XIs.
XIII-XIVss
IXs.
VIII-IXss.
VIII-IXss.
VIII-IXss.
855w.
VIs.
VIs.
VIIs.
VIIIs.IInax.
Camoqc.
aris
Camoqc.
ar aris
aris
Camoqc.
aris
Camoqc.
aris
aris
aris
aris
Camoqc.
Camoqc.
aris
aris
Camoqc.
aris
aris
ar aris
aris
aris
aris
gadak.
XVIIs
SekeT.
gumbT
gadak.
naxevarwr.
elifsuri
naxevarwr.
naxevarwr.
elif.perpen
odnavSeisr.
odnavSeisr.
wris meoTx
elifsuri
naxevarwr.
odnavSeisr.
naxevarwr.
elifsuri
naxevarwr.
Cr-2jvrul.
sam-elifs.
elifsuri
iregular.
wris meoTx
naxevarwr.
xis gadax.
Seisruli
naxevarwr.
elifsuri
naxevarwr.
naxevarwr.
texiliT
iregular.
Cr-3 jvrul
2 -2 -2
2 -2 -2
2- 2- 2
2
4- 4- 4
5- 5- 5
2- 1- 1
2- 1- 1
3
2 -2 -2
3- 3- 3
3 -2 -2
3
sam-2
2
5
3-3
S-pilast.
g-konsol
konsoli
S-pilast.
g-konsol
pilastri
pilastri
pilastri
pilastri
konsoli
pilastri
S-pilast.
g-konsol
S-pilast.
g-konsol
konsoli
konsoli
S-pilast.
g-konsol
106
naliseb
V-VIss.
VIs.dasw.
9 xaSmi
10 anCisxati
16 kondoli
17 natkora
13 ganTiadi
14 vazisubani
15 vaSnari
11 alahaZe
12 axSani
naliseb
V-VIss.
naliseb
VIs.
naxevarw
VIs.
naliseb
naxevarw
VIs.dasw.
naxevarw
VIs.IInax.
naliseb
VIs.IInax.
VIs.IInax.
naxevarw
VIs.
naxevarw
naxevarw
Vs.
nastakisi
naxevarw
naliseb
Vs. IInax
Vs.
naliseb
naxevarw
naxevarw
478-493ww
Vs. Sua
Vs. Sua
naxevarw
afsidis
forma
Vs.
TariRi
6 cixisZiri
7 Zveli SuamTa
4 noqalaqevi
5 sefieTi
1 biWvinta
2 bolnisi
3 matani
Zegli
naxevarw
naxevarw
naxevarw
naxevarw
naliseb
naliseb
naxevarw
naxevarw
naxevarw
naliseb
forma
7,2m
11,7m
6,5m
5,8m
9,8m
7,2m
5,8m
6,6m
6,2m
9,25m
simaR
le
h
3m
3,16m
5,4m
3,7m
3,85m
4 45m
2,5m
4,7m
2,2m
4,85m
2,4
3,7
1,2
1,5
2,54
1,6
2,3
1,4
2,8
1,9
sigane h:L
L
satriumfo TaRi
Subli
0
+
_
bema
m
safexuri
Camosaj.
qvis rigi
0
calke
calke
calke
calke
calke
calke
kedel.
qvis
trapezi
cxrili # 7
niSa
107
naxevarw
_
naxevarw
naxevarw
41 Warebi
42 itria
39 kvirikewminda
40 qlivana
naxevarw
naxevarw
XVIs.
naxevarw
XIII-XIVss
XIII-XIVss
naxevarw
naxevarw
naxevarw
naxevarw
naxevarw
6,6m
5m
4m
2,8m
4m
6,5m
6,5
3,6m
3m
3m
4,1m
3m
4m
2,1
1,6
1,7
2,6
2,7
2,4
2,8
2,7
3,2
2,2
2,7
0
8m
3,2m
3,5m
_
_
naliseb
_
_
naxevarw
17,5m
18m
8,8m
8,5m
6m
10,75
9,7m
8,8m
9,5m
7m
_
_
naxevarw
Seisrul
Seisrul
naxevarw
naxevarw
XIs.
35 oTxTaeklesia Xs.IInax.
36 parxali
Xs.IInax.
37 urTa
Xs.
38 sanagire
XIs.dasw.
naxevarw
naxevarw
32 yvelaanTubani IX-Xss.
33 xevis sioni
IX-Xss.
34 vere
Xs.
naxevarw
naxevarw
IX-Xss.
naxevarw
naxevarw
Seisrul
naliseb
naliseb
naxevarw
naxevarw
naxevarw
naliseb
naxevarw
naxevarw
IXs.
naliseb
naxevarw
855w.
IXs
naxevarw
VIII-IXss.
naxevarw
naliseb
VIII-IXss.
VIII-IXss.
naliseb
naxevarw
VIIs.
VIIIs.IInax.
naliseb
naliseb
VIs.
VIs.
IX-Xss.
30 JaleTi
31 yazbegi
28 bodbe
29 qvabisxevi
26 revazaSeni
27 akura
24 alvani
25 TianeTi
22 rkoni
23 zedazeni
20 ufliscixe
21 xirsa
_
calke
calke
kedel.
calke
calke
calke
kedel.
108
VIs.dasw.
anCisxati
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
10
VIs.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.
VIs.dasw.
VIs.
V-VIss.
V-VIss.
nastakisi
xaSmi
alahaZe
axSani
ganTiadi
vazisubani
vaSnari
kondoli
natkora
Vs. Sua
Vs. IInax
Vs.
Vs.
noqalaqevi
sefieTi
cixisZiri
Zveli SuamTa
4
5
6
biWvinta
bolnisi
matani
Vs.
478-493ww
Vs. Sua
TariRi
1
2
Zegli
pastoforiumi
0
+
0
+
0
0
0
+
+
0
0
0
+
0
0
+
weswork.afs
wesworkuTxa
wesworkuTxa
kvadratuli
C-s
C-s
C-s
C-s
C-s
Cr
Cr.
s-+
0
saTavsi II
sarTulze
weswork.afs
wesworkuTxa C-0
samxreTi
saTavsi
weswork.afs
snsworkuTxa
weswork.afs
wesworkuTxa
snsworkuTxa
wesworkuTxa
CrdiloeTi
saTavsi
kari
gv.navSi
forma
Cr.
sakurTxevelSi
araTavdap.
pastofor.
VII-VIIIss.
kari iyo
aRm-iT
samkveTlo
araTavdap.
sakurT.kari
gviandelia
SeniSvna
cxrili # 8
109
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
VIs.ImeoT.
VIs.
VIs.
VIs.
VIIs.
VIIIs.IInax.
VIII-IXss.
VIII-IXss.
VIII-IXss.
855w.
IXs.
IXs.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
Xs.
Xs.IInax.
Xs.IInax.
Xs.
XIs.dasw.
XIs.
XIII-XIVss
XIII-XIVss
XVIs.
ormocmowamaTa
urbnisi
ufliscixe
xirsa
rkoni
zedazeni
alvani
TianeTi
revazaSeni
akura
bodbe
qvabisxevi
JaleTi
yazbegi
yvelaanTubani
xevis sioni
vere
oTxTaeklesia
parxali
urTa
sanagire
kvirikewminda
qlivana
Warebi
itria
+
0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
0
0
+
+
+
+
+
+
kvadrat.afs.
weswork.afs
0
weswork.afs
weswork.afs
iregularuli
weswork.afs
wesworkuTxa
snswork.afs.
weswork.afs
wesworkuTxa
snsworkuTxa
wesworkuTxa
wesworkuTxa
snsworkuTxa
wesworkuTxa
wesworkuTxa
wesworkuTxa
kvadratuli
wesworkuTxa
kvadratuli
wesworkuTxa
weswork.afs
kvadrat.afs.
wesworkuTxa
snsworkuTxa
wesworkuTxa
wesworkuTxa
snsworkuTxa
wesworkuTxa
wesworkuTxa
wesworkuTxa
wesworkuTxa
snswork.afs.
kvadratuli
0
kvadratuli
weswork.afs
kvadratuli
C-s
Cr.
C-s
+
0
+
C-s
C-s
C-s
C-s
C-s
C-s
C-s
0
0
0
0
+
+
+
C-s
C-s
C-s
s.
C-s
+
0
0
0
C-s
sm.
C-s
0
0
0
C-s
C-s
Cr.
Cr.
Cr.
Cr.
Cr.
Cr.
ornawil.
ornawil.
110
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
VIs.dasw.
VIs.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.
VIs.dasw.
VIs.
VIs.ImeoT.
V-VIss.
V-VIss.
nastakisi
xaSmi
anCisxati
alahaZe
axSani
ganTiadi
vazisubani
vaSnari
kondoli
natkora
ormocmowamaTa
Vs. Sua
Vs. IInax
Vs.
Vs.
noqalaqevi
sefieTi
cixisZiri
Zveli SuamTa
4
5
6
biWvinta
bolnisi
matani
Vs.
478-493ww
Vs. Sua
TariRi
1
2
Zegli
das.Cr.sam
das.Cr.sam
das.Cr.sam
das.sam.
das.Cr.sam
das.Cr.sam
das.sam.
das.sam.
dasavl.
das.sam
das.Cr.sam
das.Cr.sam
das.sam.
das.Cr.sam
das.sam.
Cr.sam.
das.Cr.sam
a/dasavl.
b/Crdil.
g/samxr.
3
3
3
2
3
5
2
1
2
4
4
2
3
2
2
4
raodenoba
Sesasvleli
s.
d.
d.
s.
d.
ds
_
d.
_
s.
d.
s-C
_
s-C
d.
Cr
s.
mTavari
kari
kari lunetiT
_
TaR.gar.swor
TaRovani
sworkuTxa
_
TaRovani
_
_
_
TaR.gar.swor
_
TaR.gar.swor
_
TaR.gar.swor
_
kari lunetiT
sworkuTxa
karis forma
(a/TaRovani
b/TaRovani,
garedan
sworkuTxa
g/sworkuTxa)
gv.sam.karibW
gv.garSemos.
narTeqsi
garSemosav.
garSemosav.
ar aris
narteqsi
Ria galerea
VIII-IXss
das.karibWe
das.minaSeni
das.gvian.min
narTeqsi
s-min.CrkarbWE
Cr.sam-minaS.
XIV-XVss.samx
karibWe
sam.minaSeni
Sesasvlelis win
arq.forma
Cr.s.2-2kari
gv.karibWe
Cr.-2kari
Cr.s.2-2kari
Cr.savaraud
Cr-2;d-gviani
sam-2 kari
SeniSvna
cxrili #9
111
XIs.dasw.
sanagire
39
40
41
42
38
XIs.
XIII-XIVss
XIII-XIVss
XVIs.
Xs.
urTa
37
36
kvirikewminda
qlivana
Warebi
itria
IXs.
IXs.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
Xs.
Xs.IInax.
Xs.IInax.
bodbe
qvabisxevi
JaleTi
yazbegi
yvelaanTubani
xevis sioni
vere
oTxTaeklesia
parxali
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
27
VIII-IXss.
VIII-IXss.
855w.
VIII-IXss.
alvani
TianeTi
revazaSeni
akura
VIs.
VIs.
VIs.
VIIs.
VIIIs.IInax.
urbnisi
ufliscixe
xirsa
rkoni
zedazeni
25
26
24
23
19
20
21
22
2
2
3
2
3
1
2
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
1
2
3
2
3
2
1
das.sam.
das.sam.
das.Cr.sam
das.sam.
das.Cr.sam
samxreTi
das.Cr.sam
dasavl.
das.sam.
dasavl.
das.sam.
Cr.sam.
das.Cr.sam
das.Cr.sam
das.Cr.sam
das.Cr.sam
samxreTi
das.sam.
samxreTi
das.Cr.sam
samxreTi
das.Cr.sam
das.sam.
samxreTi
_
_
s.
d.
d.
s.
d.
d.
s.
d.
s.
C.
d.
d.
s.
_
s.
s.
s.
d.
s
_
d.
s.
sworkuTxa
sworkuTxa
TaR.gar.swor
TaR.gar.swor
TaR.gar.swor
_
TaR.gar.swor
TaR.gar.swor
sworkuTxa
sworkuTxa
TaR.gar.swor
TaRovani
sworkuTxa
sworkuTxa
TaR.gar.swor
sworkuTxa
TaR.gar.swor
_
_
TaR.gar.swor
TaRovani
narTeqsi
patronike
ar aris
das.sam.minaS
sam.karibWe
ar aris
Cr.s.d-minaS.
ar aris
_
XIIIsdas.karb
IXs.sam.karib
XVIs.samrek.
XVIs.sam.karibWe samreklo
_
ar aris
das. da samx.
karibWeebi
das.gv.minaS.
ar aris
sam.das.minaS
ar aris
sam.stoa
Cr.sam.minaS.
das.karibW.
das.karibW.
das. da sam.
karibWeebi
das.sam.gvian.
sam.karigauq
axali-das.
Cr.sam.2-2
kari
sam.karigauq
exlaXVIs
sam.karibWe
das.kari
gviania
kari exla
Seisrulia
sam.-2 kari
112
anCisxati
alahaZe
axSani
ganTiadi
vazisubani
vaSnari
kondoli
natkora
ormocmowamaTa
10
11
12
14
15
16
17
18
13
biWvinta
bolnisi
matani
noqalaqevi
sefieTi
cixisZiri
Zveli SuamTa
nastakisi
xaSmi
Zegli
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
VIs.IInax.
VIs.
VIs.dasw.
VIs.
VIs.ImeoT.
VIs.dasw.
VIs.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.IInax.
Vs.
478-493ww
Vs. Sua
Vs. Sua
Vs. IInax
Vs.
Vs.
V-VIss.
V-VIss.
TariRi
saerTo
samx.(Sua
navSi)
samx. (gv.
navSi)
3
2
18
14
2
5
3
3
21
Cr. (Sua
navSi)
1
Cr. (gv.
navSi)
3
aRmosavleT
20
3
1
3
afsidaSi
sarkmlebis raodenoba
grZiv kedlebSi
ganiv kedlebSi
dasavleT
TaRovani,gadak.
TaRovani
TaRovani,parale
lurgverdebiani
TaRovani
naliseb.paralelurgverdebiani
TaRov,sworkuTx.
TaRovani
sarkmlis
forma
cxrili # 10
113
37
38
39
40
41
42
36
35
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
urTa
sanagire
kvirikewminda
qlivana
Warebi
itria
parxali
urbnisi
ufliscixe
xirsa
rkoni
zedazeni
alvani
TianeTi
revazaSeni
akura
bodbe
qvabisxevi
JaleTi
yazbegi
yvelaanTubani
xevis sioni
vere
oTxTaeklesia
Xs.
XIs.dasw.
XIs.
XIII-XIVss
XIII-XIVss
XVIs.
Xs.IInax.
VIs.
VIs.
VIs.
VIIs.
VIIIs.IInax.
VIII-IXss.
VIII-IXss.
VIII-IXss.
855w.
IXs.
IXs.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
Xs.
Xs.IInax.
4
23
6
8
11
19
52
68
13
8
10
3
1
2
3
3
12
2
3
7
5
5
7
2
1
2
5
2
3
7
6
5
7
1
2
5
1
3
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
13-3
6
4
12-1
2
5
4
3
7
4
3
4
6
1
1
1
3
3
3
6
5
7
26
6
1
1
2
1
1
1
10-1
3
6
5-3
2
3
1
1
TaRovani,wriuli
TaRovani,wriuli
TaRov,sworkuTx.
TaRovani
TaRovani
TaRovani
TaRovani,
wriuli
sworkuTxa
TaRovani
TaRovani
TaRovani
TaRov,sworkuTx.
TaRovani
TaRovani,
wriuli
TaRovani
TaRovani
TaRov,sworkuTx.
TaRovani
114
Zegli
biWvinta
bolnisi
matani
noqalaqevi
sefieTi
cixisZiri
Zveli SuamTa
nastakisi
xaSmi
anCisxati
alahaZe
axSani
ganTiadi
vazisubani
vaSnari
kondoli
natkora
ormocmowamaTa
urbnisi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Vs.
478-493ww
Vs. Sua
Vs. Sua
Vs. IInax
Vs.
Vs.
V-VIss.
V-VIss.
VIs.dasw.
VIs.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.
VIs.dasw.
VIs.
VIs.ImeoT.
VIs.
TariRi
Sua
navSi
3
10
10
CrdiloeT navSi
samxreT
navSi
samkveTloSi
sarkmlebis raodenoba
sadiakvneSi
11,5
29,8
11
8,8
7 2
10,6
8,2
S1:S2
Secvlilia XVIIs-Si
gv.navebSi 2 iarusad
3 sark. amoSenebuli
nawilobriv Secvl.
Secvlilia XVIIs-Si
SeniSvna
cxrili # 11
115
ufliscixe
xirsa
rkoni
zedazeni
alvani
TianeTi
revazaSeni
akura
bodbe
qvabisxevi
JaleTi
yazbegi
yvelaanTubani
xevis sioni
vere
oTxTaeklesia
parxali
urTa
sanagire
kvirikewminda
qlivana
Warebi
itria
VIs.
VIs.
VIIs.
VIIIs.IInax.
VIII-IXss.
VIII-IXss.
VIII-IXss.
855w.
IXs.
IXs.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
Xs.
Xs.IInax.
Xs.IInax.
Xs.
XIs.dasw.
XIs.
XIII-XIVss
XIII-XIVss
XVIs.
2
2
5
4
3
1
1
1
3
3
6
7
10
1_1
1_1
15
14
15
14
15
14
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
2
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
1
1_1
1_1
2
1
1
1
1
1
7,1
9,2
7,3
12
17,5
30,7
27
10,8
14,7
16
21
sakurT.Sublze 1sar
sakurT.Sublze 1sar
samalavebSi 1-1 sark
sarkm._2-3 iarusad
sarkm._2-3 iarusad
Secvlilia
samalavebSi 4 sark.
Secvlilia XVIIs-Si
gadakeTebulia
Secvlilia
116
biWvinta
bolnisi
matani
noqalaqevi
sefieTi
cixisZiri
Zveli SuamTa
nastakisi
xaSmi
anCisxati
alahaZe
axSani
ganTiadi
vazisubani
vaSnari
kondoli
natkora
ormocmowamaTa
urbnisi
ufliscixe
xirsa
rkoni
zedazeni
alvani
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Zegli
VIIIs.IInax.
VIII-IXss.
VIs.
VIIs.
478-493ww
Vs. Sua
Vs. Sua
Vs. IInax
Vs.
Vs.
V-VIss.
V-VIss.
VIs.dasw.
VIs.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.
VIs.dasw.
VIs.
VIs.ImeoT.
VIs.
VIs.
Vs.
TariRi
pilast-is
kapit.frag.
ionuri
reliefiani
reliefiani
kapiteli
svetisTavi
Tar.cer.
profil.
Taro
cerobi
Tar.cer.
cerobi
cerobi
Taro
Tar.cer.
Tar.cer.
Tar.cer.
cerobi
Tar.cer.
imposti
jvrul.
kvadr.
jvrul.
jvrul.
kvadr.
kvadr.
kvadratuli
jvrul.
baza
varduli
XVIIs saxateebi,salxinobeli
iatakis mozaikis,marmarilos
inkrustaciis fragmentebi.
jvrebis gamosaxulebebi
dekoraciuli morTuloba
cxrili # 12
117
TianeTi
revazaSeni
akura
bodbe
qvabisxevi
JaleTi
yazbegi
yvelaanTubani
xevis sioni
vere
oTxTaeklesia
parxali
urTa
sanagire
kvirikewminda
qlivana
Warebi
itria
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Xs.
XIs.dasw.
XIs.
XIII-XIVss
XIII-XIVss
XVIs.
Xs.IInax.
Xs.IInax.
IX-Xss.
Xs.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
VIII-IXss.
VIII-IXss.
855w.
IXs.
IXs.
IX-Xss.
profil.
varduleb.
rvawaxnaga
iribgverd.
reliefiani
swork.
kubis
formis
aguris dek.pilastrebi
profil.
saxateebi
Tar.cer.
Tar.cer.
Tar.cer.
Taro
cerobze
Tar.cer.
Tar.cer.
118
biWvinta
bolnisi
matani
noqalaqevi
sefieTi
cixisZiri
Zveli SuamTa
nastakisi
xaSmi
anCisxati
alahaZe
axSani
ganTiadi
vazisubani
vaSnari
kondoli
natkora
ormocmowamaTa
urbnisi
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Zegli
1
2
Vs. Sua
Vs. Sua
Vs. IInax
Vs.
Vs.
V-VIss.
V-VIss.
VIs.dasw.
VIs.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.
VIs.dasw.
VIs.
VIs.ImeoT.
VIs.
Vs.
478-493ww
TariRi
oTxkalTa
_
oTxkalTa
_
oTxkalTa
_
oTxkalTa
oTxkalTa
_
oTxkalTa
_
oTxkalTa
_
oTxkalTa
_
_
oTxkalTa
_
orkalTa
gadaxurva
gegm. swor-Si
Sver.xuTwaxn.
Sver.naxevawr.
Sver.xuTwaxn.
gegm. swor-Si
gegm. swor-Si
gegm. swor-Si
gegm. swor-Si
Sver.Svidwaxn.
gegm. swor-Si
Sver.xuTwaxn.
gegm. swor-Si.
Sver.xuTwaxn.
gegm. swor-Si.
gegm. swor-Si
Sver.xuTwaxn.
gegm. swor-Si
sakurTxevlis
afsida
(Sverili,
gegmis sworkuTxedSi)
Sver.naxevarw.
Sver.naxevarw.
gadakeT.gumbaTianad
gadaxurva _ XVIIs.
gviani garSemos.gadax
gviani sam.karib.gadax
gadaxurva _ XVIIs.
samkv.nawl
garSemos.
gviani das.minS.gadax.
gviani das.karib.gadax
gadaxurva _ XVIIs.
SeniSvna
das.navs
afsidas,
galereebs
das.navs
damoukidebeli
gadaxurva
cxrili # 13
119
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
ufliscixe
xirsa
rkoni
zedazeni
alvani
TianeTi
revazaSeni
akura
bodbe
qvabisxevi
JaleTi
yazbegi
yvelaanTubani
xevis sioni
vere
oTxTaeklesia
parxali
urTa
sanagire
kvirikewminda
qlivana
Warebi
itria
VIs.
VIs.
VIIs.
VIIIs.IInax.
VIII-IXss.
VIII-IXss.
VIII-IXss.
855w.
IXs.
IXs.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
Xs.
Xs.IInax.
Xs.IInax.
Xs.
XIs.dasw.
XIs.
XIII-XIVss
XIII-XIVss
XVIs.
_
_
oTxkalTa
oTxkalTa
oTxkalTa
_
oTxkalTa
oTxkalTa
oTxkalTa
oTxkalTa
_
oTxkalTa
oTxkalTa
oTxkalTa
_
oTxkalTa
oTxkalTa
oTxkalTa
oTxkalTa
oTxkalTa
oTxkalTa
oTxkalTa
oTxkalTa
_
gegm. swor-Si
gegm. swor-Si
gegm. swor-Si
gegm. swor-Si
Sver.xuTwaxn.
gegm. swor-Si
gegm. swor-Si
Sver.naxevarw.
gegm. swor-Si.
gegm. swor-Si
gegm. swor-Si
gegm. swor-Si
gegm. swor-Si
gegm. swor-Si
gegm. swor-Si
gegm. swor-Si
gegm. swor-Si
Sver.naxevarw.
Sver.xuTwaxn.
gegm. swor-Si
Sver.xuTwaxn.
gegm. swor-Si
afs.samkv.
3Sverils
3Sverils
aR.fasadze 2 niSa
pastof.-Sver.naxevarw.
aR.fasadze 2 niSa
gv. das. karib.gadax.
gv.das.sam. karib.gadax
gviani das.sam.karibWe
gadaxurva _ XVIIs.
kldeSi nakveTi
gadakeT.gumbaTianad
aR.fasadze 2 niSa
gv.sam.karib.samreklo
gv.sam.karib.samreklo
120
biWvinta
bolnisi
matani
noqalaqevi
sefieTi
cixisZiri
Zveli SuamTa
nastakisi
xaSmi
anCisxati
alahaZe
axSani
ganTiadi
vazisubani
vaSnari
kondoli
natkora
ormocmowamaTa
urbnisi
ufliscixe
xirsa
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Zegli
VIs.IInax.
VIs.
VIs.dasw.
VIs.
VIs.ImeoT.
VIs.
VIs.
VIs.
Vs. Sua
Vs. IInax
Vs.
Vs.
V-VIss.
V-VIss.
VIs.dasw.
VIs.
VIs.IInax.
VIs.IInax.
Vs. Sua
478-493ww
Vs.
TariRi
reliefebiani svetisTavebi
samkveTlo gamoweuli Cr.fasadze
samive navs aR-iT 1 ganieri afsida
dasavleTi navi
Cr.-stefan xirselis
saZvale
VII-VIIIss. berZn.warwera
gviani garSemosavleli
sam.minaS.SesaZ.sanaTlavi
asomTavruli warwerebi
SeniSvna
cxrili # 14
121
rkoni
zedazeni
alvani
TianeTi
revazaSeni
akura
bodbe
qvabisxevi
JaleTi
yazbegi
yvelaanTubani
xevis sioni
vere
oTxTaeklesia
parxali
urTa
sanagire
kvirikewminda
qlivana
Warebi
itria
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
XIII-XIVss
XIII-XIVss
XVIs.
Xs.
XIs.dasw.
XIs.
Xs.IInax.
Xs.IInax.
IXs.
IXs.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
IX-Xss.
Xs.
VIII-IXss.
VIII-IXss.
VIII-IXss.
855w.
VIIs.
VIIIs.IInax.
patronike
afsidis Sublze-sarkmeli, sam.Sessvlelis win verZis gamosaxuleba
pilastrebi gverdiT navebSi
afsidis Sublze_sarkmeli
saxateebi afsidis orive mxares
ornawiliani Cr.navi,IIsarT.samalavi.
aguris dek.pilastrebi
samx.-wm.ninos saZvale
gadak.usarkmlo gv.ked.
Cr.-ioane zedaznelis
saZvale. wyalsacavi
damTavrebuli sacxovrisebis gegmis da Sida sivrcis gaazreba, ZiriTadad, centruli gadawyvetis princips
emorCileba, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom aRniSnuli Zeglebi exmianeba mravalsaukunovan adgilobriv tradicias.
Sesabamisad, xuroTmoZRvruli nagebobis amgvari kompoziciuri gaazreba warmoadgens qristianobis sawyisi periodisaTvis saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebis arqiteqturuli potencialis raobis erT-erT arsebiT niSans, romelmac SemdgomSi mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia qarTuli saeklesio arqiteqturis formirebisa da ganviTarebis Taviseburebaze.
saqarTveloSi qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis sawyisi etapisaTvis arsebul mravalsaukunovani tradiciebis
mqone arqiteqturuli potencialis raobas sxva faqtorTan erTad ganapirobebda mravalferovani samSeneblo masalis da Sesabamisi samSeneblo xerxebis flobis, nairgvari konstruqciuli formebisa da saSualebebis gamoyenebis gamocdileba; nagebobis kompoziciisa da Sida sivrcis centruli gadawyvetis principze
dafuZnebuli
mdgradi tradicia; arqiteqturul formaTa mravalferovani mxatvrul-stilisturi repertuari. gansakuTrebuli
aRniSvnis Rirsia is faqti, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis mowinave kulturis
centrebTan intensiuri urTierTobebis Sedegad gamomuSavda arqiteqturuli, konstruqciuli Tu stilisturi
inovaciebis Tanadroulad SeTvisebis da Taviseburad gaazrebis unari.
saqarTveloSi qristianobis oficialurad aRiarebis
xanaSi amgvari samSeneblo potencialis arsebobam xuroTmoZRvrebis winaSe mdgari amocanebis warmatebiT gadawyveta ganapiroba. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi gamomuSavebulma inovaciebis SeTvisebis unarma xeli Seuwyo
125
126
wilkanis bazilika. am ZeglebSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis mTavari koncefcia ukve naTlad
aris gamokveTili. nagebobebSi xazgasmulia dasavleT-aRmosavleTi RerZi, interieris mxatvrul saxes arqiteqturuli formebis ganmeorebiT miRweuli ritmi gansazRvravs. naTlad ganirCeva Sida sivrcis mTavari da
daqvemdebarebuli nawilebi, romelTa urTierTdamokidebuleba harmoniuli wonasworobis princips efuZneba.
samwuxarod, am Zeglebis didi nawilis cudi daculobis an safuZvliani gadakeTebis gamo, Znelia maTi Tavdapirveli saxis srulad aRdgena, rac mkvlevarTa Soris
calkeuli Zeglebis Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaobas warmoSobs. magaliTad, bolnisis sionis gadaxurvis Sesaxeb
ori sapirispiro azria gamoTqmuli. rogorc cnobilia,
bolnisis sionis gadaxurva XVII saukunis remontis xanisaa da sami navi orkalTa saxuravis qveS aris moqceuli. g. CubinaSvilis azriT [CubinaSvili, 1940: 148]
XVII saukuneSi ganmeorebulia Zeglis Tavdapirveli gadaxurvis forma da gamoTqmulia varaudi orkalTa gadaxurvis arsebobis Sesaxeb aseve urbnisis, xaSmis da
anCisxatis bazilikebSi. am mosazrebas iziarebs v. cincaZec [cincaZe,1969], romelic orkalTa gadaxurvas V
saukunis sveticxovlis bazilikaSic varaudobs [cincaZe, 1987; 15-25]. sawinaaRmdego pozicias afiqsirebs
bolnisis sionis da anCisxatis bazilikebis sarestavracio samuSaoebis xelmZRvaneli r. gverdwiTeli. igi Zeglebze muSaobis da paralelur masalasTan Sejerebis
safuZvelze asabuTebs am bazilikebSi oTxkalTa gadaxurvis arsebobas [gverdwiTeli, 1989]. Zeglebis naturaSi kvlevis procesSi mopovebuli masalis gaanalizebis safuZvelze damyarebuli r.gverdwiTelis mosazreba,
uTuod, angariSgasawevia. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom qris129
bas uwyobs xels, rac kidev ufro aZlierebs interierSi sivrcis SegrZnebas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom e.w. didi bazilikebis jgufis Zeglebis gegmareba, sivrcobriv-moculobiTi gadawyveta (interieri da eqsterieri) arqiteqturuli tipis
ZiriTad moTxovnebs pasuxobs, centrulobis tendencia
zog SemTxvevaSi garkveulwilad mainc vlindeba. es
upirveles yovlisa Sesasvlelebis prioritetuli mniSvnelobis sakiTxs exeba. sazogadod, bazilikaSi mTavari
Sesasvleli dasavleTis mxridan aris da interieris
aRqmis erTgvar gasaRebs warmoadgens. rac Seexeba e.w.
didi bazilikebis jgufis Zeglebs (bolnisis sioni,
xaSmi), aq upiratesoba grZivi fasadis Sesasvlels eniWeba. es arRvevs arqiteqturuli tipis logikur sqemas
da masSi sivrcis aRqmis sruliad gansxvavebuli, centruli kompoziciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementi Semoaqvs. amdenad, am ZeglebSi xuroTmoZRvruli formebi
mTlianad bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis Sesatyvisia,
magram maTi aRqma centruli nagebobis principiT xorcieldeba.
pastoforiumebi e.w. didi bazilikebis jgufis umetes bazilikebSi sakurTxevlis orive mxares aris gamoyofili, Tumca zogierTi, ZiriTadad V saukunis da VI
saukunis dasawyisis Zegli, pastoforiumebis gareSea.
minaSenebis kvali am jgufis umravles ZeglSia dadasturebuli. amgvari arqiteqturuli formebis arseboba, uTuod, garkveuli funqcionaluri daniSnulebiT
iyo nakarnaxevi. SesaZloa, kaTakmevelTa an saeklesio
wesebiT maTTan gaTanabrebul pirTa sadgomad iyo gamoyenebuli. met-naklebad sruli saxiT SemorCenilia
bolnisis sionis galereebi da vazisubnis garSemosavleli. am ZeglebSi maRalmxatvrul donezea gaazrebuli
131
ris aRniSnul zogierT gansxvavebas, es gavlenis sxvadasxva sferos arsebobiT unda aixsnas.
dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebSi e.w. opus mixtum wyobis, Sverili afsidis, narteqsis, interieris
morTulobis mravalferovani saSualebebis, klasikuri
kapitelebis gamoyeneba bizantiuri arqiteqturis gavlenaze miuTiTebs. amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom dasavleT
saqarTvelos bazilikebis kvlevis dRevandel etapze SeiZleba gamoiyos rigi Zeglebi (biWvinta, cixisZiri, vaSnari), romlebSic bizantiuri gavlena ufri TvalsaCino
da arsebiTia; rac, uTuod, sxva faqtorebTan erTad SavizRvispira am centrebSi bizantiis politikur-kulturuli gavlenis siZlieriT unda aixsnas.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebi met siaxloves
aRmosavleT qristianuli samyaros, kerZod, siriis, somxeTis ZeglebTan amJRavnebs, vidre bazantiis xuroTmoZRvrul nimuSebTan. aRsaniSnavia, rom calkeul SemTxvevaSi (mag.: bolnisis sionis svetisTavebi) sasanuri
iranis xelovnebis erTgvari gavlenac aRiniSneba.
amrigad, bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis gaazreba
aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi msgavsi masStabisa da proporciebis nagebobebis saxiT ganxorcielda.
rac Seexeba gansxvavebis arsebobas, es sxvadasxva kulturuli kavSirebis arsebobiT ganpirobebuli saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebis mravalmxrivobis gamoxatulebad
gvesaxeba.
dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebis Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebi angariSgasawevia saqarTvelos istoriis
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxis dasavleT saqarTvelos gaqristianebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. samecniero
literaturaSi dasavleT saqarTvelos gaqristianebis
TariRad 523 weli iyo miCneuli [janaSia,1949: 230135
235]. meore mosazrebis moxedviT aq qristianoba qarTlis msgavsad IV saukuneSi gamocxadda. [saqarTvelos
ist.nark, 1973: 188]. am mosazrebas exmianeba dasavleT
saqarTvelos bazilikebis Sesaxeb Semdegi monacemebi: 1.
arqeologouri da arqiteqturuli Seswavlis safuZvelze dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebi V-VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba. e.i. es Zeglebi 523 welze adreuli an
Tanadrouli xanisaa. 2. dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze dadasturebuli bazilikebis raodenoba da maTi
sxvadasxva mxareSi mdebareoba qristianobis farTod
gavrcelebaze mianiSnebs. 3. bazilikebis zomebi da morTulobis mravalferovneba imaze metyvelebs, rom mravalricxovani mrevlisTvis agebul am eklesiebs oficialuri statusi unda hqonoda.
amrigad, V-VI saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi
aseTi sakulto nagebobebis mSenebloba im mosazrebas
amagrebs, romelic qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad
aRiarebas 523 welze adreul xanaSi asabuTebs.
qronologiurad pirveli etaps ganekuTvneba agreTve ufliscixis da rkonis bazilikebi. pirveli maTgani
kldeSi nakveTi Zeglia da amdenad gamoirCeva sxva bazilikebisagan. mis arqiteqturul saxes upiratesad swored samSeneblo specifika ganapirobebs. aRsaniSnavia,
rom samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis mixedviT [xaxutaiSvili, 1989: 38-39;
sanikiZe,
1987; ximSiaSvili, 1988; yifiani, 1990; gagoSiZe, 1983:
5-6], is Tavdapirvelad warmarTul taZars warmoadgenda
da qristianul eklesiad VI saukuneSi gadakeTda. es
ori faqtori, uTuod, gamsazRvravs ufliscixis bazilikis Taviseburebas da arTulebs sxva bazilikebTan
stilistur-arqiteqturuli mimarTebis sakiTxis garkvevas. TavisTavad amgvari Zeglis arseboba qarTuli arqi136
teqturis istoriaSi mravlismetyvelia. ufliscixis bazilika Zalze cudad aris SemorCenili, rac faqtiurad
SeuZlebels xdis interieris organizaciis sruli suraTis aRdgenas; da unda vaRiaroT, rom Zeglis arqiteqturuli gadawyvetis yvela aspeqti bolomde garkveulad ar gvesaxeba. arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT es
aris didi zomis nageboba, ori wyvili gegmaSi jvruli
sayrdeniT da samnawiliani sakurTxevliT aRmosavleT
mxares. dasavleT-aRmosavleTi RerZi ar aris gamokveTili. piriqiT, darbazis (sakurTxevlis gareSe) CrdilosamxreTi mimarTuleba sWarbobs dasavleT-aRmosavleTisas. Sesasvleli mxolod erTi, samxreTi mxridan aris
gaWrili, radgan danarCeni mxare kldeSia nakveTi. amdenad, ufliscixis bazilikis proporciebi ar Seesabameba
bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis moTxovnebs, Tumca
gegmaSi am tipis Semadgeneli nawilebi sruladaa warmodgenili sayrdenebiT gamijnuli sami navi, samnawiliani sakurTxeveli. amgvari proporciuli gadawyveta
zemoT aRniSnul or faqtorTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. miTumetes, rom sigrZre-siganis aseTi Sefardeba
pirveli etapis bazilikebisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli.
VII saukunis rkonis bazilika gadakeTebis Sedegad
saxeSecvlilia rogorc sivrcis organizebis, aseve arqiteqturuli
formebis
mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi
TvalsazrisiT. rkonis bazilika ori wyvili sayrdenis
mqone, e.w. didi bazilikebis jgufis ZeglebTan SedarebiT momcro zomis nagebobaa (ix. cxrili 3). arqiteqturuli formebis Tu calkeuli detalebis gadawyvetis
mxris pirveli etapis Zeglebs enaTesaveba, magram sigrZe-siganis SefardebiT, zomiT, met msgavsebas VIII-IX saukuneebis bazilikebTan amJRvnebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom
137
yvelaanTubani, xevis sioni. maT garda VIII-IX saukuneebs miekuTvneba mosabrunis, korinTas, lopotis xevis,
esbekis, parexTas, qobTavis bazilikebi.
qarTul xuriTmoZRvrebaSi gardamavali xana saintereso, ZiebebiT aRsavse periodia. am dros mravlad
igeba Taviseburi, originaluri gadawyvetiT gamorCeuli
Zeglebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom epoqis es niSani garkveuwilad samnaviani bazilikis tipzec vrceldeba. am periodis rig bazilikebSi aRiniSneba iseTi arqiteqturuli
formebi da kompoziciuri sqemebi, romlebsac paraleli
ar eZebneba. amdenad meore etapis samnavian bazilikebSi
ZeglTa calkeuli jgufebis gamoyofa ar xerxdeba. amasTan naTlad ikveTeba saerTo niSan-Tvisebebi, rac am
etapis Zeglebis arqiteqturuli saxis ganmsazRvrelad
gvevlineba.
meore etapis samnaviani bazilikebis umTavres maxasiaTebels warmoadgens grZivi RerZis damokleba da
gegmis kvadrtTan miaxloveba; Sesabamisad sayrdenebis
ricxvis Semcireba or da zogierT SemTxvevaSi (revazaSeni, qvabisxevi, akura) erT wyvilamde. sami an meti
wyvili aRricxul ZeglebSi saerTod ar gvxvdeba. amdenad am periodis bazilikebi sigrZe-siganis proporciuli TanafardobiT sruliad aRar Seesabameba bazilikis
arqiteqturuli tipis moTxovnebs da centruli nagebobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs avlens. interierSi
aRar xorcieldeba sayrdenisa da TaRis ganmeorebiT
Seqmnili ritmuli monacvleoba, rac ase damaxasiaTebelia bazilikis arqiteqituruli tipisaTvis. Sua da
gverdiTi navebis gammijnavi sayrdenebis simciris gamo
ikveTeba maTi erTian sivrced Camoyalibebis tendencia.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom nagebobaSi mTavari Sesavleli umetesad samxreTi mxridan aris da interieris aR139
mesame etapis aRniSnul ZeglebTan SedarebiT momcro zomisaa urTas da veres bazilikebi, Tumca dasavleT-aRmosavleTi RerZi naTlad ikveTeba. sayrdenebis
raodenoba urTaSi sami, vereSi ori wyvilia. yuradRebas
imsaxurebs veres bazilikaSi gverdiTi navebis kamarebis
Sua navis perpendikularulad ganawilebis wesi, rac
jvargumbaTian taZarebSi mklavebis centraluri sivrcisken mimarTebas mogvagonebs. interieris morTulobaSi garkveuli mxatvruli aqcentebi (wriuli vardulebi
urTas kapitelebze, geometriul xazulebiani rvawaxnaga
kapitelebi vereSi), Zeglebis kompoziciuri gadawyveta
am epoqis xuroTmoZRvrebis Sesatyvisia da saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis mesame
etapisaTvis damaxasiaTebel iersaxes qmnis.
amrigad, saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis mesame etapi xasiaTdeba bazilikis
arqiteqturuli tipis ZiriTadi niSnebis (wagrZelebuli
gegmareba, sayrdenebis ramdenime rigi) xelaxali warmoCeniT. imavdroulad rigi arqiteqturuli formebis da
kompoziciuri sqemebis TaviseburebaSi vlindeba Tanadrouli epoqis, aseve gumbaTiani arqiteqturis gavlena.
XI saukunis Semdgom saqarTveloSi igeba calkeuli
Zeglebi, romlebic ukve arsebuli arqiteqturuli sqemebis met-naklebad gansxvavebul mxatvrul doneze ganxorcielebis Sedegs warmoadgens da samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis Tvisobrivad axal etaps
aRar qmnis. statistikur-tipologouri aRricxvis meTodiT Seswavlilia XIII-XIV saukuneebis qlivana, Warebi da XVI saukunis itria. es Zeglebi saSualo zomis,
ori wyvili sayrdenis mqone bazilikebia. erTgvari asimetriulobiT gamoirCeva Warebi, romelsac ireguralu145
ri formis CrdiloeTi saTavsi aqvs. maT garda XVIXVII saukuneebs ganekuTvneba ilemi da noste.
amrigad, saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis arsebobis sami etapi gamoiyofa.
pirveli etapi V-VII saukuneebis arqiteqturuli
RirebulebiT
umniSvnelovanes Zeglebs aerTianebs da
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis adreSuasaukuneebis periods
esadageba. es etapi Zeglebis raodenobis TvalsazrisiT
yvelaze mravalricxovania. bazilikebi agebulia rogorc
aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT saqarTveloSi. ganirCeva
ramdenime jgufi _ sawyisi periodis Zeglebi, e.w. didi
bazilikebi, dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebi. qronologiurad am etaps miekuTvneba kldeSi nakveTi ufliscixis bazilika da rkoni.
meore etapi VIII, IX da IX-X saukuneebiT daTariRebul Zeglebs aerTianebs da Tanxvdeba qarTuli arqiteqturis e.w. gardamaval xanas. es Zeglebi mkveTrad
gamoxatuli centrulobisaken swrafvis tendenciiT
xasiaTdeba. pirveli etapisagan gansxvavebiT am periodSi
bazilikebi mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi igeba da
mis mTian regoinSic vrceldeba.
mesame etapi X da XI saukunis dasawyisis Zeglebs
aerTianebs. am etapis Zeglebs Soris gamorCeulia taoSi
agebuli oTxTaeklesia da parxali. mesame etapis Zeglebis arqiteqturul gadawyvetaSi TvalsaCinoa gumbaTiani
arqiteqturis gavlena.
amgvarad, saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis arsebobas mravalsaukunovani istoria aqvs da ZiriTadad V-XI saukuneebs moicavs. Semdgom saukuneebSi mxolod ramdenime Zeglia agebuli. samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis samive etapi
warmoaCens am tipze centruli kompoziciis aSkara gav146
lenas, romelic sxvadasxva etapze gansxvavebuli siZlieriT Tu saxiT vlindeba da saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis TaviseburebaTa ganmsazRvrel arsebiT faqtorad gvevlineba.
147
bisa da formebis gamoyenebaSi, rogoricaa atriumi, kolona, arqitravi da morTulobis calkeuli elementebi.
dasavluri wris bazilikebSi met-naklebad erTiani
arqiteqturuli saxis Camoyalibeba saerTo antikuri
safuZvlis arsebobam ganapiroba. maTgan gansxvavebiT aRmosavleT qveynebSi Zveli xuroTmoZRvruli tradiciebis TviTmyofadobam da mravalgvarobam aRmosavluri
wris bazilikebSi sxvadasxva variantebis Tu saxesxvaobebis Seqmna gamoiwvia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRmosavluri wris arsebiT maxasiaTebels swored es mravalferovneba warmoadgens.
aRmosavluri wris bazilikebi ufro momcro zomisaa, Tumca igeba calkeuli masStaburi nagebobebi
(mag.:oTxi bazilikis erT kompoziciaSi gaerTianebis nimuSi - siriis kalaT-semanis taZari). gamokveTilia dasavleT-aRmosavleTi RerZi, magram Zlier wagrZelebuli
gegmarebis Zeglebi naklebad gvxvdeba. Sesabamisia sayrdenebis raodenobac. ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba burji, iSviaTad klasikur kapiteliani kolona. sayrdenebi erTmaneTs TaRebis saSualebiT ukavSirdeba. bazilikebs aqvs
rogorc gegmis sworkuTxedSi Caxazuli, aseve Sverili
afsida. amas garda gvxvdeba sworkuTxa sakurTxevlis
mqone Zeglebic (mag.: dar-qiTa siriaSi). aris Zeglebi
pastoforiumebiT da maT gareSe. Sua navi, rogorc wesi
zomiT sWarbobs gverdiTebs, magram maT Soris Sefardeba iseTi didi araa, rogorc adreqristianuli romis da
ravenis bazilikebSi. gvxvdeba navebis gadaxurvis ramdenime xerxi: kamarovani, xis karkasovani da qvis filebiani brtyeli gadaxurva, romelic gverdiT navebSi gamoiyeneba. eqsterierSi bazilikebs oTxferda saxuravi
aqvs, magram arsebobs orkalTa saxuraviani nagebobebic.
gavrcelebulia rogorc narteqsiani, aseve unarteqso
150
saqarTveloSi SemuSavda bazilikis Taviseburi saxesxvaoba, sadac navebi erTmaneTisagan gamijnulia ara
sayrdenebis, aramed kedlebis saSualebiT. am tips
g. CubinaSvilma sameklesiiani bazilika uwoda.
saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebi, romlebic aRmosavlur wres miekuTvneba, bunebrivia met msgavsebas am
wris ZeglebTan amJRavnebs. sakiTxis ukeT warmoCenis
mizniT mimovixilavT saqarTvelos Zeglebis siriisa da
somxeTis bazilikebTan SedarebiTi daxasiaTebis ZiriTad
aspeqtebs.
qarTul-siriul kavSir-urTierTobas xangrZlivi da
mravalmxrivi istoria aqvs. gaqristianebam kidev ufro
gazarda maT Soris urTierTobebis SesaZleblobebi. 451
wlis qalkedonis saeklesio krebis Semdeg orive qveyana, Tavdapirvelad monofizituri orientaciis iyo. mogvianebiT, siriaSi VI saukuneSi da qarTlSi VI-VII saukuneebis mijnaze, diofizitobam gaimarjva. qarTul-siriuli urTierTobebis kvali sxvadasxva sferoSi Cans,
rasac yvelaze metad, albaT, uSualo kontaqtebis arseboba ganapirobebda. rogorc k.kekeliZe aRniSnavs qarTlidan imTaviTve midiodnen Cvenebi siria-palestinaSi,
sadac bevri maTgani samudamod rCeboda da moRvaweobas
iwyebda [kekeliZe,1955:42]. amgvari urTierTobis magaliTia camet asurel mamaTa moRvaweoba [baqraZe,
1889;182; javaxiSvili,1960:349-374; abulaZe,1955:222;
menabde,1962:179]. isini, rogorc k.kekeliZem daasabuTa,
VI saukuneSi sxvadasxva dros imyofebodnen siriaSi da
Semdgom samSobloSi dabrundnen. sayuradReboa Teodore
153
dasturebuli [ovedia,1970:215]. calke jgufad gamoiyofa sworkuTxa sakurTxevlis mqone bazilikebi (dar-qiTa, qirbiTili, qarbiT Tezeni da CrdiloeT siriis sxva
Zeglebi). es Zeglebi VI saukuniT TariRdeba [baTleri,1929]. siriaSi aris sworkuTxasakurTxevliani adreuli calnaviani taZrebic, rogoricaa um ij-jimalis
aRmosavleTi eklesia, mcire taZari aazi Sakas maxloblad da sxv.
samxreT siriis bazilikebSi sakurTxevlis gverdiT
saTavsebi ar gamoiyofa, xolo CrdiloeT siriaSi samnawiliani sakurTxeveli farTod aris gavrcelebuli [CubinaSvili,1940:131]. pastoforiumebi umetesad wagrZelebuli sworkuTxedis formisaa. isini, zogierTi gamonaklisis garda, erTi kariT gverdiT navs da meore viwro
kariT sakurTxevels ukavSirdeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom
CrdiloeT siriaSi pastoforiumebs zogjer samxreTi
mxridan sanaTlavi uerTdeba. sxva SemTxvevaSi es saTavsi taZridan gamoyofilia. sanaTlavi ZiriTadad kvadratuli, iSviaTad wriuli (dar-qiTa) formisaa. sarkmlebi
maRlaa ganTavsebuli. gadaxurva xis ZelebiT xorcieldeba (qsejbedi, bledi, babisqa, qasr ibisu).
siriul bazilikebSi Sua navi gverdiTebze maRali
da ganieria. umetes SemTxvevaSi absolituri zomebiT
saqarTvelos nimuSebs aRemateba, rasac nagebobaTa masStabi da gadaxurvis Tavisebureba ganapirobebs. saqarTvelos ZeglebSi kamarovani gadaxurva gamoiyeneba. siriaSi
xis karkasovani gadaxurvis sistemaa gavrcelebuli,
romlis ganxorcieleba SedarebiT martivia da didi
farTobis gadaxurvis SesaZleblobas iZleva. siriuli
bazilikis interierSi erTgvari kontrasti iqmneba sarkmlebiT ganaTebul, xis masalaSi Sesrulebul zeda na156
wilsa da qvis kvadrebiT nageb monumentur kedlebs Soris, rac Tavisebur mxatvrul efeqts qmnis.
siriul bazilikebSi gamoiyeneba gegmaSi kvadratuli, sworkuTxa, jvruli, rvawaxnaga, T-s formis sayrdenebi, romelTac erTgvarad damjdari proporciebi
axasiaTebs. amas garda gvxvdeba akanTis foTliani kapitelebiT Semkuli kolonebi, romlebsac winaqristianuli xelovnebis gavlena etyoba [dalToni, 1911:53; morei,1942:102 -103]. calkeul ZeglebSi burjisa da kolonis erTdroulad gamoyenebis magaliTebic aris dadasturebuli [baTleri, 1929:197].
siriul bazilikebSi interieris morTvis ufro
mravalferovani
da
mravalricxovani
saSualebebi
gvxvdeba vidre saqarTvelos ZeglebSi. am mxriv gamoirCeva CrdiloeT siriis bazilikebi. calkeul Zeglebis
interierSi gamoiyeneba ornamentuli gaformeba svetisTavebis, satriumfo da grZivi TaRebis Sesamkobad, marmarilo _kedlebis mosapirkeTeblad, mozaika iatakze.
yovelive es Sida sivrces mdidrul, sazeimo xasiaTs
aniWebs da Sesabamis mxatvrul efeqts qmnis.
siriuli bazilikebis masStabebi, interierSi sxvadasxva morTulobis arseboba mravalricxovani sarkmelebis gamoyenebas ganapirobebs, romlebic Sua da gverdiTi navebis kedlebSia gaWrili. yvelaze ukeT centraluri navia ganaTebuli. gvxvdeba sarkmlebis sam da oTx
rigad ganlagebis magaliTebi [baTleri,1929:197]. didi
zomis Riobebs Soris mcire manZilia datovebuli. afsidaSi samze naklebi sarkmeli iSviaTia. sarkmeli ZiriTadad sworkuTxa da TaRovani moxazulobisaa. gamoiyeneba
agreTve or an sam maliani da wriuli sarkmeli. Riadebis formis mravalferovneba, maTi sxvadasxvagvari ganlageba Tavisebur gadawyvetas qmnis rogorc interier157
Si, aseve eqsterierSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom adreul ZeglebSi sarkmlebis ganawileba Tanxvdeba TaRebis rigs,
rac momdevno xanis bazilikebSi xSirad ugulebelyofilia baTleri,1929:197].
Sesasvleli siriul ZeglebSi umetesad sami mxridan aris. mTavari dasavleTi Sesasvlelia. gavrcelebulia karis masiuri portaliT Semkobis wesi (mag.:Turmanini, qalb-luze). fasadebze Sesasvlelebi da sarkmlebi
sapireebiT aris aqcentirebuli.
siriaSi bazilikebi gvxvdeba rogorc narTeqsiT,
aseve mis gareSe. unarTeqso ZeglebSi galereebis motivia gavrcelebuli (serjila, srir-kapela serjblexis
maxloblad, dar-simani, dar-qiTa), romelic, uTuod,
ukavSirdeba aRmosavluri sacxovrebeli saxlis Ria galereiT gaformebis sistemas [CubinaSvili, 1940:131-132].
galerea gvxvdeba saqarTveloSic. Tumca saqarTvelos
bazilikebSi kamarovani, xolo siriis ZeglebSi brtyeli
gadaxurva gamoiyeneba.
sagangebod unda aRiniSnos siriul bazilikebSi
koSkebis arsebobis Sesaxeb (lubeni, kalb-luze, qeraTini, Turmanini, il-anderini, ruveha). dasavleTis fasadi
eqsonarteqsiT da ori koSkiT qmnis iseT daxvewil arqiteqturul kompozicias, romelic sxvadasxva variantis, mravalferovani xuroTmoZRvruli saSualebebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. siriaSi erTkoSkiani
bazilikebic aris dadasturebuli (qirbiTil-qaTibi,
Tafqa). am ZeglebSi koSki Crdilo-dasavleT kuTxeSi
dgas da, amdenad, gansxvavebul kompoziciur gadawyvetas
qmnis. bazilikaTa koSkebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmulia mosazreba maTi mxolod mxatvrul-arqiteqturuli mniSvnelobis [Suazi,1957:63] an TavdacviTi daniSnulebiT gamoyenebis (kondakovi,1904:28] Sesaxeb.
158
siriuli bazilikebis Sesaxeb informaciis saqarTvelos bazilikebis monacemebTan Sejereba rigi sakiTxebis warmoCenis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
samnaviani bazilika farTod aris gavrcelebuli siriaSi, aseve saqarTveloSi. qronologourad siriuli
bazilikebi IV-VII saukuneebs ganekuTvneba, rac istoriulma pirobebma, kerZod, VII saukunidan mahmadianobis
gavrcelebam ganapiroba. saqarTveloSi bazilikebis mSenebloba
V-XI saukuneebSi mimdinareobs da erTeuli
Zeglebi mogviano xanaSic igeba.
siriis da saqarTvelos bazilikebi aRmosavlur
wres ganekuTvneba, magram calkeuli siriuli Zeglebi
qarTulisagan gansxvavebiT (gamonaklisia dasavleT saqarTvelos rigi bazilikebi) met msgavsebas amJRavnebs
dasavlur bazilikebTan, rac gamoixateba Zlier wagrZelebuli gegmarebis, maStaburi nagebobebis, xis karkasovani gadaxurvis da interierSi mravalferovani morTulobis gamoyenebaSi.
saqarTvelos bazilikebTan SedarebiT siriuli Zeglebi arqiteqturuli formebis, kompoziciuri gadawyvetis mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. isini yovelTvis
inarCuneben dasavleT-aRmosavleT sigrZiv RerZs, maSin
rodesac saqarTvelos bazilikebSi gegmis kvadrats miaxlovebis tendencia aRiniSneba.
siriul bazilikebSi naxevarwriulis garda dadasturebulia sworkuTxa sakurTxeveli. gavrcelebulia
rogorc Sverili, aseve gegmis sworkuTxedSi Cawerili
afsidebi. saqarTveloSi bazilikis sakurTxevels yovelTvis afsidaluri forma aqvs. is umetesad gegmis sworkuTxedSia moqceuli. orive qveynis adreul bazilikebSi
pasyoforiumebi ar gvxvdeba. siriaSi isini V saukunidan, saqarTveloSi VI saukunidan dakanonda.
159
saqarTvelosa da somxeTis geopolitikuri pirobebis msgavsebam, mravalsaukunovanma kulturul-ekonomikurma kavSirma, qristianobis Tanadroulma gavrcelebam
erTiani pirobebi Seqmna xelovnebisa da xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebisaTvis. es yvelaze ukeT msgavsi
arqiteqturuli tipebis gavrcelebaSi gamovlinda. Tumca Zlieri erovnuli TviTmyofadi sawyisebis arsebobam
gansxvavebuli variantebis, calkeul SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva arqiteqturuli tipis prioritetuli ganviTareba da arqiteqturul-mxatvruli gaazrebis Taviseburebebi ganapiroba. amdenad, adgilobrivi tradiciebis SemoqmedebiTi gadamuSavebis safuZvelze saqarTvelosa da
161
amTaviTve unda iTqvas, rom somxeTis da saqarTvelos bazilikebis saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis
gamovlenisas gasaTvaliswinebelia Zeglebis qronologiuri da raodenobrivi sxvaobis arseboba, rac am arqiteqturuli tipis gavrcelebis gansxvavebul intensivobas afiqsirebs. somxeTSi bazilikebi adreSuasaukuneebis
xanaSi igeba, xolo saqarTveloSi, ZiriTadad, XI saukunemde. Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi am tipis Zeglebis
ricxvi ramdenjerme sWarbobs, rac somxeTTan SedarebiT
samnaviani bazilikis ufro farTod gavrcelebaze metyvelebs.
orive qveynis bazilikebi daaxloebiT erTnairi zomisaa da Zlier wagrZelebuli gegmareba ar axasiaTebs.
Sesabamisad sayrdenebis raodenoba mcirea (gamonaklisia
dvini). Sua da gverdiTi navebis proporciuli damokidebulebis sakiTxic msgavsad aris gadawyvetili. narTeqsi am qveynebis ZeglebSi ar aris gavrcelebuli.
somxeTisa da saqarTvelos (VII saukunemde) bazilikebSi didi zomis, TaRovani, paralelurgverdebiani
sarkmelebia. mravalricxovani Riobebi ar aris damaxasaiTebeli. orive qveynis bazilikebis sakurTxevlis afsidaSi erTi, didi zomis sarkmelia gaWrili (gamonaklesia saqarTvelos sami Zegli).
saqarTvelos da somxeTis bazilikebis mxatvrul saxes ZiriTadad konstruqciuli elementebis plastikuri
gamomsaxveloba da daxvewili proporciebi gansazRvravs.
amgvar fonze ganawilebuli dekori met mxatvrul datvirTvas iZens. ZeglebSi, sadac reliefebiT Semkuli
svetisTavebia, isini ZiriTadad afsidispira pilastrebze, TvalsaCino adgilzea moTavsebuli. svetisTavebi amkobs aseve galereebs, sadac ganaTebis mxriv reliefuri
morTulobis aRqmis ukeTesi pirobebia.
165
bobis pirobebSi gadaxurvis da Sida sivrcis gadawyvetis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli varaudebi saqarTvelos bazilikebisagan gansxvavebul midgomas iTvaliswinebs.
amrigad, saqarTvelosa da somxeTis bazilikebs Soris nagebobaTa masStabis Tu calkeuli arqiteqturuli
formebis msgavseba aRiniSneba. miuxedavad amisa am qveynebSi bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis gansxvavebuli
nimuSebi iqmneba, rasac xuroTmoZRvruli tradiciebis
da arqiteqturul-mxatvruli amocanebis gadawyvetis
Taviseburi gageba ganapirobebs. amasTan somxuri Zeglebi
ufro mWidro kavSirs amJRavnebs siriul xuroTmoZRvrebasTan, xolo saqarTvelos bazilikebi met TviTmyofadobas avlens.
*
saqarTvelos bazilikebSi gamoiyofa dasavleT saqarTvelos rigi Zeglebi, romlebSic e.w. opus mixtum
wyobis, klasikuri kapitelebis da morTulobis mravalferovani saSualebebis gamoyeneba bizantiuri arqiteqturis gavlenaze metyvelebs. yovelive es naTelyofs,
rom saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi gamoiyofa Zeglebis jgufi, romelic dasavluri wris ZeglebTan garkveul msgavsebas amJRavnebs.
amrigad, saqarTvelos bazilikebi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis aRmosavlur wres miekuTvneba. gamonaklisia dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebis jgufi, romlebSic bizantiuri arqiteqturis gavlena igrZnoba. saqarTvelos bazilikebis aRmosavluri wris ZeglebTan siaxloves ganapirobebs geografiuli mdebareoba, kulturuli kavSir-urTierTobebis intensivoba da
zogierTi arqiteqturul-konstruqciuli principis er167
168
vebulad gaiazreba da nagebobaTa gegmarebis Tu sivrcobrivi gadawyvetis mravalgvarobas ganapirobebs. stilisturi TvalsazrisiT am periodSi klasikur wonasworobas ferweruli efeqtebis Zieba cvlis [ mefisaSvili, 1977:4].
saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebis am Taviseburi arqiteqturuli tipis, sameklesiiani bazilikis, formirebis
sakiTxi, udaod, iwvevs did interess. rogorc aRvniSneT, g. CubinaSvilma misi warmoSoba liturgikul aucileblobas daukavSira. kerZod, dRis ganmavlobaSi samjer wirvis CatarebisTvis saWiro pirobad sami sakurTxevlis, Sesabamisad, sami eklesiis arseboba miiCnia.
am moTxovnis universaluri xasiaTis gamo, uTuod Zneli warmosadgenia, rom misi ganxorcieleba mxolod erTi arqiteqturul tipis ZeglebSi momxdariyo. saqarTveloSi sameklesiiani bazilikis arsebobas zogi mkvlevari [z. aleqsiZe, 1968: 262-26; amave azrs eTanxmeba
n.silagaZe,2001:144-156] VI- VII saukuneebis istoriul
viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT sxvadasxva konfesiebis warmomadgenelTa (diofizitebis, monofizitebis da, SesaZloa, nestorianelebis)
savaraudod erT taZarSi
RvTismsaxurebis CatarebiT xsnis. gamoTqmulia sxva mosazrebebic [mag.: badStubneri, 1984:77-81], rac kidev
erTxel adasturebs, rom sakiTxi sabolood dadgenili
ar aris.
sameklesiiani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis
formirebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, uTuod, sainteresoa pirvel TavSi ganxilul dokumentebSi Camoyalibebuli qristianuli taZris mowyobis Sesaxeb eklesiis
moTxovnebis gaazreba [jabua,2003:280-285]. kerZod, yuradRebas ipyrobs kaTakmevelTa da gankicxulTaTvis
calke saTavsebis gamoyofis moTxovna. aRniSnuli doku174
mentebis mixedviT mlocvelTa darbazis mimarT es sadgomebi imgvarad unda iyos ganlagebuli, rom am kategoriis pirebs, romlebsac ar aqvT saRvTo liturgiaSi
monawileobis ufleba, RvTismsaxurebis mosmenis SesaZlebloba hqondeT. zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom adreuli sameklesiiani bazilikebi am moTxovnis karnaxiT aigo. eklesiis mlocvelTa darbazis gverdiT ganTavsda ori sadgomi, romlebic
misgan kedliT gaimijna. faqtia, rom arqiteqtoris amocana izolirebuli sadgomebis Seqmna iyo, rac, TavisTavad, eklesiaSi myofTa gamijvnis surviliT unda yofiliyo nakarnaxevi. sagulisxmoa, rom sufTa saxiT amgvari samnawiliani struqtura erTeuli gamonaklisis garda mxolod sawyiss periodSi gvxvdeba, xolo VI saukunis meore naxevridan, saqarTveloSi qristianobis saboloo damkvidrebis Semdgom, rodesac, albaT, ufro naklebi iyo zrdasrul axalmonaTlulTa ricxvi da eklesiebSi sanaTlavisTvis calke saTavsis gamoyofac TiTqmis aRar gvxvdeba, sameklesiianma bazilikebmac saxe icvala da gverdiTma sadgomebma garSemosavlelis forma
miiRo. aRsaniSnavia, rom sakiTxis amgvar gagebas exmianeba samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebac
[kapanaZe, 2002:43-56], sadac mamakacebis, qalebis da
yrmaTa Soris diferencirebis moTxovnaa warmoCenili.
sameklesiiani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis
struqturaSi mlocvelTa darbazs rom mxolod centraluri eklesia (navi) warmoadgens, tipis evoluciac
naTelyofs. am procesSi centraluri eklesia (navi)
naTlad gamokveTil saxes iRebs da nagebobis sxva nawilebs iqvemdebarebs. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa pastoforiumebis centralur darbazTan dakavSireba. amgvarad
sameklesiian bazilikebSi iseTi harmoniuli urTierTSe175
samnavian da sameklesiian bazilikebs Soris principuli gansxvaveba Sida sivrcis gadawyvetaSi vlindeba.
samnavian bazilikaSi sayrdenebiT danawevrebuli interieri erTiania, xolo sameklesiiani bazilika kedlebiT
izolirebul nawilebad iyofa. aqedan gamomdinare samnavian bazilikaSi interieris ganaTebis ukeTesi SesaZlebloba iqmneba. sameklesiiani bazilika etapobrivi ganviTarebis procesSi gegmarebis mravalgvar gadawyvetas
iZleva, rac struqturis arsebiT cvlilebas ganapirobebs. maSin, rodesac samnaviani bazilika inarCunebs
struqturis ZiriTad maxasiaTebels. samnavian da sameklesiian bazilikebSi gansxvavebulia aseve pastoforiumebis forma. Tu sameklesiian bazilikaSi ZiriTadad
uafsido pastoforiumebia, samnavian bazilikebASi ufro
metad gavrcelebuli afsidiani saTavsebia.
unda aRiniSnos, rom sameklesiinma bazilikam formirebisa da ganviTarebis procesSi samnaviani bazilikis
garkveuli gavlena ganicada. samnavian bazilikaSi arsebuli zogierTi arqiteqturuli motivi (garSemosavleli, interieris ritmuli danawevreba) sameklesiian bazilikaSi SemoqmedebiTad iqna damuSavebuli da misi arqiteqturuli saxis ganmsazRvreli gaxda. Tavis mxriv
sameklesiian bazilikaSi gamoyenebuli arqiteqturuli
formebi (or-sam maliani Sesasvleli) samnavian bazilikebSic gavrcelda.
amrigad, samnaviani da sameklesiiani bazilikebi Sida sivrcis sruliad gansxvavebuli gadawyvetis miuxedavad mWidro urTierTkavSirs amjRavnebs.
ornaviani eklesia. Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos
xuroTmoZRvrebaSi Seiqmna ugumbaTo arqiteqturis kidev erTi tipi ornaviani eklesia. dRemde SemorCenili da samecniero literaturaSi dafiqsirebu177
moZRvrebis istoriis yvela etapze Sendeba [CubinaSvili,1970:173-177,279-288; Smerlingi,1948:11-122; Smerlingi, 1955:139-168; n.CubinaSvili, 1976; n.CubinaSvili,1987:57-74;n.CubinaSvili,Smerlingi,1948:47-54; n.CubinaSvili,1988; andRulaZe,1969:44-52; beriZEe, 1942:4148,77-132; TayaiSvili,1960; rCeuliSvili, 1948,27-38;
rCeuliSvili,1963:167-182; cincaZe, 1963:57-106; doliZe, 1987,26-56; vaCeiSvili, 1997; mirijanaSvili, 1999
da sxv.].
gegmisa da arqiteqturul-konstruqciuli gadawyvetis simartivem erTnaviani eklesiis xuroTmoZRvruli
tipis farTo gavrceleba ganapiroba. saqarTveloSi darbazuli eklesiebi yvelaze mravalricxovania. maTi gavrcelebis areali saqarTvelos mTel teritorias moicavs. isini Sendeba rogorc barSi, aseve mTian regiobnebSi. magaliTad, svaneTSi darbazuli eklesia saeklesio nagebobis erTaderTi tipia [doliZe,1987:31]. SemorCenil darbazul nagebobebSi ganirCeva rogorc calkeuli maRalmxatvruli nimuSebi, aseve rigiTi nagebobebi.
darbazuli eklesia gegmaSi wagrZelebuli sworkuTxedis formis nagebobaa. arqiteqturul struqturas
ayalibebs sakurTxevlis afsida da darbazi mlocvelTaTvis. pastoforiumebi umetes SemTxvevaSi ar aris.
gegmarebis TvalsazrisiT mravalgvar gadawyvetas damatebiTi nawilebis arseboba ganapirobebs. ZiriTadad SeiZleba gamoiyos ramdenime jgufi: 1. martivi tipis darbazuli eklesia damatebiTi sadgomebis gareSe. 2. darbazuli eklesia samxreTi stoiT. 3. darbazuli eklesia
samxreTi da dasavleTi stoebiT. 4. darbazuli eklesia
sammxrivi garSemosavleliT. 5. darbazuli eklesia
CrdiloeTi saTavsiT da samxreTi stoiT.
182
bel sivrces anaTebs, rac Semosuli sinaTlis intensivobis maqsimaluri gamovlenis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
amis miuxedavad, calkeul ZeglebSi sxvadasxva faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT interieri sakmaod kargad an Zalze sustad naTdeba. darbazuli eklesiebis interiers
ZiriTadad sisadave axasiaTebs, magram rig SemTxvevebSi
dekoraciuli morTuloba gamoiyeneba.
samnaviani bazilikisa da darbazuli eklesiis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxis kvlevisas upirvelesad unda
aRiniSnos, rom orive ugumbaTo arqiteqturis tips
warmoadgens da erTmaneTs am niSniT enaTesaveba. arqiteqturuli tipis konceptualuri gagebis TvalsazrisiT orive tipis ZeglebSi yvela arqiteqturuli forma
sakurTxevlis afsidasTan mimarTebaSi aRiqmeba da garkveulwilad mas eqvemdebareba. Sida sivrcis gadawyvetisas erTianobis principia mTavari. Tumca misi miRweva
gansxvavebulad, darbazul eklesiaSi martivi, xolo
samnavian bazilikaSi ufro rTuli kompoziciuri gadawyvetiT xorcieldeba.
gegmis sworkuTxedSi Caxazuli afsidis ufro metad gavrceleba, kamarovani gadaxurva, samxreTis Sesasvlelis prioritetuli mniSvneloba is niSnebia, romelic orive tips axasiaTebs. amasTan darbazuli eklesiebis interierSi pilastrebis gamoyeneba Tavisi mxatvruli gadawyveTiT samnaviani bazilikisaTvis damaxasiaTebebl Sida sivrcis ritmuli danawevrebis wess enaTeseveba.
amrigad, samnaviani bazilika da darbazuli eklesia,
rogorc ugumbaTo arqiteqturis tipebi garkveul
msgavsebas amJRavnebs, magram maT Soris arsebiTia gansxvaveba, rac vlindeba rogorc Sida sivrcis, aseve eqsterieris gadawyvetaSi.
184
gurjaanis yvelawminda. gardamavali xana saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriaSi SemoqmedebiTi ZiebebiT aRsavse periodia. am epoqaSi bevri iseTi Zegli
aigo, romlebSic gegmarebis da sivrcobriv-moculobiTi
problemebi Taviseburad gadawyda. zogierT SemTxvevaSi
originaluri arqiteqturuli kompozicia mxolod erT
nagebobaSi ganxorcielda da Semdgom aRar ganmeorebula. amgvari Zeglebis rigs ganekuTvneba gurjaanis yvelawminda [CubinaSvili, 1956:273-286], romelic samnavian
bazilikasTan garkveul msgavsebas amJRavnebs.
gurjaanis yvelawmindas gegma bazilikis msgavsad
dasavleT-aRmosavleT RerZze wagrZelebuli sworkuTxedis formisaa. Sida sivrce sayrdenebis saSualebiT sam
navad aris gayofili, rac eqsterierSic naTlad aisaxeba. orkalTa saxuraviani Sua da calferda gverdiTi navebis gadaxurva tradiciul bazilikur Wrils qmnis.
sayuradReboa, rom Sida sivrcis sayrdenebiT navebad
dayofa da e.w. bazilikuri Wrili samnaviani bazilikis
arqiteqturuli tipis arsebiT maxasiaTebels warmoadgens. gurjaanis yvelawmindas xuroTmoZRvari am tradiciul sqemas Sua navze ori gumbaTis aRmarTviT sruliad axlebur kompoziciad gardaqmnis. sagulisxmoa, rom
gumbaTiani arqiteqturidan is aseve yvelaze saxasiaTo
arqiteqturul elements, gumbaTs, irCevs da Tamamad
uTavsebs bazilikis struqturas. is faqti, rom gurjaanSi ara erTi, aramed ori gumbaTia gamoyenebuli, bazilikisaTvis damaxasiaTebebli Tanafardobis dacvas emsaxureba. mxolod erTi gumbaTis ageba sruliad gansxvavebul sivrcobriv gadawyvetas gamoiwvevda. am SemTxvevaSi misi roli arqiteqturuli nagebobis mTlian
struquturaSi, uTuod,
ufro gamoikveTeboda, rac
gumbaTis zomis gazrdas, interierSi calkeuli nawile185
saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebaSi gumbaTiani arqiteqturis ganviTarebas arqiteqturul-samSeneblo TvalsazrisiT sakuTari kanonebi gansazRvravs. amdenad bazilikis arqiteqturul tipTan Sedareba pirobiT xasiaTs
atarebs. samnaviani bazilikis da gumbaTiani arqiteqturis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxis kvleva sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac saqarTvelos xuriTmoZRvrebaSi maTi
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Tanaarseboba urTierTgavlenis
SesaZleblobas qmnis.
amTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom bazilika saqarTveloSi Semotanili arqiteqturuli tipia, xolo gumbaTiani arqiteqtura, gansxvavebiT grZivi kompoziciisagan,
adgilobrivi xuroTmoZRvruli tradiciebis gadamuSavebis Sedegad ganviTarda. amitom xuroTmoZRvruli da
samSeneblo Taviseburebebi mTeli sisruliT swored
gumbaTian arqiteqturaSi gamovlinda. saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturulma tipma gumbaTiani arqiteqturis garkveuli gavlena ganicada, ramac bazilikis saxis Secvla da qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebis gamovlena ganapiroba.
grZivi RerZis damokleba, gegmis kvadrats miaxloeba,
samxreTi Sesasvlelis prioriteti, is ZiriTadi niSnebia, romlebic saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikisaTvis
gaxda damaxasiaTebeli, Tumca zogadad bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipisaTvis ucxoa. gumbaTiani arqiteqturis
gavlena ufro TvalsaCinod gamovlinda mesame etapis
bazilikebSi, rac ZiriTadad afsidis wina arealis xazgasmaSi gamoixata.
Tavis mxriv qriatianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis adreul
etapze saqarTveloSi bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis
Semotanam qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba aziara moculobiTsivrciTi da gegmis kompoziciuri gadawyvetis mwyobr
190
sistemas. SeTvisebul da gaazrebul iqna mkafio arqiteqturuli koncefciis mqone arqiteqturul struqtura, romelsac samnawilianoba, Sida sivrcis sayrdenebiT
danawevreba, mTavarisa da daqvemdebarebulis harmoniuli
erTianoba, arqiteqturuli formebis ritmuli monacvleoba axasiaTebs. aman qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis arqiteqturul-samSeneblo potencialis zrda da, garkveulwilad, tipologiuri mravalferovneba ganapiroba.
udavoa, rom iseTi mniSvnelovani Zeglebis Seqmna rogoricaa wromi, samSvildis sioni, lixne, moqvi, sveticxoveli (Caxazuli jvris tipi), kumurdo (mravalafsidiani), bagrati, alaverdi (trikonqi), samTavisi,
samTavro (Caxazuli jvris tipis e.w. centralur-gumbaTovani taZrebi) gumbaTiani arqiteqturis ganviTarebis
kanonzomierebebma gansazRvra; Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom amgvari arqiteqturuli kompoziciebis SemuSavebas, uTuod, bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis SeTvisebam Seuwyo xeli. gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebia gumbaTian nagebobebSi dasavleTi mklavis imgvari gadawyvetis magaliTebi (mag.: oSki, kumurdo), sadac wagrZelebuli sworkuTxa gegmarebis sivrce
sayrdenebis saSualebiT sam grZiv erTeulad aris dayofili.
am TvalsazrisiT sagulisxmoa saqarTvelos da
somxeTis xuroTmoZRvrebis Sedareba. saqarTveloSi, sadac bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis arseboba ramdenime saukunes (V-XI ss) moicavs, farTod aris gavrcelebuli Tavisuflad mdgom sayrdenebiani sxvadasxva arqiteqturuli tipi. maTgan Caxazuli jvris tipis e.w.
centralur-gumbaTovani taZrebi XI saukunidan qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvrebis mTavar tips warmoadgens. rac Seexeba
somxeTs, aq bazilikebis ricxvi mcirea da isini mxo191
lod VII s-mde Sendeba. Sesabamisad, somxeTis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi bazilikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli rigi niSnebis SeTviseba-gadamuSaveba naklebad ganxorcielda. garkveulwilad amiT SeiZleba aixsnas somxeTis sakulto
arqiteqturaSi sayrdenebiani Zeglebis simcire da gumbaTis sayrdenad kedlis Sverilebis farTod gavrceleba,
rac gvxvdeba rogorc wriul kompoziciebSi (mag.: anisis macxovrisa da mwyemsebis taZrebi), aseve sworkuTxa
gegmarebis gumbaTiani darbazis tipis ZeglebSi(ptRni,
aruWi, Siravakani, sanaini, ahpati, goSavanqi, qeCarisi da
sxv.). niSandoblivia isic, rom gumbaTiani darbazi anu
kupelhale somxeTis xuroTmoZRvrebis erT-erT mTavar
da farTod gavrcelebul arqiteqturul tips warmoadgens.
calke unda aRiniSnos erTi sakiTxis Sesaxeb, romelic saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebaSi Zeglebis sigrZesiganis Tanafardobas exeba. VIs-is Semdgom saqarTvelos bazilikebSi sigrZe-siganis Sefardeba eqsterierSi
ZiriTadad 1,5 an naklebia, xolo interierSi (sakurTxevlis afsidamde) 0,8-dan 1,2-mde. sayuradReboa, rom
igive proporciuli Tanafardoba axasiaTebs
centralur-gumbaTovan taZrebs (samTavisi 1,47, interierSi
1,1; samTavro 1,5, interierSi 1,1; ikorTa 1,3, interierSi 1; qvaTaxevi 1,6, interierSi 1; safara -1,25,
interierSi -0,9). am monacemTa Sejereba naTelyofs,
rom rogorc bazilikis, aseve gumbaTiani arqiteqturis
erT-erTi farTod gavrcelebuli tipis ZeglebSi msgavsi proporciuli gadawyvetaa, rac, TavisTavad, nagebobis arsebiT maxasiaTebels warmoadgens. mniSvnelovania
isic, rom amgvari gadawyveta bazilikebsa da centralur-gumbaTovan taZrebSi xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi SenarCunda. safiqrebelia, rom aseTi proporciuli
192
lobis SegrZneba ufro sagrZnobi xdeba. rogorc ugumbaTo, aseve gumbaTian arqiteqturaSi gavrcelebulia
gegmis sworkuTxedSi Caxazuli sakurTxevlis afsida.
Sverili afsida, umetesad, dasavleT saqarTvelos an
adreuli xanis ZeglebSi gvxvdeba.
qarTul arqiteqturaSi yvela ZiriTadi sakiTxis
gadawyvetisas zomierebis principia daculi. aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoT CamoTvlili niSnebis Tu calkeuli prioritetebis arseboba ar gamoricxavs zogierTi maxasiaTeblis gansazRvrul droiT-regionalur farglebSi
gavrcelebas.
saqarTvelos qristianuli xuroTmoZRvreba arqiteqturul tipTa simravliT rTul, mravalferovan, damoukidebel sistemad warmogvidgeba, romelic sxva sistemebTan (sxva qveynebis xuroTmoZRvrebasTan) urTierTmimarTebaSi arsebobs da ganviTarebis zogad kanonazomierebebs emorCileba [moiseevi, 1991:3-28]. arqiteqturuli tipebis formirebis da arsebobis intensivobiT XII
saukunemde periodi gamoirCeva. sistemis organizaciis
kanonzomierebidan gamomdinare es periodi sistemaSi Semavali struqturebis (arqiteqturuli tipebis) stabilurobis xarisxis simciriT xasiaTdeba, rac TviT sistemis ganviTarebis daCqarebas ganapirobebs. XI saukunis
Semdgom, am dros arsebuli struqturebis (arqiteqturuli tipebis) stabilurobis xarisxi maRalia anu maTi
saxecvla aRar xdeba, rac mTlianad sistemis ganviTarebis procesis Senelebas ganapirobebs. am konteqstSi
qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis gavrceleba, romelic sawyis etapze
sistemis Semadgenel struqturad iqca, misi formirebis
procesis daCqarebis erT-erT faqtorad warmogvidgeba.
195
196
daskvna
oTxi da xuTi wyvili V-VI saukuneebis, aseve X saukunis sam ZeglSi gvxvdeba. erTi wyvili sayrdeni sxvadasxva drois eqvs bazilikaSia. mxolod erTi sayrdeni
aqvs matanis da akuras gamsxvavebuli kompoziciuri gadawyvetis mqone bazilikebs. gamoiyeneba eqvsi saxis sayrdeni: gegmaSi kvadratuli, jvruli, T-s formis, sworkuTxa da wriuli. ufro gavrcelebulia pirveli sami
saxe. sayrdens zogierT SemTxvevaSi svetisTavi amkobs
da umetesad bazis gareSea. dadasturebulia
gegmaSi
kvadratuli, jvruli da wriuli bazebi.
TaRebi naliseburi, naxevarwriuli da Seisruli
formisaa. naliseburi TaRebi ZiriTadad V-VI saukuneebis, xolo Seisruli X saukunis ZeglebSi gvxvdeba.
yvelaze gavrcelebulia naxevarwriuli forma. TaRisa
da sayrdenis zomebi da maTi proporciuli urTierTmimarTeba ZiriTadad zomierebiT xasiaTdeba.
sakurTxevlis afsida naliseburi da naxevarwriuli moxazulobisaa. detaluri ganxilvisas am ori formis ramdenime saxesxvaoba (naliseburi, wagrZelebuli
nalis formis, naxevarwriuli, wagrZelebuli naxevarwris da paralelurgverdebiani naxevarwris formis) ganirCeva. VII saukunidan umetes bazilikebSi afsidis win
bemaa. sakurTxevlis iataki saerTo donidan erTi, ori,
iSviaTad sami safexuriT aris amaRlebuli. zogierT
SemTxvevaSi afsidas sasuliero pirTa Camosajdomi qvis
rigi Semohyveba. TxuTmet ZeglSi qvis trapezia dadasturebuli, romelic kedelTan an afsidis centrSi
dgas. afsidis kedlebSi moTavsebuli niSebis ricxvi
umetesad luwia da isini simetriuladaa ganlagebuli.
pastoforiumebi V-VI saukuneebis umravles bazilikebSi ar aris. CrdiloeTi saTavsis gamoyofis uadresi magaliTia V saukunis matanis bazilika. orive saTav200
sia V saukunis areSis bazilikaSic. VI saukunidan sakurTxevlis gverdiTi saTavsebi TianeTis sionis, revazaSenis da kvirikewmindas garda yvela Zegls aqvs. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi pastoforiumebis mowyoba V saukunidan daiwyo,
xolo VI saukunidan dakanonebul wesad iqca. rac imaze
metyvelebs, rom saqarTvelo aqtiurad iyo CarTuli
adreqristianuli samyaros xuroTmoZRvrebaSi mimdinare
procesebSi da axal moTxovnebs Tanadroulad pasuxobda.
gegmis mixedviT ganirCeva pastoforiumebis eqvsi
saxesxvaoba. gvxvdeba saTavsebi afsidiT da mis gareSe.
yvelaze gavrcelebulia dasavleT-aRmosavleT RerZze
wagrZelebuli sworkuTxedis forma. TiToeul ZeglSi
orive saTavsi, umetesad, erTnairi formisaa. saTavsebSi
Sesasvleli yovelTvis gverdiTi navis mxridan aris
gaWrili. rig ZeglebSi CrdiloeTis saTavss sakurTxevelTan damakavSirebeli meore karic aqvs, rac samkveTlos ritualur-funqcionaluri daniSnulebiT aris ganpirobebuli. IX s-dan gvxvdeba pasroforiumebis meore
sarTulze saTavs-samalavis mowyobis magaliTebi.
samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis ZeglebSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia Sesasvlelis sami mxridan
mowyobis wesi. ori mxridan Sesasvlelis mqone Zeglebis raodenoba naklebia, magram yvela periodSi gvxvdeba.
erTi mxridan Sesasvleli rva bazilikas aqvs. prioritetuli mniSvneloba dasavleT da samxreT Sesasvlels
eniWeba. amasTan, droTa viTarebaSi met mniSvnelobas
samxreTi Sesasvleli iZens, rac interierSi centrulobis principis warmoCenas emsaxureba da ewinaaRmdegeba
bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis tradiciuli sqemis
ZiriTad koncefcias. ufro metad gavrcelebulia inte201
rebebi, romlebic, umetes SemTxvevaSi, lokalur xasiaTs atarebs. Tavad samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli
tipi sameklesiiani bazilikisagan gansxvavebiT, struqturul cvlilebebs naklebad ganicdis, Tumca proporciuli Tanafardobis mxriv, rogorc aRvniSneT, centrulobisaken swrafvis tendencias amJRavnebs.
saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli
tipis Zeglebis masStabi, proporciebi, Sida sivrcis
organizaciis, gare masebis ganawilebis da morTulobis
gadawyveta zomierebis princips efuZneba, rac, saerTod,
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis arsebiT maxasiaTebels warmoadgens.
saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli
tipis arsebobis sami ZiriTadi etapi gamoiyofa:
pirveli etapi (V-VII saukuneebi) arqiteqturuli
RirebulebiT gamorCul Zeglebs aerTianebs da qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvrebis adreSuasaukuneebis periods esadageba.
V-VI saukuneebi bazilikebis aqtiuri mSeneblobis xanaa
da teritoriulad moicavs rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve
dasavleT saqarTvelos. pirvel etaps ganekuTvneba
sawyisi periodis Zeglebi Zveli SuamTa da matani, romlebic mTeli rigi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba; e.w. didi
bazilikebis jgufis arqiteqturuli TvalsazrisiT
uaRresad mniSvnelovani Zeglebi; dasavleT saqarTvelos
bazilikebi; qronologiurad am etaps miekuTvneba specifikuri niSan-TvisebebiT gamorCeuli ufliscixis kldeSi nakveTi bazilika; erTgvar gardamaval safexurs
qmnis VII saukunis rkonis bazilika
meore etapi VIII, IX da IX-X saukuneebiT daTariRebul Zeglebs aerTianebs da Tanxvdeba qarTuli arqiteqturis e.w. gardamaval xanas. es bazilikebi xasiaTdeba centrulobisaken swrafvis mkveTrad gamoxatuli
204
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263
Summary
Architectural Type of Three-Nave Basilica in Georgia
The occurrence of three-nave basilica, representing one of
the first architectural types of Christian art of building in
Georgia since early Middle Ages, is an evidence of full-scale
integration into the Christian World, which undoubtedly has
big historical and cultural importance. Along with the factual
data there is a written evidence of IV-V centuries manifesting
legalization of basilica in architecture by the Christian religion.
This architectural type, widespread in Early Christian World,
undergoes certain changes under the influence of local building
traditions and processes taking place in Georgian architecture
of the Middle Ages. Therefore the identification of stage-bystage layout of spreading the architectural type of three-nave
basilica in Georgia, definition of its architectural specificities
and its relation with other types of Georgian architecture,
makes it possible to elucidate some specific features and
existing trends of Christian architecture of Georgia.
The study of architectural type of the three-nave basilica
in the Georgian art of building, as of a specific architectural
structure, based on statistical and typological accounting and
analysis, serves the purpose of systematic investigation of the
spread of this architectural type and the architectural and
constructional concept. It should be at the same time taken into
consideration that the level of protection of some monuments,
their transformation due to repair or alteration, does not allow
to obtain exhaustive information. Therefore chronological and
territorial boundaries of the existence of architectural type of
three-nave basilica in Georgia, intensity of its temporal and
regional spread, signs defining nature of the structure under
investigation, its components and variations of form have been
264
271
272