BAB V FUNGSI KONTINU

5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4. Fungsi Kontinu Seragam
5.4.1. Pengertian Fungsi Kontonu Seragam
Perhatikan fungsi () = 2 dengan (0,1). Untuk setiap , (0,1) berlaku

| + | || + || < 2, sehingga untuk setiap , (0,1) dengan | | < =
2

berlaku
|() ()| = | 2 2 | = | + || | < .
Perhatikan fungsi () = 2 dengan . Misalkan | | < 1, maka
1 < < 1
2 1 < + < 1 + 2
| + | < 1 + 2||.

Oleh karena itu, untuk setiap , dengan | | < = min{1, 1+2||} berlaku

|() ()| = | 2 2 | = | + || | < .

Walaupun pada dua proses di atas diperoleh bahwa fungsi () = 2 kontinu pada
interval terbuka (0,1) dan pada R. Tetapi diantara keduanya terdapat perbedaan pada
pengambilan nilai . Pengambilan nilai nilai pada kekontinuan fungsi () = 2 pada
interval terbuka (0,1) hanya bergantung pada nilai sedangkan pengambilan nilai nilai
pada kekontinuan fungsi () = 2 pada interval terbuka R tidak bergantung pada nilai
tetapi juga bergantung pada titik kekontinuannya. Kekontinuan pada kasus pertama
disebbut kekontinuan seragam.

Definisi 5.4.1. (Bartle dan Sherbet,2011) Misalkan dan : . Fungsi

merupakan fungsi kontinu seragam pada A jika untuk setiap > 0 terdapat () > 0,
sehingga
Jika , dengan | | < (), maka |() ()| < .
Contoh : selidiki apakah fungsi berikut kontinu seragam pada himpunan yang diberikan.
1. () = 2 pada [, ] dengan ,
2. () = 2 pada
1
3. () = pada (, ) dengan > 0
1
4. () = pada (0, )

Penyelesaian:
1. Diambil sebarang > 0 dan sebarang , [, ].

Dipilih () = . Jika | | < (), maka
2maks{||,||}

|() ()| (|| + ||)| | 2maks{||, ||}| | <

Jadi () = 2 kontinu seragam pada [, ]
2. Dipilih = 1. Diambil sebarang > 0. Berdasarkan dalil Archimedes diperoleh
2 1 1
bahwa terdapat , sehingga < . Pilih = + , = , maka

2
| | = < dan

1 2 1 2
|() ()| = |( + ) ( ) | = 4 > = 1.

Jadi () = 2 tidak kontinu seragam pada

3. Diambil sebarang > 0 dan sebarang , [, ) dengan > 0. Dipilih () = 2 .
Jika | | < (), maka
1 1 | |
|() ()| | | = | | <
2
1
Jadi () = kontinu seragam pada (, )

1
4. Dipilih = 2. Diambil sebarang > 0. Berdasarkan dalil Archimedes diperoleh
1 1 1
bahwa terdapat , sehingga
< . Pilih = +1 , = (, ), maka

1 1 1 1 1
| | = < dan |() ()| = | 1 1 | = 1 > = 2.
(+1)
+1

1
Jadi () = tidak kontinu seragam pada (0, )

5.4.2. Kriteria Ketidakkekontinuan Seragam

Berikut ini diberikan teorem yang menyatakan kriteria ketidakkontinuan
seragam.

Teorema 5.4.2. (Bartle dan Sherbet,2011) Misalkan dan : . Pernyataan

berikut adalah ekivalen:
(1) Fungsi tidak kontinu seragam pada A
(2) Ada 0 > 0 sehingga untuk setiap > 0 terdapat , dengan | | < dan
|( ) ( )| > 0 .
(3) Ada 0 > 0 dan dua barisan ( ) dan ( ) di A sehingga lim( ) = 0 dan
untuk setiap , |( ) ( )| > 0 .
Contoh:
1 1
1. Dengan memilih 0 = 1 dan barisan ( ) = ( + ) dan ( ) = ( ), maka
2
lim( ) = lim () = 0 dan untuk setiap ,

1 2 1 2
|( ) ( )| = |( + ) ( ) | = 4 > 0 = 1.

Berdasarkan Teorema 5.4.2. dapat disimpulkan bahwa () = 2 tidak kontinu

seragam pada
1 1 1
2. Dengan memilih 0 = 2 dan barisan ( ) = () dan ( ) = (+1), maka
1
lim( ) = lim ( ) = 0 dan untuk setiap ,
(+1)

1 1 1
|( ) ( )| = | 1 1 | = 1 > 0 = 2.
+1

1
Berdasarkan Teorema 5.4.2. dapat disimpulkan bahwa () = tidak kontinu seragam

pada (0,1]

5.4.3. Teorema Kekekontinuan Seragam

Teorema 5.4.3. Misalkan merupakan interval tertutup dan terbatas. Jika fungsi
: kontinu pada , maka kontinu seragam pada .
Bukti: Andaikan kontinu tetapi tidak kontinu seragam pada . Berdasarkan
Teorema 5.4.2. diperoleh bahwa terdapat 0 > 0 dan dua barisan ( ) dan ( ) di I
sehingga lim( ) = 0 dan untuk setiap , |( ) ( )| > 0 . Karena I
terbatas, maka barisan ( ) dan ( ) merupakan barisan terbatas, sehingga berdasarkan
Teorema Bolzano Weierstrass terdapat subbarisan konvergen ( ) dan ( ) untuk
masing-masing barisan ( ) dan ( ). Misalkan ( ) konvergen ke z. Karena I tertutup

dan kontinu, maka dan (( )) konvergen ke (). Karena

lim( ) = lim( + ) = lim( ) + lim( ) = 0,
maka barisan ( ) konvergen ke z. Karena I tertutup dan kontinu, maka dan

(( )) konvergen ke (). Oleh karena itu

lim(( ) ( )) = lim(( ) ()) + lim(( ) ()) = 0.
Hal ini bertentangan dengan fakta bahwa untuk setiap , |( ) ( )| > 0 .
Perhatikan kembali pada pembuktian kekontinuan seragam fungsi () = 2
kontinu seragam pada [, ]

BAB V1
TURUNAN

MAKNA GEOMETRI TURUNAN

 L L1
f(x)

f(c)

c x x x x

Berdasarkan gambar di atas

jika , maka
jika , maka
, () ()
} =
,
Selajutnya didefinisikan bahwa:
() ()
() =

disebut turunan di .

Secara geometri turunan pertama di merupakan gradien garis singgung kurva =

() di titik dengan absis .

Dengan definisi turunan di atas, berdasarkan definisi limit fungsi diperoleh

Nilai merupakan turunan pertama di jika untuk setiap > terdapat >
()()
sehingga jika < | | < , maka |
()| < .
Jika merupakan turunan pertama di , maka ditulis sebagai ()

Apakah turunan fungsi selalu ada ?

1. () = ||
 2. () = | |

+ , >
3. () = { di =
+ ,

Perhatikan :

1. Apakah jika kontinu di , mempunyai turunan di ?

2. Apakah jika mempunyai turunan di , kontinu di ?

Teorema 6.1.2. jika mempunyai turunan di , maka kontinu di .

Bukti : Misalkan (). Karena
() ()
(() ()) = [ ( )]

() ()
= ( )

= ()
= ,
maka
() = ().

Jadi kontinu di .

Teorema 6.1.3. Misalkan merupakan interval dan . Jika : dan

: fungsi yang differensiabel di , maka

(1) Untuk setiap , fungsi differensiabel di

(2) Fungsi + differensiabel di
(3) Fungsi differensiabel di
(4) Fungsi differensiabel di

(5) Fungsi dengan () differensiabel di
(6) Fungsi differensiabel di

Proof. Let : has a relative extremum at where be the interval and be an

interior point of . There are two possibilities of () that () is the relative maximum
value or the relative minimum value.

Let () is the relative maximum value.

If () > , then based on Theorem 4.2.9, we get that there exists a neighborhood
of such that
()()
> for and .

If and > , then we have

()()
() () = ( )
> .

Therefore, () > (). But this contradicts the hypothesis that () is the relative
maximum value. So, we cannot have () > .

If () < , then based on Theorem 4.2.9, we get that there exists a neighborhood
of such that
()()

< for and .

If and < , then we have

 ()()
() () = ( ) > .

Therefore, () > (). But this contradicts the hypothesis that () is the relative
maximum value. So, we cannot have () < .

Therefore, () = .

Let () is the relative minimum value.

If () > , then based on Theorem 4.2.9, we get that there exists a neighborhood
of such that
()()

> for and .

If and < , then we have

()()
() () = ( ) < .

Therefore, () < (). But this contradicts the hypothesis that () is the relative
minimum value. So, we cannot have () > .

If () < , then base on Theorem 4.2.9, we get that there exists a neighborhood
of such that
()()

< for and .

If and > , then we have

()()
() () = ( ) < .

Therefore, () < (). But this contradicts the hypothesis that () is the relative
minimum value. So, we cannot have () < .

Therefore, () = .

Proof. Let : be continous on an interval and suppose that has a relative

extremum at an interior point of . Based on Theorem 6.2.1. we have if the derivative
of at exists, then () = . This statement be equivalent to statement
the derivative of at does nor exist or () = .
Proof. Let : is continous function on [, ], () = () = , and ()
exists for every (, ).
If () = for every [, ], () = for every (, ).
Let () > for every (, ). By the Maximum-Minimum Theorem 5.3.4,
there exists (, ) such that () = {() } > . By the Theorem
6.2.1. we have () = .
Let () < for every (, ). By the Maximum-Minimum Theorem 5.3.4,
there exists (, ) such that () = {() } < . By the Theorem
6.2.1. we have () = .
Let there exists (, ) such that () > . Then there exists , [, ] and
< such that () = () = and () > for every (, ). So, there
exists (, ) (, ) such that () = .

Let there exists (, ) such that () < . Then there exists , [, ] and
< such that () = () = and () < for every (, ). So, there
exists (, ) (, ) such that () = .

Proof. Let : is continous function on [, ] and () exists for every

(, ).
Consider the function defined on by
()()
(): = () () ( ).

Since and the function defined on by () = is continous function on
[, ] and () exists for every (, ), is continous function on [, ]
and () exists for every (, ). Furthermore, () = () = . By
Theorem 6.2.3. there exists (, ) such that () = .
Therefore,
()()
() = () = .

Thus,
() () = ()( )
Proof. Let : is continous function on [, ] and () exists for every
(, ) and () = for (, ). For arbitrary and > . By The Mean Value
Theorem 6.2.4 to on [, ], we have (, ) such that
() () = ()( ) = .
Thus () = ()

Proof. Let : and : are continous function on [, ] and (),

() exists for every (, ) and () = () for (, ).
Consider the function defined on by
(): = () ().
Then is continous function on [, ] and () exists for every (, ) and
() = for (, ).
By Theorem 6.2.5, there exist contant such that () = .
Thus = + on

Proof. Let : be differentiable on the interval .

a. If () for all and , where < . By The Mean Value
Theorem 6.2.4. to on [ , ], there exist ( , ) such that
( ) ( ) = ()( ) .
Therefore, ( ) ( ). Thus is increasing on .
If is increasing on and for arbitrary , where we have
()()

.
()()
By Theorem 4.2.6. we have () = .

b. If () for all and , where < . By The Mean Value
Theorem 6.2.4. to on [ , ], there exist ( , ) such that
( ) ( ) = ()( ) .
Therefore, ( ) ( ). Thus is decreasing on .
If is decreasing on and for arbitrary , where we have
()()

.
()()
By Theorem 4.2.6. we have () = .

Proof. Let : is continous function on [, ], be an interior point of , and
() exists for every (, ) (, ).
a. If there is a neighborhood ( , + ) such that () for < <
and () for < < + .
If ( , ), by The Mean Value Theorem 6.2.4. to on [, ], there exist
(, ) such that
() () = ( )( ) .
Therefore, () ().
If (, + ), by The Mean Value Theorem 6.2.4. to on [, ], there exist
(, ) such that
() () = ( )( ) .
Therefore, () ().
Thus, () the relative maximum value of on .
b. If there is a neighborhood ( , + ) such that () for < <
and () for < < + .
If ( , ), by The Mean Value Theorem 6.2.4. to on [, ], there exist
(, ) such that
() () = ( )( ) .
Therefore, () ().
If (, + ), by The Mean Value Theorem 6.2.4. to on [, ], there exist
(, ) such that
() () = ( )( ) .
Therefore, () ().
Thus, () the relative minimum value of on .

Examples 6.2.9.
Consider Rolles Theorem : Let : is continous function on [, ], () =
() = , and () exists for every (, ). There exists (, ) such that
() = .

a. The functions () = is continous function on [ ,
], ( ) = ( ) =

, and () exists for every ( ,
). By Rolles Theorem, there exists
()
( , ) such that = = or = .
b. The functions () = + + + + is continous function on

[, ], ( ) = () = , and () exists for every (, ). By Rolles

Theorem, there exists (, ) such that () = + + + = .
c. We will approximate the value of using The Mean Value Theorem. Function
() = is continous function on [, ] and () exists for every
(, ). By The Mean Value Theorem, there exists (, ) such that
 () () = ()( )

=


= + .


Since (, ), then < < . So,
< = , .

Therefore, < , and > > , = , .

Thus, , < < , .
d. We will show that
+ for .
If = , then = + = . So + .

Let () = .
If > , by The Mean Value Theorem, there exist (, ) such that
() () = ()( )
= > [ > ]
> + .
If < , by The Mean Value Theorem, there exist (, ) such that
() () = ()( )
= < [ < ]
> + .
Thus, + for .
e. We will show that
, for .
If = , then = = . So, .
Let () = .
If > , by The Mean Value Theorem, there exist (, ) such that
() () = ()( )
=
=

Thus, , for .
f. We will show that
If > , then ( + ) + , for > .
If = , then ( + ) = + . So, ( + ) + .
Let () = ( + ) .
If > , by The Mean Value Theorem, there exist (, ) such that
() () = ()( )
( + ) ( + ) = ( + )
( + ) = ( + ) > [( + ) > ]
( + ) > + .
If < < , by The Mean Value Theorem, there exist (, ) such that
() () = ()( )
( + ) ( + ) = ( + )
( + ) = ( + ) < [( + ) < ]
( + ) > + .

Thus, If > , then ( + ) + , for > .
Proof. Let : , let be an interval, let , and () exists.
a. If () > , by Theorem 4.2.9. that there is a number > such that if and
()()
< | | < then > .

If and < < + , then
()()
() () = ( ) > .

Thus, () > ()
b. If () < , by Theorem 4.2.9. that there is a number > such that if and
()()
< | | < then < .

If and < < , then
()()
() () = ( ) > .

Thus, () > ()

Proof. Let : is differentiable on [, ] and is a number between ()

and (). We define on [, ] by () = (). Since and () =
are differentiable on [, ], then is differentiable on [, ]. So, is
continous on [, ]. Consequently, attains its maximum value on . Since
() = () > and () = () < or () = () < and
() = () > , by Lemma 6.2.11. that the maximum does not occur at =
and = . Therefore, attains its maximum value at some (, ). By Theorem
6.2.1. we have () = () = . Thus, () = .