PENGELOLA JURNAL KEPARIWISATAAN INDONESIA

Pembina 1. Kepala Badan Pengembangan Sumber Daya

Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata
2. Kepala Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Kepadwisataan

Pemimpin Umum : Drs. [sdaryono M.Si.

Pemimpin Editor : lka Kusuma Permana Sari, SH., SL.
Wkl Pemimpin Editor : Drs. Hendro Sewoyo, M. Hum.
Editor Pelaksana : 1. Sulaeman, SE. MM.
2. Drs Robby Binarwan
3. Drs. Robi Ardiwijaya, MBIT.

Dewan Editor

1. Prol Dr IG Pitana M.Sc. Departemen '7. Dr. Yekti Maunati, Lembaga Ilmu Pergetahual')
Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata. Indonesia
2. ProlDrs. Rusdi Muchtar, MA., Lembaga 8. Dr. Wiwik Pratiwi, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia 9. Ir. Kusmayadi, MM., Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata
3. ProfDrs. Ketut Ardhana, Lembaga Ilmu Trisakti
Pengetahuan Indonesia 10. Dra Indriati, M.Si., Depafiemen Kebudayaan dan
4. Prol Dr. Wiendu Nuryanti, Universitas Pariwisata
Gajah Mada 11. I Ketut Suryadiarta SP MA. Universitas Udayana
5. Dr Ir. A.A Suryawan Wiranatha, t2. Sugeng P Syahrie, SS., Universitas Negeri Jakarta
Universitas Udayana. 13. Kiftiawat i, SS., Universitas lndorresia.
6. Dr. Phil Janianton Damanik, M,Si.,
Universitas Gaj ah Mada.

Seketariat :

l. Drs. Haris I-umhan Gaol 6. Unisah

2. Erman Mardiansyah SE., M.Si. 7. Woro Kaptiko
3. Dra. Famawaty Malik 8. Joel lsmanto, SE
4. Marhanani Tri Astuti, S.Sos. MM. 9. Widodo
5. Desty Mumiati, SE. 10. Ni Nyoman Dayuh

Terakreditasi "8" berdasarkan SK. Kepala LIPI No. l lUAkred-LIPI lP2MBll1012007

Foto cover: Sawah di Jawa (Direktorat Sarana Promosi, Depbudpar)

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PENGANTAR REDAKSI

Di penghujung tahun 2009 ini Jurnal Kepariwisataan Indonesia kembali

menyajikan tulisan-tulisan dengan tema yang cukup var.iatif. 'l'ulisan pertama
menyangkut kebijakan pemerintah terkait dengan pengembangan produk wisata
yaitu Pariwisata Berbasis Alam di Indonesia yang isinya antara lain mengenai posisi
daya saing kepariwisataan Indonesia versi World Economic Forum (WEF) di
peringkat 81 dari 133 negara, juga nasalah potensi sumberdaya parirvisata alam
yang diminati namun belum sernpat dinikmati wisatawan mancanegara, ditulis oleh
I Gde Pitana bersama-sama Cecep Rukendi.
Tulisan kedua berjudul Faktor-faktor yang Menjadi Daya Tarik Wisata Bali
dan Implikasinya Terhadap Segmentasi Pasar ditulis olehI Made Suradnya. Faktor-
faktor dimaksud antara lain adalah budaya, pantai, harga, kenyamanan, citra,
relaksasi, belaqja, keindahan alam, dan penduduk setempat yang berimplikasi pada
munculnya segmen-segmen baru dari pasar wisatawan.
Tulisan ber ikutnya berjudul Analisis Pengembangan Minarvisata Bahari di Ke-
pulauan Spermonde Kabupaten Pangkajene dan Kepulauan disusun secara bersama-
sama oleh Muhammad Kasnir dan rekan-rekan dari Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Tulisan berikutnya berjudul Partisipasi Masyarakat Lokal dalam Industri Pariwisata
di Bali oleh Nyoman Parining yang membahas tentang surnberdaya rnanusia bidang
pariwisata di Bali dilihat darijabatan dan asal daerahnya (Bali, non Bali, ashrg).
I Ketut Surya Diarta dkk., yang juga sudah kita kenal-tulisan-tulisannya kali ini
menurunkan tulisan terkait dengan upaya pengentasan kemiskinan, berjudul Pro-
Poor Towism and Asset Based Community Development Model in Bali (A Case
study in Junjungan Customary Village, tlbud.).

Tulisan keenam berjudul Peningkatan Kualitas dan Daya Saing Tenaga keria
Sektor Pariwisata Melalui Program Sertifikasi Kompetensi Kerja dalam
Menghadapi Pemberlakukan Asean Framework Agreement for the Intergration of
Priority Sectors (AFAS ) 2010 oleh R-r. Adi Hendraningrum mengingatkan kita pada
realisasi pasar bebas ekonomi dan perdagangan ASEAN dan kesiapan sumberdaya
manusia bidang pariwisata menyongsong pasar bebas 2010.
Hendro Sewoyo rnenurunkan tulisan berjudul Pariwisata dan Pengentasan
Kemiskinan di Perdesaal. Tulisan ini berbicara tentang gagasan menjadikan
pariwisala sebagai instrumen untuk membantu mengatasi masalah kemiskinan di
Indonesia. Undri, menurunkan tulisan Benda Cagar Budaya (BCB) sebagai Potensi
Pariwisata, di Sumatera Barat, yang menuturkan tentang keberadaan Benda cagar
Budaya yang merupakan potensi kuat sumberdaya budaya yang apabila dikelolal
dengan baik akan memiliki daya tarik kuat bagi wisatawan untuk mengunjungi
Sumatera Barat-
 .-

lunutKppadwisfuaan IntorusiL vol.4, No.4, Desember 2009 ISSN 1907-9419

Sebuah tesis berjudul Kualitas Pelayanan Hotel Graha Cakra Malang Jawa
Timur, Berdasarkan Kepuasan Konsumen oleh Novianto Edi Suharno, diringkas
I
oleh Dini Andriani dan sebuah buku baru berjudul Pengantar Ilmu Pariwisata yang
ditulis oleh ponulis yang sudah sangat dikenal di dunia pariwisata, yaitu I Gde
Pitana bersama I Ketut Surya Diarta dan ditiqiau oleh Desty Mumiati.
I
Redaksi mengucapkan terima kasih kepada para penulis/penyumbang artkel
yang secara tulus membagikan ilmunya bagi kepentingan masyarakat luas, hal-hal I
yang terkait dengan pengembangan parwisata di lndonesia. Juga pengh argaan ylng
tinggi disampaikan kepada mitra bestari, yang telah meluangkan waktunya untuk JI
membaca naskah yang disajikan dalam edisi kali ini.

Selamat membaca! J,

REDAKSI

J:

ir(

1l
 Dalilr Isi

Halaman

PENGANTAR REDAKSI i-ii

DAFTAR ISI iii-iv
31. I(EBIJAKAN PARIWISATA BERBASIS AI-AM DI 347-358
INDONESIA

I Gde Pitana dan Cecep Rukendi.

FAKTOR.TAKTOR YANG MENJADI DAYA TARIK 359-31s

IVISATA BALI DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP
SEGMENTASI PASARNYA

I Made Suradnya

33. ANALISIS PENGEMBANGAN MINAWISATA BAIIARI DI 377-384

KEPI'LAUAN SPERMONDE KABI]PATEN PANGKAJENE
DANKEPULAUAN

Muhamrnad Kasnir, Achmad Fahrudin, Dietriech G, Bengen,

Mennofatria Boer

34. PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT LOKAL 3 85-396

DALAM INDUSTR] PARIWISATA DI BALI

Nyoman Parining

PRO POOR TOARISM AND ASSET BASED 397 -409

i4@ COMMANITY DEI/ELOPMENT MODEL IN BAI,|

(A Case Study in lunjungan Castomory Viltage, {Jbud)

I Ketut Surya Diarta, I Made Adikampana, and putu Udayani

Wijayanti.

36. PENINGKATAN KUALITAS DAN DAYA SAING 411-424

TI,NAGA KIRJA SEKTOR PARIWISATA MDI,ALUI
PROGRAM SERI]IFIKASI I(OMPETENSI I(ERJA
DALAM MENGIIADAPI PEMBERLAKUAN AFAS 2O1O
-
R.r. Adi Hendraningrum

lll
luaatKWatiwisataan Intonesia vol. 4, No. 4, Desember 2009 IssN: 1907-9419

PARIWISATA DAN PENGENTASAN KEMISKINAN

DIPERDESAAN

Hendro Sewoyo

38. BENDA CAGARBUDAYA SEBAGAI POTENSI 433446

PARTWISATA DI SUMATf, RA BARAT

Uirdri
I
39. TESIS 447-452 H
KUALMAS PELAYANAN HOTEL GRAIIA CAKRA
bh
MALANG, JAWA TIMIIR BERDASARKAN KEPUASAN
@t,
KONSUMEN
H
tbt
d
Dini Ardiani ld.q
40. TINJAUA}IBI]KU 453-4s5
PENGANTAR ILMU PARTWISATA
PEItr
Desty Murniati Tc
BIODATAPENULIS 457-458
irip
EtGt
jEL
.! INDEKS 4s9-464
tu
JKI VOL, 4 No. I Maret 2009- VOL. 4 No. 4 Desember 2009.
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I Ketut Surya Diata dkk;. Proo Poor'faurism and Asset Based Community
Development Model in Bali.

PRO POOR TOURISM AND ASSET BASED

COMMUNTTY DEVELOPMENT MODEL IN BALI
(A Case Study in Junjungan Customary Village, Ubud)

I Ketut Surya Diarta, I Mzde Adikarnpana, and Putu Udayani Wijayanti

Udayana University, B:rli.

Ahslrak

Penelitian ini bernrjuan antara lain untuk mengetahui hubungan potensial anlara priDsip-prinsip
kepariwisataan yang pro-rakyat miskin dengan program pengembangan masyarakat; untuk
mengembangkan kepariwisataan yang pro-rakyat miskin serta model pengenrbangan pariwisata
berbasis asset, dan melihat dampaknya terhadap tingkat perkembangan komunitas di Desa Adat
Junjungan.
I{asil penelitian menunjukl<an bahwa kepariwisataan yang pro-ral(yat miskin deugan prinsip-
prinsip pembangunan berbasis komunitas memiliki hubungan yang sangat signifikan dan cocok
ultuk digunakan sebagai model pembangunan masyarakat. Pariwisata yang pro-rakyat miskin dan
rnodel pembangunan masyarakat berbasis asset dapat dilakukan dengan menggunalian metode
modei logis (logic ntode[). Parirvisata yang pro-ra](yat miskin dan pembangunan berbasis asset di
Desa Adat Junjungan belirasil meningkatkan kehidupan masyarakat khususnya pada aspek kese-
jahtelaan clan kemampuannya.

Keywortls: comntunit.y devc/opment, pro pool tol.t'iyn, asset based and community driven
dey el opm en t, Jtmj un gan B o li.

INTRODUCTION which consistecl of 44,507 fanilies in

Background
Tourism is believed as an economic
sector that has a big role in increasing
community income, decreasing unem-
ployment, and revitalizing local econo-
mic. Tourism is a tool to empower rural
community (Sharpley & Robeds, 2004:
122). In Bali context, tourism tries to be
an important agent in local community
empowerment both in soc io-econonr ic
and socio-cultural senses. hrspite the fact
that tourism brings about a vital contri-
bution in Bali gross regional irrcome
(tourism's tax scheme), there are so ma-
ny peoples live in poor tourism area.
On one hand, Bali Statistical Beureu
(BSB) (Bali Post, Dec.,2008) reported
that there were 147,501 poor families
very poor category, 70,705 families in
poor category and 31,382 families in
almost poor category. ln 2007, BSB
national welfare census published that
there were 229,100 poor peoples (6.63%
of Bali population). Moreover, there
were also rnore problems which Bali's
unemployrrent reached 77,400 peoples,
464.600 peoples in 'half unemploymet'
(work less that 35 hours/week). On the
other hand, Bali tourism industries are
predicted contributing about l0 trillion
rupiah/month, contibutes to 63.03%o of
total Bali regional income and absords
42.01% oltotal workforce.
"lourism-based communiry develop-
rnent lras rrot been a main strategic issue
in poverly alleviation not only in Bali but

397
 ,,',-

J unn [ I(ep ariwis ata an I n [o n e sia Vol 4 No. 4 Desernber 2009 iSSN 1907-9419

also in Indonesia. Moreover, there is no Data were analyzed based on de-

systematic concept on how tourism can
alleviate poverty in tourism area (Diarta,
2009: I3). Torrrisrn developrnent is main-
ly focus on how to inclease the amornt
of tourists and how to gain tax-money
from them. Communily development is
still forgotten from the tourism develop-
ment agenda. Two main problems need
to be solved to foster tourism in povefiy
alleviation in tourism area. Firstly, it is
imperative to find out a suitable model in
linking pro poor tourism and community
development. Secondly, to develop com-
muniry consciousness so that they have
capability to enrpower lhemselres in or-
der to reach tourism economic oppoftu-
nities.
Study Objective
scriptive and qualitative method. Pro po-
or tourism and its empowernent impact
on local community were measured u-
sing score technique based on Likert
Scale (SingarimbLrn and Effendi, 1989).
PPT was measured through three va-
riables: (a) economic oppoftunity (b) non
economic oppofiunity, and; (c) commu-
nity involvement in Iocal tourism plan- PR
ning and policy. Community empower- B{
ment was measured through four vari- )II
ables: (a) self-awareness to change; (b) CI
individual capability to change and gain
access; (c) the changes on power rela-
tions both on fatnily and community le-
vel, and (d); strenghtening sosial soli- :.: :
darity to act collectively facing outsider ,t.
=:
challanges. -t:
With the class intelal formula (Da- :: _-

Based on previous description, this yan, 1993), PPT and its impacts can be
study aims to: categorized as can be seen in Table l. .:
1. Examine the link between pro poor
tourism and commur.rity development Table l. Score percentage from its ..:
: :

consept in tourism area (Ashley and maximum measurement and its :t: -:
Goodwin, 2001). categorization
2. Develop pro poor tourism (PPT) and
asset based and community driven de- No Score percentage Categorization
velopment (ABCD) model, from its
3. Examine the influence of PPT and maximum score
ABCD in local community empower- >84 s.d 100 Highly
ment leve1. potential
2 >68 s.d 84 Potential T
RESEARCII METI{OD 3 >52 s.d 68 Partly potential
This research was conducted in Jun- 4 >36 s.d 52 Low potential
jungan Customary Village, Gianyar Re- 20 s.d 36
5 Not potential at
gency, Bali frour Aplil to November
all
2009. The research location was chosen
purposively because Junjungan Custo- Asset based and community driven
mary Village develops local asset and development rnodeling was approached
pro poor tourism development. 100 fa- through 8 variables: (a) source of
milies were chosen as sampel based on collective motivation; (b) mapping of
convenience random sampling tech- association and instirLrrion: (c) mapping
nique. Sampel was interviewed when lre of individual skills and capacities; (d)
had time and allowed to do so. mapping physical assets and natural

398
 I Ketut Surya Diarta dkk:. Proo poor Tourism and Asset Based Community
Development Model in Bali.
resources; (e) community economic ana-
lysis; (l) linking and mobilizing asset,
and; (g) action planning (Coady Interna-
tional Institute, 2008). The model was
developed sequentially and chronologi-
cally to show the process of community
clevelopment using Logic Nzlodel (LM)
(Kellog Foundation, 2004).
PRO POOR. TOURISM AND ASSET
BASED COMMUNITY DEVELOP.
MENT MODE]. IN JUNJUNGAN
CUSTOMARY VILLAGE
PPT and asset-based communitv de-
velopment model is basically u ,oul*up
model that explains the logical link bet-
ween l€sources, activities, output, out-
come and its impact on community whe-
re the program tooks place. The rnodel
was started fi'om examining PPT potency
in communily development, continued
by Logic Model analysis, and ended by
the measurernent of its impact on com-
munity development.
A. Pro Poor Tourism Potency in
Communify Development
On average, PPT variables score me-
asuring its potentiality in tourism-based
community development in Junjungan
Table 2. PPT potentiatity score and its categories in Junjungan Customary Village
Variables
Num- PPT variables
I Economic potentiality
2 Non economic potentiality (socio and
cultural potentiality)
3 Villagels involment in Iocal tourisrn
planning and policy
Total
Avelage
Customary Village was 403.17 (
- -
80,63% from its maximum score. fell in
high potentialiry caregory ro be applied1
as can be seen in Table 2. It was possible
since the involvelment of family mem-
bers in tourisln economic occupation, for
rnstatrce ir) m icro-fam ily-based industry
in sctrlptrlre. painting, souvenir, etc.
Some of them also work as hotel or res_
talirant employees, dance or music (ga-
melan) perfonnan ce adists, touristm gui_
des, etc. In Junjungan Village, according
to respondents, tor.rrism absorbs so many
peoples in so many rourism-related jobi.
Tourism also gives villagers a sociai are-
na to have their nrore intensive and mu_
tual sosial interaction not only between
tlie villagers but also between villagers
and oursiders. This will open up lheir
vrsron wttlt a new idea arrd rrew world
out there. Some regular meetings and
performing alts have been social matrix-
es for villagers to revitalize social solida-
rity and culture. Junjungan village deve-
lops communify-based cultural tourism
in which tlie main asset in developing
tourism industry is local culture that li-
ves traditionally in the community. The_
refore, rhe involvemenl of villagers is a
must to assure that tlrey can contribute
their aspiration on how to develop pro-
o/o
ftom its Categories
score maximurr
score
402,57 80,51 High
Dotenfialitv
403,06 80,61 High
notenfi2li?v
403,89 80,78 High
Dotentialitv
1.209.52 High
403,17 80,63 potentiality
399
FE
 tunatl(gpariwisataar. Inlonesia vol 4 No.4 Desember 2009 ISSN 1907-9419

3\ iN
sreg&l
poor cultural and community based tour- Historically, Junjungan Village develops lfe co
ism. It was possible since on the local that idea not very long time and now- ::pe*j
level, Junjungan Village has a monthly adays it is still in searching for a suitable
t\rri,gl
regular meeting. For example, villagers form in order to develop local commu- a--m-
delivered the idea that it is better for both nity. : ..n,
-I':r.
villagers and tourists to have a nice
trekking track in the middle of rice fields C. Input (Asset Bdsed Community
1. llap
(sawafr) since Junjungan has a very nice Development)
-\i-
rice field terrace as a tourism attraction. 1. Strenght collective motivation. u!i!r!f
Now, the idea is already realized. Vil- Historically, the main occupation of ine l:":
lagers, automatically, have a sense of be- Junjungan Villagers is as small farmer.
ard n
longing, responsibility, and sense be part The income gained as a small farmer still
l..n_s:c
of the tourism-based community deve- is not enough to support his respon-
lopment. sibility to contribute regular money to ( l) -{v
temple (pura) festivals. Moreover, the To:
B. Socio-economic and Cultural Com- village has three main temples (kahyang- garn ir
munity Background. an tiga) that need to be reconstructed peop le;
The main problem of Junjungan Cus- since its old age. Both problems have to insrir'.rti
toma-ry Village. in economic sense, is be solved. For most villagers, this will be ple: Jur
its tourism development is left behind a big problem since their limited family (Leniq
comparing to its neighbor villages such income from agriculture is not enough. Junj uag
as Ubud Village, Padang Tegal Village, The village head initiated a movement to rasi De.
or Peliatan Village. Secondly, Junjung- motivate collective social conscience. assoc ial
an Village has not been developed its There are some ways to do so as follows: nal gan
tourism asset to empower its community (a) Revitalization of ngayah concept Ratna S
both in socio economic and cultural sen-
Ngayah is a traditional concept in art groq
ses. In fact, customary village can simul- an). til
which people should contribute money,
taneously develop both religior-rs and manpower, or other resourses to achieve (Seka I
custom (as its main task) and economic
common goal. The involvement of all I outh g
(as its additional task) in increasing member is a must or will be given a so- ma). anr
community welfare. As a customary vil- lompok
cial sanction. This social sanction is very
lage, Junjungan has a high potentiality
taboo in Balines customary village. Fa- institutic
to bring its member to achieve this com-
mily members that can be involved in in touri.r
mon goal. Moreover, it is possible since
village movement (in Junjungan case by
customary village developed based on performing kecak dance pelformir.rg art) (2) Soci
custom (social order; and religious prin- Tourit
could be the head of family, children, or
ciple. Thirdly, customary village is a house wife depends on their skills and in Juniu
medium to bear community cultural ex- since ail
talents in kecak dance.
pression such as painting, sculpture dan- hand in I

ce, performing art, traditional Balinese (b) Strenghtening the spirit of social so-
Tourism
music, etc. On one hand, those cultural lidarity.
needs ac,
expressions are part of Balinese Hindu The strengtlr of Junjungan Village as ba:,L
festival. On the other hand, these ex- social solidarity had been studied by Di-
pressions also are having potentiality to
arta (2008) that concluded tourism used
be heated as tourism attractions.

400
 I Ketut Surya Diarta dkk:. proo poor Tourism ancl
Development Moclel
by local people to rqiuvenate and to
steghten the spirit of social solidarity.
The combination between people control
dependency on village temple and social
through the custom law (awig-rmig) be_
comes a root of a strong solidar.ity in
Junjungan.
2. Mapping of local asset
Asset relates to all village resources to
develop tourism as a meant in empower_
ing local cornmunity both in individual
and in collective senses. Tlre assets be_
long to Junjungan Village such as:
(1) Asociation and institution
To
_support Junjungan Village pro_
gram in community development, ltcal
peoples are organized themselves in such
institutions and associations, for exam_
ple: Junjungan Micro Credit Institution
(Lembaga P erkreditan Desa Junj ungan),
Junjungan Village Cooperat ive (Kope_
rasi Desa Junjungan Mulya Harta). .ihe
associations in the villages ar.e: traditio_
nal gamelan music group (Seka Gong
Ratna Sari), kecak dance and performin!
art group (Seka Cak Desa Adat Ju4jung-
a1), vi\age religious chanting group
(Seka Santi Tunggal Swar.a), uilluge
youth group (Seka Teruna Widya Dhai_
ma), and village housewile group (Ke_
lompok PKK). Those assoclations and
institutions have direct and indirect role
in tourism and community development.
(2) Social capital and social network
.r) Tourism and comrnunity
Juruungan Village
development
is only possible
since all componenrs ofthe viilage work
hand in hald to develop social network.
Tourisrn development, for the villagers,
needs access to economic resources such
as banlq micro credit institution. and
Asser Bosed Communiq,
in Bali.
cooperative. Moreover, village_based
tourism aflractiolls must be promoted
to
potential tourists. To solve this problem,
Junjungan Village has developed a good
networking with tour and travel ag-ents,
hotels, restaurants. Those tourist sup_
pliers are very iml)ortalt Io support tour_
rsm and cornrnurrity debelopnrent in
Jun_
lungan Village.
(J)^ individual skills and capacities
Une ol the most important tourism ro-
Ie lor local people is its abiliry to provide
varrous tourism job not only lor the high
educated people but also for the non
educated people, For the people who
works in hotel and restaurant must be
well educated. In contrast, for the people
who works as an artist (painting,
sculpturing. gamelan player. etc) is rnoi
about lalent. The lacr rhat Juniungan
Village has developed its tourism until
nowadays, it indicates that Junjungan
Village is capable to manage tourism in_
dus[y in order to empower ils member.
(4) Physical asset and natural resour-
s€s
Jurrjungan Village develops tourism
based on crrlture and cultural products
such as souverrir products. pailrtings,
dances. traditional musics. .t.. ilo*"u-"r,
those assets cannol independently attract
l.ourists without phlsical and natural
resources suppofts. For example, Jun_
jungan Village already has a good
main
road and acces road. parking park, hotel,
restaurant and other tourism facilities.
Natural resources is also important
jn tll':. respeo. Junjungan lras very
beautiful terrace rice field panorama with
nice rural nuance. Those exotic natural
resources are accessible since Junjungan
provided a good tr.ekking track.
401
 J un a [ 1(9p ariwk at aan I n [o n e sia Vol 4No.4 Desember 2009 ISSN 1907-9419

3. Economic circulation jungan Village whjch institutionalizes its 2.

Tourism has run local economic both kecak dance into a group called .,Seka
in individual and collective level. In- Cak Desa Adat Junjungan.,, This group
dividually, tourism incomes are gained is a functional institution uncler Junjung_
from family-based tourism industries an Customary Village. The group was rotal
that absorb many unemployments and performed as a solution to gain tourism tl,. I
village workforces. Collectively, tourism income for temple reconstruction and IOF
incomes are gained from kecak dance temple festival. This institution is also cak r
performing art and village-ta,r. Village developed as a village business unit witlt mea
income is used to renovate village tem-
ple and public facilities. Small scale
additional task to promote village tour- to il
ism, make advertising and promotion probi
tourism industries are spread out across materials, video and brochure, and make SUCC{
the village. This causes a good economic cooperation with hotel, restaurant and villal
circulation in grass root community and tour operator. me
avoids the economic accumulation in a ting I
few upper class. Fufthermore, a good D. Activities
economic circulation makes a good in- Activities are related to process, tech- 1
fluence to village cooperative and village nique, tool, or event in community deve-
micro credit institution. Those credit lopment. The activities are: \
institutions can circulate the money back i elop
to tdgger a new home based tourisrn 1. Increasing people awareness princi
and
industries. support asing
Poor village condition made some vil_ ism a
4. Linking and mobilizing asset lage leaders like Ngakan Made pinia rritho
Junjungan village vision in tourism (Junjungan Customary Village Head/ is rhe
development is to be one of the best Bendesa in 1990) and I Nyonan Kajil ders n
tourism villages in Bali. To do so, the (village Ieader ) initiated village leader j ungar
village tries to mobilize all resources meeting to find out how to solve the pro- riilh l
they belong to. The mobilization of blem. Several village meetings invoived anJ _e,
collective motivation, association and Sang Nyoman Mantra (next Junjungan ir.Iiiq
institution, social capital and social net- Customary Village Head/Bendesa), I and L
work, physical and natural resources, and Wayan Tirta (village leader), I Made Ra_ promo
human resources is combined in tourism jin (recent Junjungan Customary Village volrin
community development prograrr.'lhe Head/Bendesa) arrived to the same con_ q
O:re
program is designed by pro poor and clusion that the community development ticka
local asset based spirit through simul- would be achieved through pro' poor d:ker
taneously village meetings and efforts. tourism development by using local as-
For example, one ofthe village decisions
is to have cooperation with outsider to
set. First thing to be done was trigeffing {. Ir
people awareness and support to thi cq
develop win-win parthnership in deve- program. It was not a difficult task for rr
loping local tourism. the village leader since traditionally vil_ \f
lagers still obey the village leader and r:r:
5. Sustaining the proses village law (awig-awig). The involment
The continuity of the process is only of the villagers in the program was ma- =-:ri
be kept if the process was institutionali- naged through village law with tight
zed. This principle is also used by Jun- sanction.

402

I
 I I(etut Surya Diarta dkk:. Proo Poor Tourism and Asset Based Community
Development Model in Bali.
2. Increasing information accsess to
the community development pro-
gram
Villagers' awareness can be increased
totally depends on their accessibility to
the program information which is a key
to people involvement. For example, ke-
cak dance group has twice week regular
meeting and training. This event is used
to inforrn, discuss, and solve whatever
problern the villagers have on lrow to
succed the program. Slow but sure, all
villagers know the community develop-
ment program and this becornes a star-
ting point their involvement.
3. Increasingstakeholdersinvolve-
ment
Next effort to bring comrnunity de-
velopment through PPT and asset based
principles comcs into lile is by incle-
asing stakeholders involvement. Tour-
ism athaction does not mean anything
witlout toudsts thus selling the product
is the most important effort. Stakehol-
ders mobilization is a key to do so. Jun-
jungan Village has a good cooperation
with hotel, restaurant, tour and travel,
and government in older to promote its
tourism. In local level, Junjungan Village
and Ubud Tourism Infonnation (UTI)
promote and sell kecak dance ticket in-
volving everyone who is interested in.
One who can sell the ticket Rp 65.000,-
/ticket will have the bonus Rp 15.000,-
/ticket.
4. Increasing villagers accsess in
community developrnent planning
and policy
Villagers involve in community de-
velopment planning and policy by con-
tributing the idea what should be done
based on local need and asset they
belong to. The planning is not a static but
very dynamic depends on monthly villa-
ge meeting (sangkepan). For example,
the money gaining from kecak dance
performance was initially used to reno-
vate village temple and its festival cost.
Later on, based on villagers view, the
money also was used to nrake trekking
tracl(, to renovate public facilities, and
to be sared in village credir institution
(LPD). 'fhe villagers access into com-
munity development planning and policy
is a key to program success.
5. Institutionalization of the com-
munity development program
Cornrnuniry development program in
Junjungan Village is supported by seve-
ral local institutions such as Junjungan
Customary Yillage (desa adat), Jrn-
jungan micro credit institution (Lembaga
Perkredilan Desa), Mulya Harta coopera-
tive, kecak dance group, etc. Those ins-
titutions have theil own role and contri-
bution. The institutionalization of the
program plays a key role iu sustaining
the prograrn since it becomes a colrmon
goal for the villagers. All villagers have
a some responsibility to succed the pro-
gram. For those who did not involve, the
sanction will be there. They will not get
comurunity help if having problems and
will be prohibited using village pura and
other facilities. This becomes a'death
penalty' for traditional customary village
like Junjungan.
6. Controlling and reporting system
According to Sang Nyoman Mantra
(former Junjungan Custornary Village
Head), the community development pro-
gram started in 2001 when the village
established kecak dance group to gain
money for the village. The group is still
alive until now since Junjungan lias a
controlling and repofting system that
assures the group works for achieving
the common goal. Usually, kecak dance
J
 I una[ I{gpariwisataan Indonesia
group and Junjungan Village have a re-
gular monthly meeting. This meeting be-
comes a medium to repofi all group ac-
tivities and achievement. This meeting
also becomes a medium for villagers to
control what the group have done in-
cluding how much money already the
group gained. The meeting also reports
about how far the individuals involve in
the program and discuses what sanction
should be given for those who did not
involve at all.
E. Output
l.Establishment of the kecak group
(seka kecak)
Kecak dance $oup is the first ins-
titution established by Junjungan Village
related to its PPT and asset based com-
munity development program. Accor-
ding to Sang Nyoman Mantra, kecak
dance group was chosen since not only it
can be used to attrack tourist and then
gain money for the village but also it can
be used to maintain villagers involve-
ment and solidariry because the group is
colossal in nature. The success of kecak
dance group, later on, inspired the vil-
lage leaders to be more serious using
tourism potency to develop the local
community.
2. IIigh community support
The high community suppoft to the
program does not come immediatly but
the villagers see that the community
development program economically, so-
cially, culturally benefits individually
and collectively fot the village. Peoles
are involved in every single step of the
program. It can develop the sense of be-
longing and responsibility.
3.Iligh community partisipalion
High community participation is
caused by not only sense of belonging
404
Vol4 No.4 Desember 2009 ISSN 1907-9419
and responsibility but also because there and;:
is a strong social control from the cus- The.e:
as tLe:
tomary village and villagers dependency
to their social status to be part of the ousii,
community. People who is a member of s ctks
NC CTl
the customary village still has his rights
to use village temple and get religious Th: s ::
service from the village if needed. It is
safel to be a member than not to be a \r l:( :
member of the customary village both
for your individual and your family fb) se
member in Balinese social life. Every .,;,;
member of the customary village has to
involve according to its capability and
talent.
4. High economic contribution
The contribution of tourism in
village economic is very important. For
example, through kecak performance,
according to I Made Tiwas and I Wayan
Tirta (village leaders), every week the
kecak group performs twice on Monday
night and Thursday night. On average
there are 50 to 60 tourists watching the
kecak performance. The ticket money
::lr: i
gained from the performance is about Rp
10,000.000.-/month. This money is more
than enough if compare to Rp.
4,275,0O0,-imonth if every family F Our
contributes about Rp 20,000,-/month like :Ix
before. Individually, tourism is also a&l
significant in family income structure in
which tourism becomes the biggest --,
_,
a a,
family income source more than reg
traditional agricultural income. if,r:{f
I=r!r ri
5.High community bargaining power LlII'E
Tourism brings about new values, I;E,T
norms, and so many outsider threats to EI
the villagers. As an autonorny institution, TdlG
Junjungan Customary Village has a H
;5
I
moderate solution in facing the threat:
(a) Local worker protection
Hotel and restaurant owner know
that their life depend on belief, religious,
 I Ketut Surya Diarta dkk:. Proo Poor Tourism and Asset Based Communitv
Dettelopment Moclel in Bali.
and cultural expression of local people.
Therefore, they have to use local rvorker
as their first employee before looking for
outsiders. It does not mean outsider
worker is not used but as long as there is
no employee has a qualification needed.
This mechanism can reduce conflict bet-
ween villagers and outsiders because of
work competition.
(b) Selective in accepting outsider
Junjungan Village is very selective
in accepting a new person who wants to
live in the village. This will be a
preventive mechanism to avoid social
problems. Since the village was
traditionally established based on tight
village law (crwig-atvig), the new comer
will have a particular'effect on village
social system. Just like many customary
villages in Bali, Junjungan Village also
keeps a hamronious life as the most
important goal for all members.
Basically, as long as one can positively
contribute to the village no body will be
denied. Tlie problem is some of them
come without skill and job. This will be
a serious problem in future.
F. Orrtcome
1 lncreasing economic capability and
control
PPT and aset based community
development in Junjungan Customary
Village has increased poples' awareness
about their rights to involve in and to
gain of economic benefit borrowed by
tourisur industry. The easy access to
micro credit scheme, productive asset,
and malket have pulled people to dig
more deeply into tourism industry.
People are more capable in controlling
their tourism income and benefit, have
more capability in managing their
tourism productive asset, and have more
confidence in managing their loan to a
productive tourism business. People who
has been a successful tourism entrepre-
neur also provides sorne tourism jobs for
their neighbors. This will be a good
example how tourism can empower local
people. As an institution, Junjungan Vil-
lage also increases its bargaining por+,er
for those who want to invest and use lo-
cal asset as tourism attraction. The vil-
lage will calculate both shoft term and
long term benefit for that investation.
2. Increasing welfare access
Some phenomena indicate that
villagers have a befter access to welfare
caused by tourism ildustry such as pople
confidence in their relationship not only
with villagers but also with outsiders,
villagers feel happy with their family
economic condition, they can pay their
children school tuition, etc. Villagers
also can afford good food, pay good
health service ard hence incr.easing
family heaith status. Religious ritual and
festival also can be held r.egularly to
show thank to God. Some villagers also
have saving money for tlieir. family
future. Those phenomena clearly show
that tourism has made villagers have a
better welfare level than before.
3. Increasing cultural and political ca-
pability
Tourism brings about cultural and
political values that in some degree
could affect local people. In Jurrjungan
Village case, that values are not
automatically accepted but villagers has
a self defence (village law and religious
values). Long time contact with tourism
has opened the way people think about
the role of women in the community.
Women in the family do not just make
sure that their household work done but
nowadayas they also involve in tourism
business. There are no gender discrimi-
{
 t urna [ 1(9p ariwis ataan I n [one sia Vol 4 No.4 Desember 2009 ISSN 1907-9419

nation in tourism job. Everyone can have
his/her tourism job they like based on
his/her skill, education, and talent. In
some cases, women income are bigger
than men income. Tourism offers an
equal and non gender-oriented oppor-
tunity for all people. Villagers know and
get involve in socio-cultural, politic, and
law processes in the village. These make
they know their rights both in family
level and in community level. Many
villagers try to develop more and more
benefit social networking with outsiders
based on the sameness ofjob, business
relationship, or other social relationship.
The networks usually are used to gain
social support in critical situation.
G. The Impact of Community Deve-
lopment
The impact in this program refers to
a changes in organization, community, or
system as a result of the community
development program. The impact can
be and not limited to social condition im-
provement, capacity building, or change
in public policy domain. The impact of
communiry development in Junj ungan
Village was measured through four
variables as can be seen in Table 3. The
research showed that on average the total
score of all comrrunity empowerment
variables was 388,01 (77,60% from its
maximum score) and fell on high
empowerment category.
Comrnunity empowerment is driven
by villagers awareness to change on
social, economic and cultural sense to-
ward a better condition. The score for ::!t:
this variable was 401,2'l (80,25% from
its maximum) and fell in high empower-
ment category. Villagers feel that ihe flt
local asset they belong makes tourists
come to the village. Therefore, they have :e,\a
rights to involve directly into tourism
industry in the village gaining economic
benefit like others. ^--
With a better economic condition,
people have a better capacity building to
change and have easier access to ,,i:ti
resources. For example, some villagers
already have small tourism home Indus- .l:1r:
tries that produce many souvenirs for
tourists. Villagers also have easier access ';.
-=
to micro credit for their home industries.
Hence, family economic structure is

aLrle 3- unsan Vi score and its

Num. o/o
Average from its Empowerment
Empowerment variables variable maximum categories
scores scores
I The awareness to change 401.27 80,2s hish
2 Individual capacity building to change 395,92 '79,18 high
and have access to resources
, The change in power relation on family 374,11 14,82 hiCh
and communitv level :3t0u
4 Improvement of social solidarity to 380,75 7 6,1s high :r:E d
handle social problem on family and :t-:i*
community level
Total 1.s52.05 high H-O
Average 388,01 7',7,60

406

i
 I Ketut Surya Diafia dkk:. Proo Poor-l ourism and Asset Bqsed Community
Development lt4odel in Bali.
stronger. They can afford some family
goods, better food, better education for
the children, and hetter healtlr services.
This phenomena were indicated by the
measurement of
individual capacity
building tochange and access to
resources. The variable score was 395,92
(79,18% from its maximum score) and
fell into high empowerment ca1egory.
On the change in por.ver relation on
family and community level variable, the
score was 374,11 (7 4,82o/o frorr its
maximum score) and fell into high em-
powerment category. Villgers have their
autonomy and control in using economic
resource, asset, and market not depend
on outsider. This is the most important
condition as a self-driven economic
principle in community developrnent. In
social arena, peoples involve themselves
on such institutions or associations both
within the village and out of the village.
This local political process changes the
power relation both on the family and the
comrnunity level. The communal assets
were still managed by Junjungan Cus-
tomary Village to assure that tlrose assets
will bc used for comrnon benefir.
The fourth variable, improvement of
social solidarity to handle social problem
on family and communiry level fell into
high empowerment in which the variable
score was 380,75 (76,15% from its maxi-
mum score).This indicated that tourism
has developed villagers internal aware-
ness to strenghten social solidarity in fa-
cing outside threats. A self-defence me-
chanism using village law (awig-awig) is
one of the best practices to solve social
problem in the village level.
H. Community Development Model-
ling
Pro poor tourism and aset based
Junjungan Village community develop-
ment model was approached using Logic
Model (LM). The LM describes chro-
nological and seqrrerrtial processes of
cornnrrrn ity developrnerrt. llre Junjungan
community development rnodel can be
seen in Pichrre L
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEN.
DATION
A. Conclusion
Community development in Jun-
jungan Custornary Village through tour-
ism has a close link with pro poor tour-
ism (PPT) principle. Therefore, il can be
used a model in empowering local peo-
ple using tourism and Iocal asset. More-
over, PPT has a high potentiality to be
integrated in community development
program as indicated by PPT score vari-
able that reaches 403,17 (80,63% from
its maximum score).
PPT and asset based community de-
velopment can be rnodelled using logic
model (LM) that describes a logical and
a sequential community development
process. The LM model is flexible pro-
cess that can be applied and duplicated
in other places.
Main inrpacts of PPT and aset based
cornmun ity development in Junjungan
Village are improvement of Comrnunitlr
soc io-econom i-cu ltural conditions, im-
provement of capacity building, and the
change in public policy. These were
indicated by the measurement of em-
powerment score in which the variable
score reaches 388,01 (77,60% from its
maximum score) and falls into high
community empowerment category.
B. Recommendation
Tourism developrnent is only suc-
cessful if it benefits local people. There-
fore, the tourism development should be
placed on local asset and needs or pro
poor oriented. This will help em-
powering local people. Junjungan Vil-
40.1
 o
E
1 umat Kryariwisataan In[onesia Vol4 No. 4 Desember 2009 ISSN 1907-9419 !
o
,o
o-
lage experience car be used a best prac- Rabu Umanis, 24 Desember 2008. Hal 1
E
uJ
tice in doing so since the community dan 9.
development using tourism industry Coady International Institute. 2008. Asset-
Based and Citizen-driven Development.
involve so many villagers in every step
Certificate Course. Khon Kaen Univer-
of the development. Community deve- sity Thailand. Colaboration between The
lopment grows together simultaneously Ford Foundation lnternational Fellow- (,)

with tourism development. E

ship Program (lFP), IFP Alumni, Asian
PPT and asset based communitY Scholarship Foundation (ASF), Center
U

development model in Junjungan Village for Educational Exchange with Vietnam o

can be used as a model in developing
tourism using local asset since the model
describes a logical and sequential pro-
cesses on how develop tourism to
empower local people. Some variations
are possible depend on new place and
condjtion. At least, the model inspires
the idea on how to develop tourism in
order to help local peoles use their asset
and empower themselves.
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Ashley, Caroline., Dilys Roe and Harold
Goodwin. 2001. Pro-Poor Tourism
Strqtegies: Making Tourism llork for
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Dayan, A. 1993. Pengantar Metode Stqtistik.
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Diafta, I Ketut Surya. 2008. Dampak Pari-
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Sharpley, Richard & Lesley Roberts. (2004).
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ta.**r.

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