Engineering Thermodynamic D4 ME @13032016 Edited
Engineering Thermodynamic D4 ME @13032016 Edited
Thermodinamika
Untuk Mahasiswa Politeknik
Penyusun:
George Endri Kusuma, ST, M.Sc.Eng
i
Anakku kalau kau tak sanggup menahan lelah karena belajar,
Kamu harus sanggup menahan derita karena kebodohan
(Imam Syafi’i)
ii
Kata Pengantar
Mata kuliah Thermodinamika pada pohon diagram mata kuliah di D4 teknik
permesinan kapal adalah merupakan mata kuliah dasar keahlian sebagai pijakan yang kuat
untuk mempelajari mata kuliah selanjutnya yang lebih aplikatif antara lain sistem pendingin
(heating ventilation and air conditioning), ducting design system, and marine external &
internal combustion engine.
Dengan semakin tingginya tuntutan kualifikasi lulusan level D4 berdasarkan Kerangka
Kualifikasi Nasioanal Indonesia (KKNI) yang mengharuskan lulusan PPNS memiliki
kualifikasi level 6. Salah satu poin di level 6 lulusan harus mampu menyelesaikan pekerjaan
pada lingkup luas dengan dilengkapi dengan kemampuan menganalisis data oleh sebab itu bab
ini dilengkapi dengan data monitoring performansi sebuah unit pembangkit daya aktual di
industry untuk memberikan kesempatan kepada mahasiswa untuk belajar menganalisis data
aktual operasi sebuah unit pembangkit daya pada berbagai beban operasi.
Bab 1 dari buku thermodinamika ini berisi konsep dasar thermodinamika dan hukum
thermodinamika ke-0 dilanjutkan bab 2 berisi properti material murni/ideal yang dengan
pendekatan penyelesaiannya menggunakan persamaan gas ideal maupun persamaan gas non
ideal. Bab 3 dan 4 memuat tentang hukum thermodinamika 1 yang berisi tentang sistem
tertutup maupun sistem terbuka dengan memberikan sistem kontrol terhadap massa tetap
maupun kontrol terhadap volume. Bab 5 menjelaskan hukum thermodinamika 2 yang
memberikan konsep efisiensi dan juga reversibilitas dan irreverbilitas proses. Bab 6 dan 7
berisi tentang apliasi-aplikasi konsep thermodinamika pada tataran aplikasi untuk
pembangkitan daya dengan menggunakan fluida kerja steam maupun gas beserta kombinasi
keduanya. Bab 8 Siklus Refrigerasi dan Campuran Udara dan Uap Air.
Apa yang tertuang pada buku ajar ini hanyalah sekeping kecil dari inspirasi besar yang
dihadirkan oleh mahasiswa-mahasiswi jurusan Marine dan Piping Engineering-PPNS.
Ucapan banyak terima kasih atas masukan dan sharing sdri Agnesia Larastyawati dan sdr
Mochmmad Syaiful Bakri berupa foto-foto HRSG dan gas turbine nya hasil OJT di instalasi
pembangkit daya di Indonesia Power untuk perbaikan terus menerus buku ini untuk
menjadikan alat bantu mahasiswa politeknik untuk belajar dan berkembang.
Kusuma George
With all my heart for Wisanggeni & Swasthi
Bunda Santhi
iii
Anakku kalau kau tak sanggup menahan lelah karena belajar,
Kamu harus sanggup menahan derita karena kebodohan
(Imam Syafi’i)
iv
Daftar Isi
Cover ....................................................................................................................................................... i
Lembar persembahan ............................................................................................................................... i
Kata Pengantar .......................................................................................................................................iii
Bab 1 Konsep Dasar dan Hukum Thermodinamika ............................................................................... 1
1.1. Sub Kompetensi .................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Uraian Materi ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.3. Pengenalan Konsep, Unit dan Definisi .................................................................................. 1
1.3.1. Units (Satuan) ................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.2. Gaya dan Kerja ................................................................................................................. 3
1.4. Bentuk-Bentuk Energi ........................................................................................................... 3
1.4.1. Potential energy (PE) ........................................................................................................ 3
1.4.2. Kinetic Energy (KE) ......................................................................................................... 4
1.4.3. Energi dalam (internal energy) ......................................................................................... 4
1.5. Sistem Thermodinamika ....................................................................................................... 4
1.6. Properti dari Sebuah Sistem .................................................................................................. 5
1.6.1. Massa Jenis (Density) dan Spesifik Gravity ..................................................................... 5
1.6.2. Temperatur (suhu) ............................................................................................................. 6
1.6.3. Tekanan (pressure) ............................................................................................................ 6
1.7. Kondisi (State) dan Kesetimbangan (Equilibrium) ............................................................... 9
1.8. Proses dan Siklus ................................................................................................................... 9
1.9. Proses thermodinamika yang terjadi antara lain : ................................................................ 10
1.10. Proses aliran konstan (The Steady-Flow Process) .......................................................... 10
1.11. Hukum Thermodinamika ke Nol .................................................................................... 10
1.12. Software untuk konversi satuan ...................................................................................... 11
1.13. Rangkuman ..................................................................................................................... 12
1.14. Referensi ......................................................................................................................... 12
1.15. Latihan Soal .................................................................................................................... 12
1.16. Lembar Kerja .................................................................................................................. 14
Bab 2 Properti Material Murni-Ideal .................................................................................................... 17
2.1. Sub Kompetensi .................................................................................................................. 17
2.2. Uraian Materi ...................................................................................................................... 17
2.3. Perubahan Fasa, Tabel Properti dan Diagramnya ............................................................... 17
2.4. Daerah Kualitas ................................................................................................................... 20
2.5. Diagram P-v dari air ............................................................................................................ 22
v
2.6. Persamaan Gas ideal ............................................................................................................ 24
2.7. Non-Ideal Gas Behavior ...................................................................................................... 25
2.8. Rangkuman ......................................................................................................................... 28
2.9. Referensi ............................................................................................................................. 28
2.10. Latihan Soal .................................................................................................................... 29
2.11. Lembar Kerja .................................................................................................................. 86
Bab 3 Hukum Termodinamika Ke-1 Untuk Sistem Tertutup ............................................................... 87
3.1. Sub Kompetensi .................................................................................................................. 87
3.2. Uraian Materi ...................................................................................................................... 87
3.3. Hukum Thermodinamika Pertama ...................................................................................... 87
3.4. Persamaan Energy pada Sistem Tertutup ............................................................................ 87
3.4.1. Heat (Q) .......................................................................................................................... 88
3.4.2. Work (W) ........................................................................................................................ 88
3.4.3. Internal Energy (u) .......................................................................................................... 90
3.4.4. Enthalpy (h) - a New Property ........................................................................................ 92
3.5. Rangkuman ......................................................................................................................... 93
3.6. Referensi ............................................................................................................................. 93
3.7. Latihan Soal ........................................................................................................................ 93
3.8. Lembar Kerja ...................................................................................................................... 94
Bab 4 Hukum Termodinamika Ke-1 Untuk Sistem Terbuka ................................................................ 95
4.1. Sub Kompetensi .................................................................................................................. 95
4.2. Uraian Materi ...................................................................................................................... 95
4.3. Konservasi Massa ................................................................................................................ 95
4.4. Neraca Massa pada Proses Aliran yang Steady ................................................................... 96
4.5. Mass Balance Equation (Persamaan Neraca Massa) ........................................................... 97
4.6. Aliran Energi ....................................................................................................................... 97
4.7. Persamaan Energy Untuk Control Volume ......................................................................... 98
4.8. Beberapa Peralatan Yang Menggunakan Prinsif Aliran Steady .......................................... 99
4.8.1. Nozzles dan Diffusers ..................................................................................................... 99
4.8.2. Turbin dan Kompressor ................................................................................................ 100
4.8.3. Throttling Valve ............................................................................................................ 101
4.8.4. Mixing Chambers.......................................................................................................... 102
4.8.5. Heat Exchanger (Alat Penukar Panas) .......................................................................... 104
4.9. Rangkuman ....................................................................................................................... 105
4.10. Referensi ....................................................................................................................... 105
4.11. Latihan Soal .................................................................................................................. 106
4.12. Lembar Kerja ................................................................................................................ 108
vi
Bab 5 Hukum Thermodinamika Ke-2 ................................................................................................. 111
5.1. Sub Kompetensi ................................................................................................................ 111
5.2. Uraian Materi .................................................................................................................... 111
5.3. Reservoar Energi Thermal................................................................................................. 111
5.3.1. Statement 1 dari Kelvin –Planck :................................................................................. 112
5.3.2. Statement 2 dari Clausius :............................................................................................ 112
5.4. Ekuilvalensi Statement Clausius dan Kelvin-Planck......................................................... 113
5.5. Reversibilitas Mekanik dan Thermal ................................................................................. 113
5.6. Teorema Carnot ................................................................................................................. 114
5.7. Konsekuensi 1 Teorema Carnot: ....................................................................................... 115
5.8. Rangkuman ....................................................................................................................... 117
5.9. Referensi ........................................................................................................................... 117
5.10. Latihan Soal .................................................................................................................. 118
5.11. Lembar Kerja ................................................................................................................ 119
Bab 6 Siklus Gas Pembangkit Daya ................................................................................................... 121
6.1. Sub Kompetensi ................................................................................................................ 121
6.2. Uraian Materi .................................................................................................................... 121
6.3. Pengenalan Mesin Gerak Bolak Balik (Reciprocating Engines) ....................................... 121
6.3.1. Siklus Mesin Diesel Standard (Compression-Ignition Engine)..................................... 122
6.3.2. Mesin Standard Siklus Otto (“ Spark-Ignition engine ”) .............................................. 132
6.4. Siklus Brayton: The Ideal Cycle for Gas-Turbine Engines ............................................... 138
6.5. Modifikasi untuk Meningkatkan Efisiensi Kerja Gas Turbines ........................................ 140
6.6. Modifikasi-Modifikasi pada Siklus Basic. ....................................................................... 141
6.7. Rangkuman ....................................................................................................................... 142
6.8. Referensi ........................................................................................................................... 142
6.9. Latihan Soal ...................................................................................................................... 143
6.10. Lembar Kerja ................................................................................................................ 145
Bab 7 Siklus Uap & Kombinasinya dengan Siklus Gas Pembangkit Daya ........................................ 149
7.1. Sub Kompetensi ................................................................................................................ 149
7.2. Uraian Materi .................................................................................................................... 149
7.3. Siklus Carnot ..................................................................................................................... 149
7.4. Siklus Ideal Rankine .......................................................................................................... 150
7.5. Diagram Tekanan -Enthalpy (P-h) .................................................................................... 150
7.6. Metode-Metode untuk Menaikan Efisiensi Siklus Rankine Steam Power Plant ............... 153
7.7. Siklus Steam Pembangkit Daya Ideal dengan Pemanas Ulang (Reheater) ........................ 156
7.8. Siklus Rankine Regenerasi – dengan Pemanas Terbuka dan Tertutup. ............................. 160
7.8.1. Siklus Ideal Pemanas Ulang Regenerasi dengan Pemanas Air Terbuka ....................... 160
vii
7.8.2. Siklus Rankine Dengan Pemanas Ulang – dengan Regenerasi Sistem Tertutup........... 163
7.8.3. Siklus Regenerasi dengan Pemanas Ulang dengan Sistem Tertutup dan Terbuka. ....... 167
7.9. Siklus Cogenerasi (Cogeneration cycle) ........................................................................... 170
7.10. Siklus Pembangkit Daya Kombinasi Gas dan Uap ....................................................... 171
7.11. Data HRSG Load Calculation ....................................................................................... 173
7.12. Rangkuman ................................................................................................................... 175
7.13. Referensi ....................................................................................................................... 175
7.14. Latihan Soal .................................................................................................................. 175
7.15. Lembar Kerja ................................................................................................................ 179
Bab 8 Siklus Refrigerasi dan Campuran Udara dan Uap Air .............................................................. 183
8.1. Sub Kompetensi ................................................................................................................ 183
8.2. Uraian Materi .................................................................................................................... 183
8.3. Mesin pendingin dan Pompa Kalor ................................................................................... 183
8.4. Siklus Carnot Terbalik ( The Reversed Carnot Cycle) ...................................................... 184
8.5. Siklus Ideal Refrigerasi Kompressi Uap ........................................................................... 185
8.6. Campuran Udara dan Uap Air ........................................................................................... 189
8.7. Grafik Psikrometri dan Proses Pengkondisian Udara ........................................................ 190
8.8. Menara Pendingin untuk Instalasi Pembangkit Daya Uap ................................................ 194
8.9. Rangkuman ....................................................................................................................... 198
8.10. Referensi ....................................................................................................................... 198
8.11. Latihan Soal .................................................................................................................. 198
8.12. Lembar Kerja ................................................................................................................ 201
Tabel Properti Thermodinamika ......................................................................................................... 204
viii
Bab 1 Konsep Dasar dan Hukum
Thermodinamika
1.1. Sub Kompetensi
Kemampuan yang akan dimiliki oleh mahasiswa setelah memahami isi bab ini adalah
sebagai berikut :
1. Mahasiswa mengetahui ruang lingkup bahasan termodinamika, daftar pustaka, tabel,
konversi satuan dan juga penggunaan software konversi on line maupun off line
2. Mahasiswa memahami konsep dasar, definisi dan juga terminologi yang
berhubungan dengan teori dasar termodinamika
1
Gambar 1. 1 Contoh Penerapan Thermodinamika
Sumber : Yunus A Cengel, 1994, “Thermodynamic, an Engineering Approach”
2
1.3.2. Gaya dan Kerja
Konsep tentang gaya dan kerja dapat dibahas melalui Hukum Newton II (Newton's
Second Law) sebagai berikut
𝑚
𝐹 (𝑁) = 𝑚. 𝑎 [𝑘𝑔. 𝑠2 ] Persamaan 1. 1
meter
F adalah gaya dalam Newtons (N), m adalah massa dalam (kg), a percepatan second2
m
[s2 ]. Berdasarkan ( terori universal dari gravitasi), Berat (Weight) dari tubuh
didefinisikan sebagai gaya yang bekerja pada tubuh diakibatkan percepatan gravitasi
sebesar 9.807 [m/s2]. Pada point ini akan ada kerancuan apabila kita menggunakan
satuan british, disebabkan satuan massa maupun gaya hanya menggunakan satu jenis
satuan yaitu 1 lb (pound). Padahal keduanya berhubungan dengan hukum Newton II.
Sehingga untuk membedakannya digunakan 2 istilah yaitu pound massa (lb massa =
lbm) dan pound gaya (lb force = lbf). Jika percepatan gravitasi g = 32.2 [ft/s2], maka
akan didapatkan :
32.2 𝑙𝑏𝑚. 𝑓𝑡
1 𝑙𝑏𝑓 =
𝑠2
Cara lain dapat menggunakan satuan baru untuk massa yaitu “slug”, dimana
1slug=32.2 lbm.
“Kerja” (W) yang dilakukan, merupakan proses perpindahan energi yang
membutuhkan adanya gaya (F) dan perpindahan (x). Jika gaya (F) besarnya konstan
pada jarak perpindahan (x), maka kerja dapat didefinisikan sebagai berikut:
𝑊 (𝐽) = 𝐹. 𝑥 [𝑁. 𝑚] Persamaan 1. 2
W is the work done in Joules (J) , F is the force in Newton (N), X is the distance moved in
meter (m)
Kerja merupakan penjumlahan total dari semua penambahan proses kerja, maka
bentuk persamaan integral untuk menjelaskan kerja adalah sebagai berikut:
𝑊 (𝐽) = ∫ 𝐹 𝑑𝑥 Persamaan 1. 3
3
1.4.2. Kinetic Energy (KE)
Energi kinetic dari sebuah massa berhubungan dengan kecepatan yang dimilikinya
[m/s] dan dapat didefiniskan sebagai sebuah kerja yang dibutuhkan untuk mengubah
kecepatan yang dimiliki sebuah massa, sbb :
̅
𝑑𝑉
𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹. 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑚. 𝑎. 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑚. 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 Persamaan 1. 5
𝑑𝑥
Kecepatan 𝑉̅ = 𝑑𝑡 integrasi 𝑉̅1 to 𝑉̅2
̅
𝑉 ̅2 −𝑉
𝑉 ̅1
𝑊 = ∫𝑉̅ 2 𝑚. 𝑉̅ 𝑑𝑉̅ = 𝑚. [ 2
] = 𝑚. ∆𝑘𝑒 Persamaan 1. 6
1
4
Aliran massa masuk [kg/s] = aliran massa keluar [kg/s]).
5
ρ
SG = ρH2O
Persamaan 1. 10
Berat dari satu satuan volume suatu material disebut berat jenis dan dirumuskan sbb :
γs = ρ.g Persamaan 1. 11
6
Gambar 1. 4 Tekanan Absolut Diatas Tekanan Atmosfer dan Dibawah Atmosfer
Sumber : Israel Urieli (2011) “ Engineering Thermodynamic”
Metode dasar untuk mengukur tekanan sebuah obyek dapat digunakan alat
Manometer yang prinsip kerjanya dapat dijelaskan dibawah ini :
Tekanan atmosfer dapat diukur dengan alat yang dinamakan Mercury Barometer:
7
Gambar 1. 5 Contoh Pressure Gauge yang Terpasang
Foto koleksi pribadi (Pontianak-kalbar 2009)
1 bar = 100 kPa sehingga 15.2 Bar = 1520 kPa = 1,520 Mpa
1 Atm = 101,32 kPa sehingga 0.98 Atm = 99.298 kPa = 0,099298 Mpa
sehingga tekanan :
pressure gauge = 1,520 Mpa
tekanan absolut = 1,520 Mpa + 0,099298 Mpa = 1,619 Mpa
8
1.7. Kondisi (State) dan Kesetimbangan (Equilibrium)
Kondisi sebuah system dapat dijelaskan melalui besaran-besaran (parameter) dari
property intensive.
Gambar 1. 8 Proses
Sumber : Yunus A Cengel, 1994, “Thermodynamic, an Engineering Approach”
9
1.9. Proses thermodinamika yang terjadi antara lain :
Tabel 1. 3 Macam-Macam Proses Thermodinamika
Sebuah sistem dikatakan sebagai cycle (siklus) pada saat urutan proses yg terjadi
akan menuju ke kondisi awal terjadinya proses siklus tersebut.
10
Gambar 1. 10 Thermal Equilibrium
Sumber : Yunus A Cengel, 1994, “Thermodynamic, an Engineering Approach”
11
1.13. Rangkuman
Force/gaya yang bekerja
Work/kerja yang dihasilkan
Energi potensial
Energi Kinetik
Density/massa jenis
Specific gravity
Weight specific/berat jenis
Pressure gauge dan absolute pressure
1.14. Referensi
Israel Urieli (2011) “ Engineering Thermodynamic”, http://www. Ohio.edu
Yunus A Cengel, 1994, “Thermodynamic, an Engineering Approach”
1. Sebuah storage tank terminal memiliki 3 unit storage tank (tanki timbun) yg
akan diisi dengan minyak High Speed Diesel (HSD) bertemperatur 300C
12
𝑘𝑔
dengan density 887.5 𝑚3 , apabila setiap storage tank memiliki dimensi identik
yaitu diameter storage tank 22 meter dan tinggi 35 meter,
a) Jika pada kondisi eksisting tinggi minyak HSD dari level terbawah 17,652
m. Berapa Ton stock minyak HSD yang dimiliki ?
b) Apabila akan dilakukan unloading HSD dari tanker vessel dengan tonase
8000 ton, berapa storage tank yang dibutuhkan untuk proses tsb ?
c) Apabila tersedia pompa dengan kapasitas 500 m3/jam berapa jam yang
dibutuhkan untuk melakukan proses unloading HSD tersebut ?
Note :
Volume maksimal HSD pada storage tank didesain 97.5 % dari volume maksimal
tank.
2. Sebuah pipeline untuk memindahkan crude oil dari sumur explorasi ke refinery
yang menggunakan pipa stainless steel dengan diameter 12 inch schedule 80.
Total panjang pipeline mencapai 30 km, apabila tekanan crude oil adalah 3
bar(g) dengan temperatur 500C dengan density rata-rata 925 kg/m3. Apabila
jalur pipa terisi penuh berapa stock crude oil yang tersimpan dalam pipeline ?
13
1.16. Lembar Kerja
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16
Bab 2 Properti Material Murni-Ideal
2.1. Sub Kompetensi
Kemampuan yang akan dimiliki oleh mahasiswa setelah memahami isi bab ini adalah
sebagai berikut :
Mahasiswa mampu memahami konsep dari material murni beserta karakteristiknya
dengan pendekatannya dengan persamaan gas ideal dan tidak ideal.
17
Gambar 2. 1 T-v Perubahan Fasa untuk Air
Sumber: Israel Urieli (2011) “ Engineering Thermodynamic”
18
3. Apa yang dimaksud proses kondensasi (condensation)?
4. Apa yang dimaksud temperatur boiling? dimana posisinya ?
Catatan penting :
Hal penting yang perlu diperhatikan adalah selama proses berlangsung maka spesifik
volume dari air akan naik terus menerus dengan kelipatan pangkat 2, sehingga untuk
mem plot kan di diagram diperlukan penggunaan skala log untuk menunjukan nilai
specific volume pada nilai aksis x .
Jika experiment tersebut dilakukan secara berulang-ulang dengan memberikan
variasi tekanan maka ada dihasilkan diagram seperti dibawah ini :
19
Gambar 2. 3 T-v Diagram untuk air
Sumber : Israel Urieli (2011) “ Engineering Thermodynamic”
Dari diagram diatas dapat didapatkan garis jenuh (saturation lines) yang didefiniskan
sebagai daerah yg dinamakan daerah compressed liquid, daerah kualitas uap (quality
region) dan daerah superheated atau dinamakan Transcritical region) yang berada
disebelah kanan saturated vapor line dan diatas critical point.
Kita dapat menggunakan Property Tables untuk dapatkan nilai dari berbagai
parameter kondisi diatas . Di lampiran diberikan beberapa table property dari steam,
Refrigerant R134a, dan Carbon Dioxide.
20
Gambar 2. 4 T-v diagram untuk air
Sumber : Israel Urieli (2011) “ Engineering Thermodynamic”
Sebagai catatan penting : property yang berhubungan dengan fasa cair jenuh akan
diberi notasi bawah f ( fluid) dan untuk fasa uap jenuh diberi notasi g (gas).
Untuk bisa melakukan evaluasi kualitas dari sebuach campuran antara cairan jenuh
dan uap jenuh dapat dirumuskan dibawah ini.
Catatan penting dari steam property tables, di table dapat ditemukan 3 properti
yang lain antara lain : internal energy u [kJ/kg], enthalpy h [kJ/kg], and entropy s
[kJ/kg.K].
21
2.5. Diagram P-v dari air
Dari diagram T-v diatas sudah didpatkan pendekatan suatu kondisi dengan 2 macam
properti intensif yaitu T dan v. Untuk lebih dapat memahaminya fenomena tsb lebih
dalam maka diagram diatas didekati properti ekstensif yaitu Pressure dan volume
spesifik pada diagram P-v, dimana pada diagram P-v tersebut juga dapat dilihat efek
temperature (T).
22
dengan diagram. Pada contoh kasus diatas, ada 3 macam kondisi dan 2 macam
proses yaitu ( proses tekanan konstan dan volume konstan).
Proses Perubahan Fasa Dari Liquid Ke Fasa Campuran Hingga Fasa Uap
𝑉 0.4 [m3 ] 𝑚3
v2 = 𝑚 = = 0.2 [ 𝑘𝑔 ]
2 [kg]
23
𝑣2 −𝑣𝑓 0.2−0.001
kualitas (x) dari campuran = [𝑣 ] = [1.694−0.001] = 0.118
𝑔 −𝑣𝑓
Pv=RT Persamaan 2. 1
24
Gambar 2. 7 Error value pada diagram T-v
Sumber : Israel Urieli (2011) “ Engineering Thermodynamic”
25
digunakan persamaan gas non ideal yang memasukkan faktor mampu tekanan
(compressibility factor) Z dari material yg tersebut :
𝑃.𝑣
Pv = Z RT maka 𝑍 = [ ] Persamaan 2. 6
𝑅.𝑇
Ketika factor kemampuan tekan (compressibility factor Z) mendekati 1 maka gas
tersebut mendekati sifat-sifat gas ideal. Pada kondisi temperatur dan tekanan yang
sama maka factor compressibility dapat dirumuskan dengan persamaan :
𝑉𝑎𝑘𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑍= 𝑉𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙
Persamaan 2. 7
Setiap fluida akan memiliki titik tekanan kritis PCR dan temperatur kritis TCR yang
berbeda beda dan dapat diperoleh dari Table of Critical Point Data of Various
Substances.
Principle of Corresponding States menyatakan bahwa kita dapat normal kan nilai
tekanan dan temperature dengan critical values dengan formula sbb :
𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑟 = [ ] Persamaan 2. 8
𝑃𝑐𝑟
𝑇𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑇𝑟 = [ ] Persamaan 2. 9
𝑇𝑐𝑟
Semua fluida yg sudah dinormalisasikan akan memberikan sifat yang mirip beberapa
% dengan sifat gas non ideal, dan semua nilai tsb bisa di plot pada grafik Generalised
compressibility . Ada banyak grafik yang tersedia untuk menjelaskan sifat tsb,
namun kita lebih suka menggunakan grafik Lee-Kesler (logarithmic)
Compressibilty Chart, Dan fungsi dari grafik tsb dapat ditunjukan di contoh soal
dibawah ini :
26
kta akan bisa plot kan nilainya pada grafik Generalized Compressibility Chart untuk
menentukan nilai dari Compressibility Factor, seperti dapat digambarkan dibawah ini
:
Nilai actual dari volume spesifik va dapat diperoleh dari CO2 Superheat Tables
𝑚3
Nilai actual Va = 0.00588 𝑘𝑔
𝑉 0.1 𝑚3
Maka massa aktual ma = [𝑉 ] = [ 𝑚3
] = 17.14 𝑘𝑔
𝑎 0.005833
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑅. 𝑇 0.1899 [ ] . 303 𝐾 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑣𝑖 = [ ]=[ ] = 0.00954
𝑃 6000 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑘𝑔
𝑉 0.1 𝑚3
→ 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑖 = =[ ] = 10.5 𝑘𝑔 ( 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 39% 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟)
𝑉𝑖 𝑚3
0.00954
𝑘𝑔
27
𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑣𝑧 = (0.62). (0.00954 ) = 0.00591
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑉 0.1 𝑚3
→ 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑚𝑧 = =[ ] = 16,9 𝑘𝑔 ( 1% 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟)
𝑉𝑧 𝑚3
0.00591
𝑘𝑔
Menggunakan compressibility factor Z :
𝑃.𝑣
Pv = Z RT → 𝑍 = [𝑅.𝑇]
Ketentuan umum yang bisa kita gunakan adalah jika kondisi P << PCR atau jika T
>> TCR maka kita kemungkinan dapat menggunakan persamaan gas ideal. Namun
untuk lebih menjamin ketelitian dalam perhitungan “Selalu” periksa Compressibility
Factor Z pada Compressibility Chart.
2.8. Rangkuman
Perubahan fasa liquid, saturated, mixture hingga superheated
Diagram property
𝑷.𝒗 𝑽𝒂𝒌𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍
Non-Ideal Gas Behavior Pv = Z RT maka 𝒁 = [𝑹.𝑻] 𝒁 = 𝑽𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍
2.9. Referensi
Israel Urieli (2011) “ Engineering Thermodynamic” http://www. Ohio.edu
Yunus A Cengel, 1994, “Thermodynamic, an Engineering Approach”
28
2.10. Latihan Soal
Tugas terstruktur 1
Soal A Soal B
Lengkapilah data berikut dengan pengetahuan pembacaan table properties Lengkapilah data berikut dengan pengetahuan pembacaan table properties
of water yang sudah anda miliki setelah membahas bab 2 of water yang sudah anda miliki setelah membahas bab 2
No Pressure T Volume x Enthalpy Phase No Pressure T Volume x Enthalpy Phase
(0C) specific (kJ/kg) (0C) specific (kJ/kg)
3 3
(m /kg) (m /kg)
1 ..........Bar 105 ..... x=0 ...... 1 ..........Bar 125 ..... x=0 ......
(abs) (abs)
2 24 Bar (g) ..... ..... ..... Saturated 2 69 Bar (g) ..... ..... ..... Saturated
vapor liquid
3 ............ (in 200 ..... ..... Saturated 3 ............ (in 300 ..... ..... Saturated
abs) liquid abs) vapor
4 5 Bar (g) ..... ..... x= ..... 4 3 Bar (g) ..... ..... x= .....
100 100
% %
5 30 Bar(abs) ..... ..... x= ..... 5 15 Bar(abs) ..... ..... x= .....
75% 0.5
6 50 Bar(abs) 400 ...... ...... 6 25 Bar(abs) 400 ...... ......
7 29 Bar (g) 600 ..... ....... 7 79 Bar (g) 600 ..... .......
8 ........ (in abs) 325 ...... ....... Saturated 8 ........ (in abs) 345 ...... ....... Saturated
liquid vapor
9 2 Bar (g) ...... 0.6058 ....... ....... 9 4 Bar (g) ...... 0.3749 ....... .......
10 9 Bar (abs) ....... 0.1700 ....... ........ 10 15 Bar (abs) ....... 0.1000 ....... ........
Note : 1 Atm = 1 bar Note : 1 Atm = 1 bar
29
2.11. Lembar Kerja
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86
Bab 3 Hukum Termodinamika Ke-1
Untuk Sistem Tertutup
3.1. Sub Kompetensi
Kemampuan yang akan dimiliki oleh mahasiswa setelah memahami isi bab ini adalah
sebagai berikut :
Mahasiswa mampu memahami konsep hukum termodinamika ke-1 yang
diterapkan pada sistem tertutup dimana pemahaman itu berfungsi sebagai teori
pendekatan pada mesin konversi energi
87
Gambar 3. 1 Energy Equation diagram for closed system
Sumber : Israel Urieli (2011) “ Engineering Thermodynamic”
Pada bab ini focus pada lapisan batas kerja uang berkaitan dengan kompressi atau
ekspansi dari sebuah sistem piston dan silinder diatas. Pada semua kondisi
diasumsikan silinder tsb diproteksi (seal) sehingga tidk ada aliran massa yg masuk
maupun keluar dari sistem, tidak kehilangan energy akibat dari gesekan. Dengan
kesepakatan bahwa kerja itu positif apabila dilakukan oleh sistem terhadap
lingkungannya, dan negatif apabila kerja dilakukan oleh lingkungan terhadap sistem
tersebut. Sehingga kerja negative akan menghasilkan kenaikan energy dalam
(internal energy).
88
Kerja yg dihasilkan didapatkan intregrasi kerja dikalikan dengan kenaikan jarak
perpindahan sebesar dx antara kondisi awal (1) menuju kondisi akhir (2). Untuk bisa
mengilustrasikan proses tersebut digunakan piston-cylinder, yg mana gaya (force)
merupakan perkalian area luasan piston dikalikan dengan tekanan P yg didapatkan
area luasan , sedangkan perkalian area dengan jarak perpindahan piston sendiri
merupakan dV:
2 2 2
W12 F .dx P. A.dx P.dV Persamaan 3. 1
1 1 1
Dibawah ini adalah diagram skema proses diatas, dimana luasan intregasi diatas
dapat ditunjukan sebagai luas area dibawa kurva.
89
W adalah kerja yang dihasilkan, sedangkan w adalah kerja spesifik yg dilakukan per
𝑘𝐽
satuan massa [𝑘𝑔]
Kesimpulan akhir pada sistem tertutup diatas (closed system) yaitu kerja yg
dilakukan oleh poros (Shaft Work) dan Electrical Work (berkaitan dengan tegangan
yg diberikan pada resistor atau motor yang diberikan untuk menggerakan selalu akan
bernilai negative karena kerja diberikan ke dalam sistem.
Notice the four questions to the right of the diagram, which we should always ask
before attempting to solve any thermodynamic problem. What are we dealing with -
liquid? pure fluid, such as steam or refrigerant? ideal gas? In this case it is steam,
thus we will use the steam tables to determine the various properties at the various
states. Is the mass or volume given? If so we will specify and evaluate the energy
equation in kiloJoules rather than specific quantities (kJ/kg). What about entropy?
Not so fast - we have not yet considered enthalpy (below) - wait patiently until
Chapter 6.
Since work involves the integral of P.dv we find it convenient to sketch the P-v
90
diagram of the problem as follows:
Notice on the P-v diagram how we determine the specific work done as the area
under the process curve. We also notice that in the Compressed Liquid region the
constant temperature line is essentially vertical. Thus all the property values at State
(1) (compressed liquid at 25°C) can be determined from the saturated liquid table
values at 25°C.
91
3.4.4. Enthalpy (h) - a New Property
Pada penerapan utama persamaan energy pada sistem tertutup adalah pada proses
“heat engine” yg sistem dianalisa dengan pendekatan gas ideal. Kemudian bisa
didesain sebuah hubungan untuk menjelaskan energy dalam (internal energy) dengan
perasamaan gas ideal. Dari proses tersebut diketemukan juga property yg baru yang
disebut Enthalpy yg akan berguna untuk penerapan pada Closed Systems dan
khususnya Open Systems, seperti komponen Steam power plants atau sistem
refrigerasi. Enthalpy bukanlah property dasar namun merupakan kombinasi dari
property yang didefinisikan seperti dibawah ini :
𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 (𝑘𝐽) 𝐻 = 𝑈 + 𝑃𝑉 Persamaan 3. 3
𝑘𝐽
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 (𝑘𝑔) ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑃𝑣 Persamaan 3. 4
Sebagai contoh pada penerapannya pada closed systems, yaitu pada proses pada
tekanan konstan:
Nilai energy dalam spesifik (specific internal energy) (u) dan specific enthalpy (h)
bisa didapatkan dari Steam Tables, namun pada persamaan gas ideal diperlukan
sebuah persamaan untuk menjelaskan Δu dan Δh pada pengertian kapasitas panas
spesifik (Specific Heat Capacities). Hal tersebut bisa didapatkan dari table Specific
Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas.
92
3.5. Rangkuman
Persamaan energy pada sistem tertutup
Isothermal (constant temperature process) T1 = T2
Isochoric or Isometric (constant volume process) v1 = v2
Isobaric (constant pressure process) P1 = P2
Adiabatic (no heat flow to or from the system during the process) Q = 0
Internal Energy (u)
Enthalpy (h) 𝐻
persamaan energy 𝑄 − 𝑊 = ∆𝑈 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 → 𝑄 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1 + 𝑃(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
3.6. Referensi
Israel Urieli (2011) “ Engineering Thermodynamic”, http://www. Ohio.edu
Yunus A Cengel, 1994, “Thermodynamic, an Engineering Approach”
Tugas Terstruktur 01
Sebuah mesin yg terdiri piston dan silinder memiliki fluida kerja steam dengan
massa 5 kg dengan tekanan 0.5 Mpa (abs) dan suhu 1600C. Panas dimasukan ke
fluida kerja sehingga mencapai suhu 2000C. jika piston tidak tidak dihubungkan
dengan shaft sehingga bisa bergerak bebas tentukan kerja yang dilakukan oleh fluida
kerja di sistem tsb !
93
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94
Bab 4 Hukum Termodinamika Ke-1
Untuk Sistem Terbuka
4.1. Sub Kompetensi
Kemampuan yang akan dimiliki oleh mahasiswa setelah memahami isi bab ini adalah
sebagai berikut :
Mahasiswa mampu memahami interaksi antara sistem dan sekelilingnya dan
bisa mengembangkan analisis sistem yang melibatkan massa yang mengalir
menembus batasan sistem
95
1. Sistem tertutup : massa selama proses termodinamika akan bernilai konstan dan
selalu berada dalam sistem
2. Sistem terbuka : massa selama proses thermodinamika akan mengalir dan
menembus batas dari sistem sehingga untuk jumlah massa yg masuk dan keluar
dari sistem dikontrol dengan volume.
96
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑚 = 𝜌. 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎 𝑑𝑉 = 𝐴. 𝑑𝑥 Persamaan 4. 1
𝑣
𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑥 ̅
𝐴.𝑉
𝑚̇ = = 𝜌. = 𝜌. 𝐴. = 𝜌. 𝐴. 𝑉̅ = Persamaan 4. 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑣
Sehingga akhirnya dapat ditentukan massa yg mengalir setiap satuan waktunya (mass
flowrate) 𝑚̇ :
𝑉̇ ̅
𝐴.𝑉 𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ = 𝜌. 𝑉̇ = = 𝜌. 𝐴. 𝑉̅ = 𝑚̇ = mass flow rate in (
𝑠
)
𝑣 𝑣
(laju aliran massa/besar laju satuan massa yang mengalir per-satuan waktunya)
𝑚3
𝑉̇ = volumetric flow rate in ( )
𝑠
(laju aliran volume/ besar laju satuan volume yang mengalir per satuan waktu)
𝑚
𝑉̅ = velocity in (kecepatan aliran fluida)
𝑠
𝑚3
𝑣 = specific volume in 𝐴 = luas area aliran in m2
𝑘𝑔
97
Gambar 4. 6 Aliran Energy
Energi total persatuan waktu berkaitan dengan panas dan massa yang mengalir
melalui sisi masuk (1) harus sama dengan total energy akibat kerja dan massa yang
yang mengalir pada sisi keluar (2), sehingga :
𝑄̇ + 𝑚̇𝑒1 = 𝑊̇ + 𝑚̇𝑒2 Persamaan 4. 4
𝑄̇ − 𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇(𝑒2 − 𝑒1 ) = 𝑚̇∆𝑒 Persamaan 4. 5
Dimana
Q̇ = panas per satuan waktu
Ẇ = kerja per satuan waktu
ṁ = massa per satuan waktu
Energy spesifik [e] dapat berupa energy kinetik dan juga energy potensial,
bagaimanapun akan selalu merupakan kombinasi dari internal energy dalam (internal
98
energy) dan kerja (Pv) oleh sebab itu lebih mudah menggabungkan property tsb ( u
dan Pv) menjadi property enthalpy (h) seperti dibawah ini :
̅2
𝑉
𝑒 = 𝑢 + 𝑃𝑣 + 𝑘𝑒 + 𝑝𝑒 = ℎ + [ 2 ] + 𝑔𝑧 Persamaan 4. 6
Dimana 𝑢 + 𝑃𝑣 = ℎ
Sebagai catatan z adalah tinggi dari sistem terhadap titik acuan [m] dan g adalah
gravitasi [9.81 m/s2]. Dengan memasukan factor energy e ke dalam persamaan
energy diatas dan menyederhanakannya , akan didapatkan persamaan energy pada
sisi masuk dan sisi keluar pada sistem control volume sbb :
∆𝑣̅2
𝑄̇ - 𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇ [∆ℎ + ( ) + 𝑔. ∆𝑧] Persamaan 4. 7
2
Notice that enthalpy h is fundamental to the energy equation for a control volume. (
persamaan dasar dari persamaan energy untuk control volume : )
∆𝑣̅2
𝑄̇ - 𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇ [∆ℎ + ( ) + 𝑔. ∆𝑧] Persamaan 4. 8
2
Nozzles dan diffusers adalah peralatan yang di sisi masuk dan sisi keluarnya akan
ada perubahan bentuk sehingga perubahan itu akan mengakibatkan perubahan yang
sangat besar pada kecepatan aliran fluida. Dengan menggunakan persamaan 4.6
energy total pada sistem control volume :
∆𝑣̅ 2
𝑄̇ - 𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇ [∆ℎ + ( 2 ) + 𝑔. ∆𝑧]
99
Dimana perubahan parameter property pada nozzle dan diffuser antara lain :
1. 𝑄̇ ≅ 0 Laju perpindahan panas dari fluida yang mengalir melalu nozzle dan
diffuser sangat kecil sehingga bisa diabaikan.
2. 𝑊̇ = 0 Tidak ada kerja yang dilakukan oleh fluida
3. ∆𝐾𝑒 ≠ 0 energi kinetic tidak sama dengan nol karena ada perubahan kecepatan
4. ∆𝑃𝑒 ≅ 0 beda energy potensial antara inlet dan outlet bisa diabaikan karena
nilainya kecil sehingga bisa diabaikan
Aplikasi peralatan pada : water ejector, reducer dll
Sehingga persamaan energy diatas akan menjadi :
∆𝑣̅ 2
0 = 𝑚̇ [∆ℎ + ( 2
)]
𝑣22 −𝑣12
0 = 𝑚̇ [ℎ2 − ℎ1 + ( )] Persamaan 4. 9
2
Dengan menggunakan pendekatan persamaan 4.6 energy total pada sistem control
volume :
∆𝑣̅ 2
𝑄̇ - 𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇ [∆ℎ + ( ) + 𝑔. ∆𝑧]
2
Dimana perubahan parameter property pada compressor dan turbine uap antara lain :
1. 𝑄̇ ≅ 0 Laju perpindahan panas dari fluida yang mengalir melalu compressor
dan turbine relative sangat kecil sehingga bisa diabaikan.
2. 𝑊̇ ≠ 0 Dibutuhkan kerja pada Compressor dan dihasilkan kerja di Steam
Turbine
3. ∆𝐾𝑒 ≅ 0 energi kinetic mendekati dengan nol karena tak ada perubahan
kecepatan secara signifikan.
4. ∆𝑃𝑒 ≅ 0 beda energy potensial antara inlet dan outlet bisa diabaikan karena
nilainya kecil sehingga bisa diabaikan.
100
Aplikasi peralatan pada : mesin compressor, steam turbine dll
Sehingga persamaan energy diatas menjadi :
-̇ 𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇ [∆ℎ]
-̇ 𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇ [ℎ2 − ℎ1 ] Persamaan 4. 10
Throttling valves are devices that cause large pressure drops in the fluid.
1. 𝑄̇ ≅ 0 Laju perpindahan panas dari fluida yang mengalir melalui Throttling
valve
2. 𝑊̇ = 0 Tidak ada kerja yang dilakukan oleh fluida
3. ∆𝐾𝑒 ≅ 0 beda kecepatan antara inlet dan outlet bisa diabaikan karena nilainya
kecil sehingga bisa diabaikan sehingga energy kinetiknya mendekati nol
4. ∆𝑃𝑒 = 0 beda energy potensial antara inlet dan outlet sama dengan nol
Aplikasi peralatan pada : expansion valve dari sistem mesin pendingin dll
Sehingga persamaan energy diatas menjadi :
0= 𝑚̇ [∆ℎ]
0= 𝑚̇ [ℎ2 − ℎ1 ]
𝑚̇ [ℎ1 ] = 𝑚̇ [ℎ2 ] Persamaan 4. 11
101
4.8.4. Mixing Chambers
Gambar 4. 11 Tee Elbow dari Shower Sebagai Tempat Pencampuran Air Panas dan Dingin.
Sumber : Yunus A Cengel, 1994, “Thermodynamic, an Engineering Approach”
Dengan menggunakan pendekatan persamaan 4.6 energy total pada sistem control
volume :
2
∆𝑣̅
𝑄̇ - 𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇ [∆ℎ + ( 2 ) + 𝑔. ∆𝑧]
Kesetimbangan massa :
102
𝑑𝑚 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = dimana : dt = 0 ( aliran steady )
𝑑𝑡
𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑚̇1 + 𝑚̇2 = 𝑚̇3
∆𝑣̅ 2
𝑄̇ - 𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇ [∆ℎ + ( ) + 𝑔. ∆𝑧]
2
𝑦ℎ1 + ℎ2 = (𝑦 + 1)ℎ3
ℎ3 −ℎ2
𝑦= Persamaan 4. 14
ℎ1 −ℎ3
Salah satu aplikasi di dunia industri adalah untuk menghitung kebutuhan steam untuk
desain air pengisi boiler (feed water tank) dengan system pemanas steam inject:
103
4.8.5. Heat Exchanger (Alat Penukar Panas)
Dengan menggunakan pendekatan persamaan 4.6 energy total pada sistem control
volume:
∆𝑣̅2
𝑄̇ - 𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇ [∆ℎ + ( 2 ) + 𝑔. ∆𝑧]
104
4.9. Rangkuman
Konservasi massa
Kesetimbangan mass pada proses aliran yang steady
Mass balance equation (persamaan kesetimbangan massa)
Aliran energy
2
∆𝑣̅
Persamaan energy untuk control volume 𝑄̇ - 𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇ [∆ℎ + ( 2 ) + 𝑔. ∆𝑧]
Nozzles dan diffusers
Throttling valve
Turbin dan kompressor
Mixing chambers
Heat exchanger
4.10. Referensi
Israel Urieli (2011) “ Engineering Thermodynamic”, http://www. Ohio.edu
Yunus A Cengel, 1994, “Thermodynamic, an Engineering Approach”
http://www.powerplantequip.com/products_boilerfeed.php
http://www.acusim.com/html/apps/plainfin.html
105
4.11. Latihan Soal
Dengan kondisi operasi steam turbine diatas,Berapa kapasitas ton/jam uap Boiler
yang dibutuhkan untuk mensuplai steam turbine tsb ? Apabila mass flowrate steam
tetap dan Pinlet turbine divariasikan berapa kenaikan daya yang dihasilkan oleh
turbine ? plotkan pada diagram !
Ditanya :
1. Berapa kebutuhan steam inject per Plant Unit yang dibutuhkan (Dalam kg/s) ?
2. Berapa kebutuhan steam inject per Plant Unit yang dibutuhkan (Dalam Ton/hr) ?
106
3. Berapa kebutuhan air dingin yang dibutuhkan oleh Plant Unit tersebut ( Dalam
kg/s)
4. Berapa kebutuhan air dingin yang dibutuhkan oleh Plant Unit tersebut ( Dalam
Ton/hr)
107
4.12. Lembar Kerja
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110
Bab 5 Hukum Thermodinamika Ke-2
5.1. Sub Kompetensi
Kemampuan yang akan dimiliki oleh mahasiswa setelah memahami isi bab ini adalah
sebagai berikut :
Mahasiswa mampu memahami hukum termodinamika 2 yang membahas
tentang proses perpindahan energi yang terjadi pada arah tertentu hingga
energi tersebut memiliki kualitas sebaik kuantitasnya
111
Pada siklus mesin thermal, Panas sebesar QH diekstrak dari reservoar suhu tinggi
TH, dan sebagian energy panas diubah menjadi kerja dan sisanya dibuang di
reservoar suhu rendah TL.
Pada siklus pompa kalor, prosesnya adalah kebalikan yang terjadi pada pompa kalor
dimana kerja diberikan/dimasukan kedalam sistem untuk bisa memindahkan panas
sebesar QL dari reservoar suhu rendah menuju ke reservoar suhu tinggi TH
Catatan penting :
Besar dan ketebalan garis ilustrasi menunjukkan besar dari energy panas dan kerja
yang mampu dipindahkan.
Dua statement dari hukum thermodinamika kedua yg pertama tentang mesin thermal
dan kedua tentang mesin pompa kalor.
112
Gambar 5. 3 Clausius Statement Of The 2’nd Thermodynamic Law
Sumber : Israel Urieli (2011) “ Engineering Thermodynamic”
Hal yang tidak mungkin apabila membangun sebuah mesin yang siklus operasinya
tidak membutuhkan efek lain untuk memindahkan panas dari reservoar dingin ke
reservoar lebih panas. Seperti diilustrasikan di gambar diatas.
Apabila 2 mesin thermal diatas digabungkan menjadi satu maka didapatkan ilustrasi
dibawah ini :
113
menentukan performansi maksimum yg tersedia dari mesin thermal dan pompa kalor
maka diperkenalkan konsep reversibility ( reversibilitas)
Ilustrasik konsep diatas maka digunakan contoh silinder piston yg reversible pada
kondisi kesetimbangan thermal dengan lingkungan sekitarnya pada suhu T0 dan akan
mengalami proses kompressi (proses kenaikan tekanan) maupun ekspansi (proses
penambahan volume). Untuk reversibiltas mekanik dapat diasumsikan bahwa proses
kompressi maupun ekspansi adalah tanpa gesekan (frictionless).
Catatan :
Selama proses kompressi partikel gas yg paling dekat dengan piston akan mengalami
kenaikan tekanan dan suhu dibandingkan dengan partikel yang berada jauh dari
piston. Sedangkan reversibilitas membutuhkan semua perpindahan panas pada
kondisi isothermal.
Akan ada 3 kondisi yg dibutuhkan untuk sebuah proses bisa mencapai kondisi
reversible :
Semua proses mekaniknya pada kondisi tidak ada gesekan.
Setiap kenaikkan bertahap pada proses thermal dan tekanan pada kondisi
yang setimbang.
Semua perpindahan panas yg terjadi pada kondisi isothermal.
114
Gambar 5. 7 Mesin Thermal Irreversible vs Reversible
Sumber : Israel Urieli (2011) “ Engineering Thermodynamic”
Sebagai catatan :
Mesin reversible dapat dioperasikan secara terbalik , contoh jika kita menggunakan
sebagian kerja yang dihasilkan dari WR dari mesin irreversible untuk menggerakan
mesin reversible kemudian mesin tsb akan akan bisa dioperasikan sebagai pompa
kalor karena memindahkan panas sebesar QH menuju reservoar panas seperti yang
ditunjukan diagram dibawah ini :
Notice : that the high temperature reservoir becomes redundent, and we end up
drawing a net amount of heat (QLR - QLI) from the low temperature reservoir in order
to produce a net amount of work (WI - WR) - a Kelvin-Planck violator - thus proving
Carnot's Theorem.
115
The efficiency of a reversible heat engine is a function only of the respective
temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs. It can be evaluated by replacing the
ratio of heat transfers QL and QH by the ratio of temperatures TL and TH of the
respective heat reservoirs.
Sehingga dengan menggunakan beberapa konsekuensi diatas kita bisa gunakannya
untuk mengevaluasi efisiensi thermal dari mesin thermal reversible sebagai berikut:
Heat Engine Thermal Efficiency:
𝑊 𝑄𝐻 −𝑄𝐿 𝑄𝐿 𝑇𝐿
𝜂𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = = =1− ⟹ 𝜂𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 ,𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 1 − Persamaan 5. 1
𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐻 𝑇𝐻
Contoh konsep paling sederhana mesin thermal reversible adalah mesin siklus carnot
yang dapat dideskripsikan sesuai diagram di bawah ini :
Dari diagram terlihat bahwa mesin thermal dengan siklus carnot tidak dapat
direalisasikan karena dari 4 proses siklus harus mempertahankan lingkungan dalam
kondisi isothermal menjadi adiabatic. Ketika mesin reversible dioperasikan secara
terbalik siklusnya maka akan menjadi mesin pompa kalor atau mesin pendingin
(refrigerator). Koefisien performansi dari mesin tsb akan menjadi :
116
Heat Pump Coefficient of Performance
𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐻 1 1
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 = = = 𝑄 ⟹ 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 ,𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑇 Persamaan 5. 2
𝑊 𝑄𝐻 −𝑄𝐿 1− 𝐿 1− 𝐿
𝑄𝐻 𝑇𝐻
5.8. Rangkuman
Reservoar Energi Thermal
Ekuilvalensi Statement Clausius dan Kelvin-Planck
Reversibilitas Mekanik dan Thermal
Teorema Carnot
Konsekuensi 1 Teorema Carnot
Konsekuensi pertama dari teorema carnot :
𝑤 𝑄𝐻 −𝑄𝐿 𝑇
Efisiensi thermal mesin 𝜂𝑡ℎ = 𝑄 = 𝑄𝐻
→ 1 − 𝑇𝐿
𝐻 𝐻
𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐻 1 1
Koefisien performansi pompa kalor 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 = 𝑊
=
𝑄𝐻 −𝑄𝐿
= 𝑄 → 𝑇
1− 𝐿 1− 𝐿
𝑄𝐻 𝑇𝐻
𝑄𝐿 𝑄𝐿 1 1
Koefisien performansi mesin (refrigerator) 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅 = 𝑊
=𝑄 = 𝑄𝐻 → 𝑇𝐻
𝐻 −𝑄𝐿 −1 −1
𝑄𝐿 𝑇𝐿
5.9. Referensi
Israel Urieli (2011) “Engineering Thermodynamic”, http://www. Ohio.edu/
Yunus A Cengel, 1994, “Thermodynamic, an Engineering Approach”
117
5.10. Latihan Soal
Tugas Terstruktur 1
A heat pump is used to meet the heating requirements of a house and maintain it at
20°C. On a day when the outdoor air temperature drops to -10°C it is estimated that
the house loses heat at the rate of 10 kW. Under these conditions the actual
Coefficient of Performance (COPHP) of the heat pump is 2.5.
a) Draw a diagram representing the heat pump system showing the flow of energy
and the temperatures, and determine:
b) the actual power consumed by the heat pump [4 kW]
c) the power that would be consumed by an electric resistance heater under these
conditions [10 kW]
Derive all equations used starting from the basic definition of COPHP.
118
5.11. Lembar Kerja
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Anakku kalau kau tak sanggup menahan lelah karena belajar,
Kamu harus sanggup menahan derita karena kebodohan
(imam syafi’i)
120
Bab 6 Siklus Gas Pembangkit Daya
6.1. Sub Kompetensi
Kemampuan yang akan dimiliki oleh mahasiswa setelah memahami isi bab ini adalah
sebagai berikut :
Mahasiswa mampu mengerti penerapan/aplikasi hukum thermodinamika terutama
pada penerapannya pada siklus gas pembangkit daya
Reciprocating engines. TDC = Top Dead Centre & Displacement and clearance volumes of a reciprocating
BDC = Bottom Dead Centre engine
121
Note : TDC = TMA (Titik Mati Atas)
BDC = TMB (Titik Mati Bawah)
Volume minimum yang terbentuk didalam silinder ketika piston berada pada TDC
disebut sebagai Clearance volume sedangkan volume yang terbentuk oleh piston
pada saat piston bergerak antara TDC dan BDC disebut sebagai volume selisih
(volume displacement) sedangkan perbandingan diantara 2 volume tersebut disebut
sebagai compression ratio (r) dari sebuah mesin.
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉
𝑟= 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 𝑉𝐵𝐷𝐶 Persamaan 6. 1
𝑇𝐷𝐶
Istilah lain yang sering digunakan yang berhubungan dengan mesin “reciprocating engine “
adalah Mean Effective Pressure (MEP) tekanan efektif rata-rata, yaitu tekanan rata-rata
yang bekerja pada piston sebesar panjang piston yang menghasilkan kerja bersih Wnetto
selama proses siklus actual nya:
Wnett = Pressure x Volume
Wnett = MEP x Piston Area x Stroke
Wnett = MEP x Displacement volume
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑊 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
Maka MEP = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
= 𝑉𝐵𝐷𝐶 −𝑉𝑇𝐷𝐶
Persamaan 6. 2
122
Gambar 6. 3 Perbedaan Sistem Penyalaan Pada Mesin Gasoline vs Diesel
Sumber : Yunus A Cengel, 1994, “Thermodynamic, an Engineering Approach”
Pada kasus aktual siklus ini sangat kompleks sehingga untuk pendekatan perhitungan
thermodinamika digunakan asumsi “udara standard” dimana fluida kerja merupakan
massa udara yang konstan selama proses siklusnya. Semua proses thermodinamika
nya adalah ideal, proses pembakaran yg terjadi diganti dengan penambahan energi
panas (heat addition) ke fluida kerja udara dan langkah buang diganti dengan
langkah pembuangan panas (heat rejection) yg mengembalikan udara ke kondisi
awalnya.
Mesin diesel standard memiliki 4 macam langkah proses, dimana fluida kerja udara
akan mengalami 4 macam proses yang berbeda, setiap langkah proses akan dianalisa
secara sendiri-sendiri, dan dapat ditunjukan pada diagaram P-V. yg mana 2 dari 4
proses diatas adalah proses adiabatik ( adiabatic = tidak ada perpindahan panas).
Dimana persamaan proses adiabatic adalah sbb :
Proses Adiabatic Pada Gas Ideal (Q=0)
Hasil analisa didapatkan 3 bentuk persamaan umum untuk proses adiabatic:
𝑇𝑣 𝑘−1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛 Persamaan 6. 3
(1−𝑘)
𝑇𝑃 𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 Persamaan 6. 4
𝑃𝑣 𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 Persamaan 6. 5
Dimana: k = rasio kapasitas panas udara yang memiliki nilai 1.4 pada suhu 3000K.
123
Proses 1-2 : Proses Kompressi Adiabatic
Proses 1-2 pada proses kompressi adiabatic temperatur udara naik diakibatkan
proses kompressi dengan compression ratio yang besar ( biasanya diatas 16:1)
sehingga suhunya akan mencapai titik penyalaan (ignition temperature) dari bahan
bakar yg diinjeksikan. Dengan mengetahui kondisi awal titik 1 dan data compression
rasio mesin maka dengan persamaan proses adiabatic bisa didapatkan kondisi ke 2 yg
merupakan kondisi akhir setelah proses kompressi adiabatic), seperti dibawah ini:
𝑃 𝑉 𝑘 𝑉
[𝑃2 ] = [𝑉1 ] = [𝑟 = 𝑉1 → 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜] Persamaan 6. 6
1 1 2
𝑇 𝑉 𝑘−1
[𝑇2 ] = [𝑉1 ] = 𝑟 𝑘−1 Persamaan 6. 7
1 1
Kerja W1-2 yg diperlukan untuk mengkompressi fluida kerja gas ditunjukan di
gambar area dibawah kurva P-V curve, dapat dihitung dengan persamaan dibawah
seperti ini :
𝑃.𝑉 2 (𝑃2 𝑉2 −𝑃1 𝑃1 )
𝑊1−2 = (1−𝑘) = (1−𝑘)
Persamaan 6. 8
1
124
Proses 2-3 Proses Pemasukan Bahan Bakar
Selama proses 2- 3 bahan bakar diinjeksikan dan terbakar hal ini ditunjukan oleh
proses ekpansi ( penambahan volume). Jadi bahan bakar diinjeksikan dari titik 2
sampe titik 3 dan pada titik 3 injeksi bahan bakar dihentikan namun proses ekpansi
akan terus berlanjut secara adiabatic dengan diikuti penurunan suhu hingga langkah
ekspansi tsb selesai pada saat piston mencapai TMB.
Proses 3-4 adalah proses ekspansi (kenaikan volume) ekspansi. Kerja ekspansi adalah Wexp =
(W2-3 + W3-4) dan ditunjukan pada area dibawah diagram P-V.
Proses 4-1 Proses Pembuangan Panas
Proses pembuangan panas dilakukan pada pada volume konstan, dan pada mesin
diesel aktual ditunjukan pembuangan fluida gas dari dalam silinder. Kerja bersih
yang dilakukan selama proses 1 siklus dapat didapatkan :
Wnet = (Wexp + W1-2) Persamaan 6. 11
namun dengan catatan W1-2 akan bernilai negative karena merupakan kerja
kompressi yang membutuhkan kerja masuk ke dalam sistem.
Pada mesin diesel dengan siklus standard Panas masuk Qin pada pembakaran bahan
bakar pada saat disemprotkan kedalam silinder, pada kondisi ideal proses tekanan
konstan 2-3. Pada Volume maksimum (TMB) udara hasil pembakaran akan terbuang
seluruhnya dan tergantikan dengan udara segar.Proses ini ditunjukan pada proses
pembuangan panas pada volume konstan Qout = -Q4-1.
125
Gambar 6. 7 Proses injeksi bahan bakar pada tekanan konstan
Sumber: Israel Urieli (2011) “Engineering Thermodynamic”
Pada step ini lebih mudah menentukan efisiensi mesin dengan perubahan panas
sebagai berikut :
𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚. 𝐶𝑝 . (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ) 𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑘𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑘𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛 Persamaan 6. 12
𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚. 𝐶𝑣 . (𝑇4 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑘𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑘𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛 Persamaan 6. 13
Sehingga mengacu pada hukum I Thermodinamika:
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊1−2 + 𝑊2−3 + 𝑊3−4 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 Persamaan 6. 14
126
𝜂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 =
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
=
𝑄𝑖𝑛 −𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑄
= 1− 𝑜𝑢𝑡
Persamaan 6. 19
𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝑖𝑛
𝐶𝑝
𝜂𝑡ℎ =1− 𝐶𝑣(𝑇4−𝑇1) dimana 𝑘 = 𝐶𝑣
Persamaan 6. 20
𝐶𝑝 (𝑇3 −𝑇2 )
Dengan asumsi udara standard Cv selama proses 4-1 dan 3-2 dianggap tetap maka
didapatkan :
𝜂 𝑇
𝑇1 [ 4 −1 ]
Persamaan 6. 22
𝑇1
𝑡ℎ =1− 𝑇
𝑘.𝑇2 [ 3 −1]
𝑇2
𝑉3
𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓𝑓 =
𝑉2
Proses 1-2 dan proses 3-4 adalah proses isentropic adiabatic 𝑇. 𝑉 𝑘−1 = 𝑘 sehingga
memenuhi persamaan proses diatas :
𝑇1 . 𝑉1𝑘−1 = 𝑇2 . 𝑉2𝑘−1 dan 𝑇3 . 𝑉3𝑘−1 = 𝑇4 . 𝑉4𝑘−1 Persamaan 6. 23
𝑇2 𝑉 𝑘−1 𝑇3 𝑉 𝑘−1
= [ 1] dan = [ 4]
𝑇1 𝑉2 𝑇4 𝑉3
𝑉 𝑉
dengan kondisi 𝑉2 = 𝑉3 dan 𝑉4 = 𝑉1 dengan compression ratio r = 𝑉1 = 𝑉4
2 3
maka :
𝑇2 𝑇3
= [𝑟]𝑘−1 = = [𝑟]𝑘−1 Persamaan 6. 24
𝑇1 𝑇4
𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑇 𝑇3
𝑇1
= 𝑇4
= [𝑟]𝑘−1 ↔ 𝑇4 = 𝑇2
= [𝑟]𝑘−1 Persamaan 6. 25
1
𝜂 𝑇
𝑇1 [ 4 −1 ]
Persamaan 6. 26
𝑇1 𝑇
𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑙= 1− 𝑇 =1− 1
𝑇2 [ 3 −1] 𝑇2
𝑇2
𝜂 1 𝑟𝑘 −1
Persamaan 6. 27
𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑙 =1− 𝑘−1 [ 𝑐 ]
𝑟 𝑘(𝑟𝑐 −1
127
Contoh Soal 6.0
Mesin diesel dengan sistem udara standard memiliki compression ratio sebesar 18
dan compression ratio cut off sebesar 2. Pada awal langkah proses compress, fluida
kerja udara memiliki parameter sebesar tekanan 100 kPa temperatur 27°C (300 K).
Tentukan parameter Temperatur dan tekanan udara pada setiap titik proses, Kerja
bersih yang dihasilkan oleh siklus diesel tersebut dalam satuan [kJ/kg], dan efisiensi
thermal dari siklus mesin diesel tersebu.
128
Sehingga 𝑇2 = 𝑇1 𝑟 𝑘−1 = 300. 181.4−1 = 953.30 𝐾
1762.4+881.2
Cp diambil berdasarkan nilai 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 2−3 =( ) ≈ 1321.80 𝐾
2
Dengan interpolasi pada tabel Spesific udara pada suhu antara 13000 𝐾 dan 14000 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
Didapatkan nilai 𝐶𝑝 = 1.1931 𝑘𝑔0 𝐾
129
𝑘𝐽
𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 1051.36
𝑘𝑔
𝑘−1
𝑣3 𝑘−1 𝑣3 𝑣2 𝑘−1 𝑟𝑐 𝑘−1
𝑇𝑣 = 𝑘𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛 → 𝑇4 = 𝑇3 ( ) = 𝑇3 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝑇3 ( )
𝑣4 𝑣2 𝑣4 𝑟
Dengan mengacu pada 𝑇3 = 1762.40 𝐾 nilai dapatkan dihitung dengan extrapolasi
pada tabel didapatkan nilai k = 1.299 sehingga nilai T4 dapat dihitung 𝑇4 =
2 1.299 −1
1762.40 𝐾 ( )
18
𝑇4 = 913.6630 𝐾
Untuk mendapatkan nilai T4 aktualnya maka harus didapatkan nilai rata-rata
proses T3 sampai T4 :
(1762.4 + 913.663)
𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 3−4 = = 1338.0320 𝐾
2
Dengan interpolasi pada tabel Spesific udara pada suhu antara 13000 𝐾 dan
14000 𝐾 didapatkan nilai k = 1.316
0
2 1.316 −1
𝑇4 𝑎𝑘𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 1762.4 𝐾 ( )
18
𝑇4 = 880.1640 𝐾
𝑣3 𝑘
𝑃𝑣 𝑘 = 𝑘𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛 → 𝑃3 𝑣3 𝑘 = 𝑃4 𝑣4 𝑘 → 𝑃4 = 𝑃3 ( )
𝑣4
𝑟𝑐 𝑘 2 1.316
𝑃4 = 𝑃3 ( ) = 5287.35 ( ) = 293.396 𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑟 18
130
Dengan interpolasi pada tabel Spesific udara pada suhu antara 5500 𝐾 dan 6000 𝐾
didapatkan nilai 𝐶𝑣 = 0.7616 𝑘𝑔𝑘𝐽0 𝐾
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0.7419 (880.164 − 300).0 𝐾 = 441.979
𝑘𝑔0 𝐾 𝑘𝑔
Untuk mendapatkan nilai kerja bersih per siklus yang dihasilkan “network output per
cycle” maka perlu dihitung besar dari energy panas yg masuk dan energy panas yg
keluar. Dengan konsep kesetimbangan energy untuk satu kali siklus maka dapat
dihitung efisiensi thermal diesel engine:
𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑖𝑛 − 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (1051.36 − 441.979 ) = 609.381
𝑘𝑔
Thermal efisiensi Mesin Diesel:
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑞𝑖𝑛 − 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 441.979
𝜂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = = =1− = 1−
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑖𝑛 1051.36
𝜂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = 57.96 %
Nilai efisiensi thermal yang didapatkan sangat tinggi, ini disebabkan analisis yang
dilakukan pada kondisi ”ideal” yg mana analisis banyak mengabaikan efek
kehilangan panas pada kondisi sebenarnya pada mesin
131
6.3.2. Mesin Standard Siklus Otto (“ Spark-Ignition
engine ”)
Siklus standard otto adalah siklus ideal untuk mesin pembakaran internal dengan
penyalaan percikan “spark”, yg pertama kali didesain oleh Nikolaus Otto lebih dari
130 tahun yang lalu, yg banyak digunakan pada kebanyakan kendaraan bermotor.
Perbedaan paling signifikan daripada siklus otto dan siklus ideal diesel adalah
metode penyalaan pada campuran bahan bakar dan udara. Review dari siklus ideal
diesel yang memiliki compression ratio sangat tinggi (18:1) mengakibatkan
temperatur udara dalam silinder akan mencapai penyalaan bahan bakar. Kemudian
bahan bakar diinjeksikan kedalam silinder dalam kondisi tekanan konstan. Berbeda
dengan siklus otto, pada siklus ini campuran bahan bakar dan udara dikompressi
secara bersamaan pada compression ratio lebih rendah ( contohnya 8:1) dan
kemudian dinyalakan dengan “percikan”. Akibat pembakaran akan mengakibatkan
kenaikan tekanan secara mendadak sedangkan volumenya pada kondisi tetap
konstan. Proses berikutnya adalah ekspansi dan pembuangan gas sisa bahan bakar
yang esensinya identik yg terjadi pada siklus mesin diesel.
Berikut analisis pendekatan dari siklus mesin otto dengan disertai dengan gambar
diagram dan analisa perhitungannya :
Gambar 6. 8 Actual and ideal cycles in spark-ignition engines and their P-v diagrams.
Sumber : Yunus A Cengel, 1994, “Thermodynamic, an Engineering Approach”
132
Sehingga efisiensi thermal siklus otto dengan menggunakan asumsi standard udara
k =1.4 didapatkan :
𝜂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑂𝑡𝑡𝑜 = 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑄𝑖𝑛 −𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑄 Persamaan 6. 31
= = 1− 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝑖𝑛
Dengan asumsi udara standard Cv selama proses 4-1 dan 3-2 dianggap tetap maka
didapatkan
𝜂 𝑇1 [ −1 ]
𝑇4 Persamaan 6. 33
(𝑇 −𝑇 ) 𝑇1
𝑡ℎ 𝑂𝑡𝑡𝑜=1− 4 1 = 1− 𝑇
(𝑇3 −𝑇2 ) 𝑇2 [ 3 −1]
𝑇2
Dimana pada proses 1-2 dan proses 3-4 adalah proses isentropic adiabatic
𝑇. 𝑉 𝑘−1 = 𝑘𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛 sehingga memenuhi persamaan proses diatas :
𝑇1 . 𝑉1𝑘−1 = 𝑇2 . 𝑉2𝑘−1 dan 𝑇3 . 𝑉3𝑘−1 = 𝑇4 . 𝑉4𝑘−1 Persamaan 6. 34
𝑇2 𝑉 𝑘−1 𝑇3 𝑉 𝑘−1
= [ 1] dan = [ 4] dengan kondisi 𝑉2 = 𝑉3 dan 𝑉4 = 𝑉1 dengan compression
𝑇1 𝑉 2 𝑇4 𝑉 3
𝑉1 𝑉4
ratio r = =
𝑉2 𝑉3
maka :
𝑇2 𝑇3
= [𝑟]𝑘−1 = = [𝑟]𝑘−1
𝑇1 𝑇4
𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑇 𝑇3
𝑇1
= 𝑇4
= [𝑟]𝑘−1 ↔ 𝑇4 = 𝑇2
= [𝑟]𝑘−1
1
𝜂 𝑇
𝑇1 [ 4 −1 ]
Persamaan 6. 35
𝑇1 𝑇
𝑡ℎ 𝑂𝑡𝑡𝑜= 1− 𝑇 =1− 1
𝑇2 [ 3 −1] 𝑇2
𝑇2
Gambar 6. 9 Efisiensi thermal siklus ideal Otto dengan fungsi compression rasio pada k =1.4
Sumber : Yunus A Cengel, 1994, “Thermodynamic, an Engineering Approach”
133
Contoh Soal
Langkah 2 : Tentukan fluida kerja yang digunakan karena berhubungan dengan table yang akan
dipakai !!! (sangat penting)
Pada proses thermodinamika pada siklus otto ini menggunakan udara sebagai fluida kerja sehingga
digunakan : Table 3 Specific Heat Capacities of Air
Langkah 3 : Selesaikan soal tersebuat mulai dari setiap kondisi 1 berurutan sampai
kondisi 4 untuk mendapatkan kondisi setiap akhir proses.
Persamaan yang relevan dengan kondisi diatas yaout internal energy dan proses
adiabatic :
𝑘𝐽
𝑃. 𝑣 = 𝑅𝑇 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎 𝑅 = 0,287 [ ]
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
∆𝑢 = 𝐶𝑣 . ∆𝑇
Yg mana persamaan adiabatic sbb : 𝑃. 𝑣 𝐾 = 𝑘𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑇𝑣 𝑘−1 = 𝑘𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛
Proses 1-2 Proses Kompressi Adiabatik ( Adiabatic Compression)
134
𝑣1 𝑘−1
𝑇. 𝑣 𝑘−1 = 𝑘𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛 → 𝑇2 = 𝑇1 . [ ] = 𝑇1 . [𝑟]𝑘−1
𝑣2
Mengacu pada titik 1 pada Temperatur 3000C maka nilai 𝑘 = 1.4 sehingga nilai
𝑣1 𝑘−1
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 . [ ] = 300. [8]1.4−1 = 689.219 𝐾
𝑣2
(300+689.219)
Nilai temperature rata-rata 1-2 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 1−2 = = 494.6090 𝐾
2
Nilai k berdasarkan nilai rata-rata temperatur proses 1-2 dengan interpolasi antara 450 K dan 500 K
akan didapatkan nilai k sebesar k = 1.3874
135
𝑃2 𝑣2 𝑃3 𝑣3
= proses 2-3 adalah isochoric/isovolume maka 𝑣2 = 𝑣3 maka
𝑇2 𝑇3
𝑃2 𝑃3
persamaannya menjadi = sehingga :
𝑇2 𝑇3
𝑇3
𝑃3 = 𝑃2
𝑇2
1576.751 𝐾
𝑃3 = 1790.387 𝑘𝑝𝑎
671.395 𝐾
𝑃3 = 4204. 67 𝑘𝑝𝑎
Maka nilai K proses 3-4 pada Taverage =1205,677 K dengan interpolasi antara 1200 dan
1300 didapatkan nilai k = 1,32366
Sehingga
1 1.32366−1
𝑇4−𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 1576.751. [ ] = 804.394 𝐾
8
Nilai P4 dihitung dengan persamaan Adibatik
𝑣3 𝑘 1 1.32366−1
𝑃𝑣 𝑘 = 𝑘 → 𝑃3 𝑣3 𝑘 = 𝑃4 𝑣4 𝑘 → 𝑃4 = 𝑃3 ( ) = 4204. 67 [ ] = 268.131 𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑣4 8
Proses 4-1 Proses Pembuangan Gas Sisa Pembakaran Pada Volume Konstan
(Isochoric/Isovolume)
Pada proses 4-1 terjadi pembuangan gas hasil pembakaran pada proses volume
konstan.
Nilainya sebesar :
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∆𝑢 = 𝐶𝑣 ∆𝑇 = 𝐶𝑣 (𝑇4 − 𝑇1 ) = 𝐶𝑣 (834,604 − 300)
Untuk mendapatkan nilai Cv aktualnya maka harus didapatkan nilai rata-rata proses
T4 sampai T1 :
(834.604 + 300)
𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠 4−1 = = 567,3020 𝐾
2
Dengan interpolasi pada tabel Spesific udara pada suhu antara 5500 𝐾 dan 6000 𝐾
didapatkan nilai 𝐶𝑣 = 0.75681 𝑘𝑔𝑘𝐽0 𝐾
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0,75681 0
(834.604 − 300).0 𝐾 = 404,591
𝑘𝑔 𝐾 𝑘𝑔
136
Sehingga bisa didapatkan efisiensi thermal mesin otto sbb :
𝑘𝐽
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑖𝑛 − 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (800 − 404,591 ) = 395,4082
𝑘𝑔
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑞𝑖𝑛 −𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 395,4082
Efisiensi thermal : 𝜂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = 𝑞𝑖𝑛
=
𝑞𝑖𝑛
=1−
𝑞𝑖𝑛
=1−
800
= 50,574 %
137
6.4. Siklus Brayton: The Ideal Cycle for Gas-Turbine
Engines
Proses:
Proses 1-2 Kompressi udara isentropic terjadi di unit compressor
Proses 2-3 Pemasukan panas pada tekanan konstan pada unit ruang bakar
(combustion chamber)
Proses 3-4 Ekspansi isentropic expansion pada unit turbine gas
Proses 4-1 Pembuangan panas pada tekanan konstan pada exhaust chamber
Gambar 6. 11 T-s and P-v diagrams for the ideal Brayton cycle
Sumber : Yunus A Cengel, 1994, “Thermodynamic, an Engineering Approach”
138
T
wnet qout cp (T4 −T1 ) T1 ( 4 −1)
T1
ηth brayton = = 1− = 1−c =1− T Persamaan 6. 37
qin qin p (T3 −T2 ) T2 ( 3 −1)
T2
(k−1) (k−1)
T2 P2 k P3 k T3
=( ) =( ) =
T1 P1 P4 T4
1 𝐩
ηbrayton = 1 − (k−1) dengan 𝐫𝐩 = 𝐩𝟐 Persamaan 6. 38
𝟏
rp k
Di instalasi pembangkit daya dengan gas turbine (gas-turbine power plants) , rasio
(perbandingan) kerja compressor terhadap kerja turbine disebuat sebagai back work
ratio. Biasanya lebih dari 0,5 dari kerja output pada turbine digunakan untuk
menggerakan compressor dan kondisi ini akan lebih parah lagi pada saat efisiensi
isentropis dari compressor dan turbine rendah sehingga menimbulkan deviasi siklus
aktual dari siklus ideal seperti diagram dibawah ini :
139
(a) (b)
Gambar 6. 14 (a) Siklus ideal gas turbine dari siklus brayton (b) Siklus aktual gas turbine (siklus
brayton) dengan efek irreversibilitas.
Sumber: Yunus A Cengel, 1994, “Thermodynamic, an Engineering Approach”
𝑤𝑠 ℎ −ℎ
𝜂𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 = ≅ 2𝑠 1 Persamaan 6. 39
𝑤𝑎 ℎ2𝑎 −ℎ1
𝑤𝑎 ℎ −ℎ
𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑤𝑠
≅ ℎ3 −ℎ4𝑎 Persamaan 6. 40
3 4𝑠
140
6.6. Modifikasi-Modifikasi pada Siklus Basic.
1. Siklus Brayton dengan Regenerasi
(a) (b)
Gambar 6. 16 (a) Gas turbine dengan regenerator (b) Diagram T-s dari siklus Brayton dengan
penambahan modifikasi regenerasi.
Sumber : Yunus A Cengel, 1994, “Thermodynamic, an Engineering Approach”
𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = ℎ5 − ℎ2
𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ5′ − ℎ2 = ℎ4 − ℎ2
Gambar 6. 17 Gas-turbine engine compressor 2 tingkat dengan intercooling dan 2 tingkat ekspansi
dengan reheating dan regeneration.
Sumber: Yunus A Cengel, 1994, “Thermodynamic, an Engineering Approach”
141
6.7. Rangkuman
Mesin Gerak Bolak Balik (Reciprocating Engines) SI engines dan CI engines
Compression rasio
MEP
Siklus Mesin Diesel Standard (Compression-Ignition Engine)
Siklus mesin otto standard
Siklus Brayton: The Ideal Cycle for Gas-Turbine Engines
6.8. Referensi
Israel Urieli (2011) “ Engineering Thermodynamic”, http://www. Ohio.edu
Yunus A Cengel, 1994, “Thermodynamic, an Engineering Approach”
142
6.9. Latihan Soal
Tugas Terstruktur 1 : Siklus Diesel
Pada tabel dibawah terdapat tiga (3) tipe mesin diesel yang menggunakan udara
sebagai fluida kerjanya. Kondisi awal dari proses kompressi memiliki tekanan 105
kPa dan 200C. Jika temperatur maksimum yang terjadi pada siklus adalah tidak
lebih dari 22000K, Tentukan:
1. Gambarkan proses siklus pada diagram P-v untuk bisa menjelaskan 3 kondisi
diatas dan berikan semua data pada setiap titik proses thermodinamikanya
(score 25%)
2. Tentukan Tekanan (P) dan temperatur (T) setiap titik pada proses (score 25%)
3. Efisien thermal dari 3 mesin tersebut (score 25%)
4. Bagaimana korelasi besar compression ratio terhadap efisiensi thermal dari 3
mesin diatas ? (score 25%)
Anda sebagai engineer yang memiliki kompetensi menguji 3 type mesin engine ini
diminta memberikan analisa mana type mesin thermal yang menggunakan prinsif
siklus otto yang terbaik?
1. Gambarkan siklus mesin diatas pada diagram P-v beserta data yang diketahui!
2. Berapa temperature akhir langkah kompressi ?
3. Berapa temperature akhir langkah expansi ?
4. Berapa energi yang dibutuhkan oleh oleh mesin untuk siklus tsb ?
5. Berapa energi panas yang terbuang pada langkah buang pada siklus ?
143
6. Berapa efisiensi total dari siklus ?
Combustor
Sebuah unit turbine gas yang dioperasikan pada kondisi lingkungan ber temperatur
270C dengan tekanan 120 kPa. Temperatur keluar combustor didesain tidak lebih
𝑘𝑔
12000C dan massa udara yg mengalir pada compressor 6 . Apabila untuk
𝑠
mendapatkan hasil terbaik digunakan beberapa variasi unit compressor pressure
ratio sbb :
Unit #1 Unit#2 Unit#3
Pressure ratio 14.5 15.7 16.5
144
6.10. Lembar Kerja
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148
Bab 7 Siklus Uap & Kombinasinya
dengan Siklus Gas Pembangkit Daya
Penyebab siklus Carnot tidak bisa diterapkan pada mesin aktual antara lain:
Proses 1-2 Perpindahan panas harus dalam kondisi isothermal, hal ini masih mungkin
dicapai dengan kondisi fluida kerja dijaga pada tekanan dan temperature nya pada
kondisi saturated. Oleh sebab itu proses 1-2 dan 3-4 dapat didekati dengan
pendekatan pada kondisi aktual boiler (ketel uap) dan condenser.
149
Proses 2-3 yang merupakan ekspansi isentropis yang merupakan proses yang terjadi
di turbin, namun kualitas steam yang turun selama proses ekspansi yang ditunjukan
oleh diagram T-s mengakibatkan turbin uap harus berhadapan dengan kualitas steam
yang rendah akibat tingginya kadar air (moisture contents) yang akan mengakibatkan
proses erosi pada sudu turbin, dimana kualitas steam (x) harus dijaga diatas 90
Proses 4-1 merupakan proses kompressi isentropic yang melibat 2 fasa yaitu liquid,
uap campuran menuju titik 1 (saturated liquid). 2 kesulitan yang berada di proes 4-1
adalah:
Sulitnya mengkontrol proses kondensasi tepat pada titik 4
Tidak aplikatif desain compressor yg bisa bekerja pada fluida kerja yang
berada di 2 fasa (mixture).
150
satuan massa yang mengalir dalam sistem maka diagram P-h (pressure-enthalpy)
digunakan terlebih dahulu untuk mendeskripsikan berbagai sistem steam power
plant. Diagram P-h ditunjukan pada gambar 7.2, Dengan mempergunakan diagram
tersebut dapat dibaca berbagai parameter property dari sistem antara tekanan (Mpa),
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
Temperatur (0C), enthalpy (𝑘𝑔), entrophy(𝑘𝑔.𝐾), % kualitas steam, fasa steam.
Gambar 7. 3 Diagram P-h untuk Air Pada Siklus Daya Ideal Rankine pada Tekanan Tinggi (15 Mpa)
Sumber: Israel Urieli (2011) “Engineering Thermodynamic”
Skema paling sederhana dari siklus ideal rankine ditunjukan oleh gambar 7.2, dimana
pada skema tersebut ada 2 tingkat turbin uap yang digunakan yaitu turbin uap
tekanan kerja tinggi (High Pressure (HP) turbine) dan turbin uap tekanan rendah
(Low Pressure (LP) turbine) karena tidak pada kondisi aplikasi maka hal tidak
praktis apabila menggunakan turbin uap tunggal yang harus meng-ekspansi uap dari
tekanan 15MPa to 10kPa.
151
Gambar 7. 4 Skema Steam Power Plant dengan Turbin Uap 2 Tingkat
Sumber: Israel Urieli (2011) “Engineering Thermodynamic”
Untuk melakukan analisis terhadap desain skema steam power plant diatas maka
lebih mudah menganalisanya pada diagram P-h dengan mendasarkannya pada data
tekanan dan temperatur sehingga didapatkan plot diagram P-h seperti dibawah ini:
152
Sedangkan panas yang masuk ke dalam sistem QB adalah panas yang harus
dibangkitkan pada Boiler.
𝑊 [𝑊𝑆𝑇 −𝑊𝑃 ]
Sehingga Efisiensi thermal dari siklus rankine 𝜂𝑡ℎ = 𝑄 = 𝑄𝐵
Persamaan 7. 2
𝐵
Catatan:
Proses ekspansi pada 2 turbine adalah proses ideal (isentropic). Diagram P-h
menunjukan pada titik keluar proses ekspansi di Low Pressure Turbine (titik 2)
steam memasuki daerah kualitas steam 80%. Hal ini seharusnya dihindari karena
steam yg terkondensasi akan menyebabkan erosi (pengikisan) pada sudu-sudu turbin
uap (turbine blade). Untuk menghindarinya maka titik tersebut seharusnya dijaga
pada daerah kualitas diatas 90%.
Salah contoh proses erosi yg terjadi pada “blade tips” pada final stage Gavin LP
Turbine, dimana selama tahun operasi 2000 harus ada penggantian 4 LP turbine
disebabkan proses erosi yg disebabkan kualitas uap yg jelek sehingga mengakibatkan
turunnya performansi turbin:
153
Gambar 7. 7 Penurunan Tekanan Kerja Kondensor
154
Efek kenaikan temperature superheated steam:
1. Kenaikan nilai enthalphi steam pada saat masuk steam turbine
2. Kenaikan kualitas steam (nilai x dari 4 ke 4’) pada saat steam
meninggalkan steam turbine
3. Kenaikan temperature juga terbatas maksimal 6500C dengan pertimbangan
pada kemampuan material logam yg digunakan (metallurgical aspect),
sehingga untuk alasan pengembangan dapat digunakan material ceramic
yg memiliki kemampuan bertahan pada temperature lebih tinggi.
Dengan perkembangan teknologi material maka tekanan operasi boiler bisa semakin
naik beberapa tahun ini, dimulai dari 2,7 Mpa pada tahun 1922 dan lebih dari 30 Mpa
pada saat ini. Sehingga bisa membangkitkan steam yg cukup untuk memproduksi
155
daya sebesar 1000 MW atau lebih pada unit power plant. Sekarang pembangkit daya
steam modern dioperasikan pada tekanan supercritical yaitu 22.06 Mpa sehingga
memiliki efisiensi thermal 40% pada saat menggunakan bahan bakar fossil dan 34%
pada saat menggunakan bahan bakar nuklir. Lebih rendahnya efisiensi thermal pada
saat menggunakan bahan kabar nuklir lebih karena alasan safety.
Contoh : Siklus Steam Pembangkit Daya Ideal dengan Pemanas Ulang (Reheater)
.
Sehingga siklus bisa di-plot-kan pada diagram P-h dan membandingkannya dengan
kondisi desain pertama yang tidak menggunakan Reheater, yg bisa ditunjukan seperti
dibawah ini :
156
Gambar 7. 12 Steam Power Plant dengan Instalasi Reheater
Sumber: Yunus A Cengel, 1994, “Thermodynamic, an Engineering Approach”
157
komponen yg terkontrol volume-nya, antara lain:
Mengasumsikan 2 turbine yg digunakan pada siklus adalah turbine isentropic
(adiabatic and reversible), dan mengabaikan efek energi kinetiknya. Dengan
menggunakan tabel steam untuk menentukan jumlah kerja yang bisa dihasilkan oleh
2 turbine diatas.
:
Pada siklus yang ideal, diasumsikan bahwa feedwater pump (pompa pengisi air
boiler) bekerja dengan proses isentropik. Temperatur air masuk pompa adalah 460C,
dan berada pada fasa tetap cair (incompressible liquid), walaupun air tersebut berada
pada tekanan 15 Mpa sehingga bisa didefinisikan persamaan energi pada fasa
incompressible liquid seperti dibawah ini :
158
Total energy panas yang perlu dibangkitkan pada boiler yg termasuk didalamnya
untuk sistem reheater:
Efisiensi thermal pada siklus rankine dengan unit tambahan reheater, didefiniskan
sebagai kerja bersih (turbine dan pompa) dibagi dengan energy panas total perlu
dibangkitkan di boiler :
𝑘𝐽
𝑤𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 − 𝑤𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 1925 − 15 [𝑘𝑔]
𝜂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = = = 45%
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝐽
4254 [ ]
𝑘𝑔
Catatan:
Metode lain untuk menentukan efisiensi thermal siklus dengan metode yg lebih
sederhana yaitu dengan menghitung energy panas yang dibuang di air pendingin
condenser (cooling water)
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (ℎ4 − ℎ5 ) = 2536 − 192 = 2344 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑗
𝑞𝑖𝑛 − 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 2344 [ ]
𝑘𝑔
𝜂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = =1− =1− = 45%
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑗
4254 [ ]
𝑘𝑔
159
7.8. Siklus Rankine Regenerasi – dengan Pemanas
Terbuka dan Tertutup.
Salah satu metode untuk meningkatkan efisiensi thermal dari siklus pembangkit daya
(steam power cycle) adalah dengan mengekstraksi sebagian panas dari uap dari steam
turbine dan menggunakannya untuk memanaskan air (compressed liquid) sebelum
memasuki boiler.
Hal ini bisa dilakukan dengan 2 metode:
1. Pemanasan ulang air pengisi boiler dengan mencampurkannya langsung
dengan steam pada mixing chamber (open feedwater heater)
2. Pemanasan ulang air pengisi boiler dengan memindahkan panas dari steam
ke air melalui heat exchanger (closed feedwater heater)
Pada aplikasi di industri banyak steam power cycle menggunakan kombinasi kedua
metode diatas secara bersamaan sehingga secara umum sistem diatas disebut sistem
siklus regenerasi (Regenerative Cycles). Pada pembahasan berikutnya dilakukan
analisa performansi terhadap steam power cycle oleh penambahan unit closed
feedwater heater.
160
Gambar 7. 15 Diagram Steam Power Plant dengan Open Feedwater Heater
Sumber: Yunus A Cengel, 1994,“Thermodynamic, an Engineering Approach”
Gambar 7. 16 Diagram h-s Siklus Pemanasan Ulang dengan Open Feedwater Heater
Sumber: Israel Urieli (2011) “Engineering Thermodynamic”
Dari contoh diagram diatas sebagian steam diambil/diekstraksi dari LP turbine pada
tekanan 200 kPa, dan dicampur dengan compressed liquid ( juga pada tekanan 200
kPa) hingga mencapai kondisi saturated liquid pada titik (8). Langkah pertama
untuk menganalisa sistem ini adalah menentukan jumlah massa steam yang
dibutuhkan untuk menaikan kondisi air dari titik (6) menjadi kondisi titik (8).
161
Catatan:
Kerja yang dihasilkan oleh sistem akan berkurang akibat pengurangan steam untuk
proses regenerasi namun juga akan mengurangi panas yang dibutuhkan boiler karena
feedwater boiler sudah mencapai T9. Sehingga Wnet, Qin dan efisiensi thermal
menjadi:
𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) + (ℎ3 − ℎ7 ) + (1 − 𝑦)(ℎ7 − ℎ4 ) − 𝑤𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 1844 ( )
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑞𝑖𝑛 = (ℎ1 − ℎ9 ) + (ℎ3 − ℎ2 ) = 3941 ( )
𝑘𝑔
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 1844
𝜂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = = = 47%
𝑞𝑖𝑛 3941
Terlihat dari hasil perhitungan 47% sehingga terjadi kenaikan efisiensi thermal
sangat kecil yaitu hanya 1% dari sistem siklus pada standard yg tidak menggunakan
unit pemanas ulang (46%, 1925 kJ/kg). Kenaikan yang sangat kecil hanya 1%
sebenarnya pada tahap aplikasi di lapangan tidak menguntungkan dari sisi
penambahan investasi unit baru berupa pemanas ulang dan instalasi pipanya, namun
penggunaan pemanas ulang yg pada aplikasi di industri disebut sebagai deaerator
merupakan komponen sangat vital pada instalasi steam power plant yg memiliki
tekanan kerja condenser 10 kPa (tekanan kerja dibawah tekanan atmosfer), karena
162
dimungkinkan udara masuk ke dalam sistem dan menyebabkan korosi sehingga akan
mengurangi performansi peralatan yang berbahan dasar metal. Alasan lain
penggunaan feedwater pump untuk menaikan tekanan dari 10 kPa to 15 MPa tidaklah
𝑃
aplikatif di industri karena tingginya rasio tekanan ( 𝑃2 ) yang harus dicapai oleh
1
pompa. Salah satu contohnya adalah di salah satu unit pembangkit listrik Gavin
Power Plant, menggunakan condensate pump untuk menaikan tekanan dari 10 kPa
ke tekanan deaerator.
163
Gambar 7. 18 Skema Steam Power Plant dengan Mixing Chamber, FWH
Perbedaan temperatur antara steam dan feed water boiler dibutuhkan untuk
terjadinya proses perpindahan panas pada Heat Exchanger. Gambar diatas
menunjukan ilustrasi distribusi temperatur dan daerah zona fasa fluida kerja steam
dan feed water cooling. Tiga zona perpindahan panas sbb:
1. Desuperheating Zone Enclosure
Zona dimana steam didinginkan/diturunkan suhunya sedangkan suhu feedwater akan
naik sampai mendekati suhu saturation pada saat meninggalkan zona tsb.
2. Condensing Zone
Adalah daerah terbesar terjadinya proses perpindahan panas dari steam ke air yang
terjadi pada sisi heater shell. Proses perpindahan panas yg terjadi pada daerah ini dan
melepaskan panas latent nya sehingga terjadi perubahan fasa dari uap menjadi liquid.
164
3. Subcooling Zone
Daerah dimana steam yg sudah menjadi fasa liquid akan terus mengalami penurunan
suhu dan pada saat yang sama memanaskan feedwater boiler.
165
Proses pada instalasi diatas dapat digambarkan pada diagram P-h:
1. High pressure feedwater dinaikan temperaturnya dari kondisi (6) menjadi
kondisi (7) sebelum memasuki boiler.
2. Pada saat yg bersamaan fraksi massa steam diekstraksi dari HP turbine pada
kondisi (2) didinginkan sehingga mencapai kondisi (8), dan kemudian
didinginkan lanjut melalui throttling valve sampai mencapai kondisi (9).
Evaluasi pertama yaitu untuk menentukan kebutuhan massa steam (y) dari HP
turbine yang dibutuhkan heat exchanger untuk memanaskan compressed water pada
kondisi (6) mencapai kondisi (7).
Kerja yang dihasilkan oleh sistem akan berkurang akibat pengurangan steam untuk
proses regenerasi namun juga akan mengurangi panas yang dibutuhkan boiler karena
air yg masuk boiler sudah mencapai T7. Sehingga Wnet, Qin dan efisiensi thermal
menjadi:
𝑘𝐽
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) + (1 − 𝑦)(ℎ3 − ℎ4 ) − 𝑤𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 1659 [ ]
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑞𝑖𝑛 = (ℎ1 − ℎ7 ) + (1 − 𝑦)(ℎ3 − ℎ2 ) = 3501 [ ]
𝑘𝑔
Efisiensi thermal akan menjadi:
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝜂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = = 47%
𝑞𝑖𝑛
Evaluasi alternatif untuk menghitung efisiensi thermal mengacu pada besar panas
yang dipindahkan dari condenser ke cooling water:
𝑘𝐽
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (1 − 𝑦)(ℎ4 − ℎ9 ) + (ℎ9 − ℎ5 ) = 1841 [ ]
𝑘𝑔
𝑞𝑖𝑛 − 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = = 47%
𝑞𝑖𝑛
Hasil analisa:
166
Efisiensi thermal yg dicapai oleh instalasi siklus ini adalah sama dengan yang dicapai
oleh siklus oleh open feedwater, dan namun daya yang dihasilkan lebih kecil. Pada
aplikasi instalasi di industri penggunaan kombinasi antara open and closed feedwater
heater adalah hal yang sangat umum digunakan, salah satu contohnya instalasi
power plant pada Gavin Power Plant yang menggunakan 7 unit “closed feedwater
heater” dan 1 unit “Deaerator/Open feedwater heater”.
Gambar 7. 22 Ideal Regenerative Reheat Cycle using both an Open and a Closed
Feedwater Heater
Sumber: Israel Urieli (2011) “Engineering Thermodynamic”
167
Gambar 7. 23 Diagram h-s Siklus Pemanasan Ulang dengan Open and closed
Feedwater Heater
Sumber: Israel Urieli (2011) “Engineering Thermodynamic”
Pada sistem ini dibutuhkan evaluasi kebutuhan massa steam yang dibutuhkan y1 and
y2 yg digunakan untuk menaikan temperatur compressed water yang akan masuk ke
unit boiler pada kondisi (10). Evaluasi kesetimbangan enthalphy dan energy pada
sistem closed dan open feedwater heater seperti dibawah ini:
168
Hasil kerja bersih yang dihasilkan dan panas yang dibutuhkan menjadi:
169
7.9. Siklus Cogenerasi (Cogeneration cycle)
Pada instalasi pembangkit daya sebelumnya tujuan satu-satunya siklus adalah untuk
menghasilkan kerja (Wout), padahal pada aplikasinya di industri lebih banyak
membutuhkan hasil (output) kerja sekaligus energi panas yang disebut sebagai
“process heat”untuk kelangsungan proses produksinya. Contoh beberapa industri
yang membutuhkan process heat antara lain industri chemical, crude palm oil, pulp
& paper, oil production & refining, steel making. Kebutuhan process heat ini
biasanya dapat disupplai oleh steam/uap dengan tekanan 5-7 atm dengan temperature
150-2000C yang berasal sumber energi coal, oil, natural gas dll. Maka dibutuhkan
sebuah instalasi pembakit daya yang didesain untuk menghasilkan kerja (Wout) dan
Energi panas (Qout) yang akan digunakan untuk proses produksinya, instalasi
pembangkit tsb dinamakan Instalasi Cogeneration.
170
sedangkan pada kondisi aktualnya mencapai 80%. Namun dengan perkembangan
teknologi sekarang instalasi cogenerasi akan mencapai nilai lebih tinggi dari 80%.
Gambar 7. 25 Diagram siklus Kombinasi antara Siklus Turbin gas dan Siklus Turbin Uap
Yunus A Cengel, 1994, “Thermodynamic, an Engineering Approach”
Siklus kombinasi adalah gabungan antara siklus turbine gas (Brayton) dan siklus
turbin uap (Rankine) sehingga dengan penggabungan ini akan menghasilkan siklus
kombinasi yang memiliki efisiensi lebih tinggi. Pada aplikasinya siklus turbin gas
akan memiliki temperature operasi lebih tinggi daripada siklus turbine uap, dimana
maksimum temperaturnya 14250C untuk gas-turbine power plant bahkan diatas
15000C di ruang pembakaran di mesin turbojet. Penggunaan temperatur yang tinggi
di turbin gas untuk menghasilkan efisiensi thermal yang tinggi juga, namun hal ini
akan memiliki kelemahan berupa gas buang yang keluar exhaust turbin gas akan
memiliki suhu masih cukup tinggi diatas 5000C. Kelemahan ini yang coba
dimanfaatkan dengan penggunaan siklus kombinasi, dimana gas buang yg bersuhu
5000C ini digunakan sebagai sumber panas untuk siklus steam power plant sehingga
dengan akan meningkatkan efisiensi secara keseluruhan siklus kombinasi. Contoh
penerapan siklus kombinasi di dunia industri ada PFD (Process Flow Diagram)
Perusahaan Umum listrik Negara - Grati Combine Cyle Power Plant.
171
Gambar 7. 26 Process Flow Diagram
172
7.11. Data HRSG Load Calculation
Data aktual operasi unit HRSG ( Heat Recovery Steam Generator) dari Perusahaan
Umum Listrik Negera- Grati Combine Cycle Power Plant. Tabel berisi operasional
HRSG menggunakan bahan bakar Natural Gas (NG) dan High Speed Diesel (HSD)
dengan berbagai macam pembebanan sebesar 25% sampai 100 %.
173
HRSG'S LOAD CALCULATION
HRSG Load Number 1 2 9 10
Load 100 75 100 75
Fuel NG NG HSD HSD
Ambient Temperatur C 32 32 32 32
Number of HRSG 3 3 3 3
Exhaust Gas
mass flow T/h 1501 1161 1502 1163
mass flow kg/s 416.94 322.5 417.22 323.08
Temperature C 547 559 507 536
Analysis
O2 %(wt) 15.7 15.9 16 16.09
N2 %(wt) 72.4 72.4 72.3 72.3
CO2 %(wt) 4.7 4.6 5 5.08
H2O %(wt) 5.9 5.8 4.6 4.6
Ar %(wt) 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
Gas Temperatures in HRSG
stack C 105.3 100.5 157.4 153.8
EHP1/ELP1 out C 158.7 155.8 157.4 153.8
EHP1 out C 158.7 155.7 157.5 153.6
ELP1 out C 158.8 156.5 157.1 154.7
VLP1 out C 173.8 169.8 174.2 169.9
EHP2 out C 237.7 226.9 237.1 225.3
VHP1 out C 305.9 290.2 296.3 285.6
SHP1 out C 464.9 461.9 446.6 456.3
SHP2 out C 526.8 527.6 498.6 518.5
SHP2 in C 547 559 507 536
STEAM/WATER FLOWs
HRSG STEAM T/h 192.3 157.79 167.09 145.58
HP Steam -CONTRACT T/h 191.95 157.66 167.4 145.58
Desuperheater water T/h 7.09 12.19 0 4.64
SHP1 out T/h 185.21 145.61 167.09 140.34
EHP1 Recirculation T/h 0 0 0 0
LP Steam (total) T/h 49.94 34.42 48.48 33.02
LP Steam CONTRACT T/h 49.07 34.06 47.59 32.69
LP Steam (to ST) T/h 45.38 30.2 16.02 5.64
LP Steam (to Dearator) T/h 4.56 4.22 32.46 27.38
Condensate (from Cond) T/h 237.66 188.03 183.11 151.22
Preheater by pass (HSU) T/h 0 0 183.11 151.22
Preheater (LP PW) T/h 16.7 20 0 0
Preheater out (total) T/h 256.37 208.11 0 0
preheater (to Cond) T/h 0 0 0 0
Preheater (to Deaerator) T/h 256.37 208.11 0 0
Preheater by pass T/h 256.37 208.11 183.11 151.22
LP Feed Water Pump T/h 60.65 54.5 48.48 33.02
STEAM/WATER PRESSURE
SHP2 out kg/cm2 82.62 67.86 71.04 62.51
SHP1 out kg/cm3 84.21 69.16 72.5 63.09
HP Drum kg/cm4 85.95 70.56 74.16 65.3
EHP2 out kg/cm5 85.95 70.57 74.17 65.3
EHP1 out kg/cm6 86.14 70.69 74.33 65.42
HP FWP out (+CV) kg/cm7 86.3 70.8 74.46 65.52
LP FWP out (+CV) kg/cm7 6.69 6.59 6.68 6.59
STEAM/WATER TEMPERATURE
SHP2 out C 507 507 490.2 507
SHP2 in C 474.4 485.2 455.1 477.2
SHP1 out C 474.3 485.3 455.3 477.4
HP Drum C 298.6 285 288.4 273.8
EHP2 Out C 292 279.8 285.9 275.9
EHP1 Out C 182.6 160.6 162.4 159.3
EHP1 in C 139.2 138.2 137.8 132.8
HP FWP out C 139.2 138.2 132.6 132.2
LP Drum C 161.2 164.2 161.2 161.2
ELP1 out C 161 160.8 159.4 159.6
LP FWP out C 138.2 138.2 132.8 132.6
Preheater Out C 129 127.6 132.8 132.7
Preheater in C 50 50 50 50
Condensates C 43 40.5 40 38
HP Vepo pinch point C 7.3 5.2 7.9 5.8
LP Vepo Pinch Point C 12.6 6.6 12.9 8.7
HP Drum Approach C 6.6 5.2 2.5 4
LP Drum Approach C 0.2 0.4 1.9 1.6
Eva = Evaporator
SH = Superheater
LP BCP = Low Pressure Boiler Circulating pump
HP BCP = High Pressure Boiler Circulating Pump
LP BFP = Low pressure Boiler Feed Pump
HP BFP = High Pressure Boiler Feed Pump
174
7.12. Rangkuman
Siklus Carnot
𝑤 [𝑊𝑆𝑇 −𝑊𝑃 ]
Siklus ideal rankine 𝜂𝑡ℎ = 𝑄 =
𝐻 𝑄𝐵
Siklus pembangkit daya kombinasi gas dan uap
7.13. Referensi
a) Israel Urieli (2011) “ Engineering Thermodynamic”,http://www. Ohio.edu
b) Yunus A Cengel, 1994, “Thermodynamic, an Engineering Approach”
Tugas Terstruktur 1
Buatlah analisa apabila sebuah steam power plant yang bekerja sesuai siklus rankine
standard, apabila steam memasuki turbine pada tekanan 3 Mpa dan temeratur 350°C dan
steam dikondensasikan pada condenser pada tekanana 10 kPa, Jelaskan :
1. Efisiensi thermal dari steam power plant ini?
2. Efisiensi thermal dari steam power plant ini apabila steam dipanaskan kembali
hingga pada suhu 600°C?
3. Efisiensi thermal dari steam power plant ini apabila tekanan kerja pada unit
boiler dinaikan menjadi 15 Mpa sedangan temperature steam masuk turbine
tetap dijaga tetap yaitu 600°C?
4. Dapatkan anda menyimpulkan berbagai efek dari metode peningkatan efisiensi
diatas? Dari sisi efek kelebihan dan kekurangannya?
Tugas Terstruktur 2
1. Sebuah perusahaan pengolahan fresh milk mempunyai skema steam power plant
seperti dibawah. Selain untuk menghasilkan power listrik instalasi pabrik tsb
juga harus bisa mensuplai kebutuhan air panas 10 ton/jam bersuhu 700C untuk
proses Pasteurisasi fresh milk. Jika Anda sebagai seorang engineer diminta oleh
perusahaan utk membuat analisa teknis sbb :
175
P inlet = 12.5 Mpa
T = 500 C
P = 6 Mpa,
T = 400 C
Boiler P work = 12.5 Mpa
Capacity = 12 ton/hour
Pinlet = 6 Mpa
T = 500 C
Furnace E-1
Combustor
REHEATER
Hot Water Tank
P outlet = 300 Kpa
FWP 02 P = 1 atm
Saturated vapor
Steam inject for Open water tank T = 70 C
Capacity 100 ton
Condenser
1. Berapa kebutuhan air pendingin condenser m3/hour nya?
2. Berapa kapasitas pompa pendingin condenser (m3/hr)?
Pump
1. Berapa daya pompa Feed Water Pump 01 apabila efisiensi pompa 90 % dalam
kW?
2. Berapa daya pompa Feed water Pump 02 apabila masing pompa memiliki
efisiensi 85% dalam kW?
176
Boiler & Reheater
1. Berapa energy panas yg diserap oleh steam di instalasi reheater?
2. Berapa kebutuhan energy kalor per jam nya (kj/hour) yg harus
dibangkitkan di furnace/combustor di boiler?
3. Apabila steam power plant tersebut menggunakan batu bara dengan Low
heating value (LHV) sebesar 15.000 KJ/kg berapa kebutuhan Bahan bakar
Boiler tersebut apabila efisiensi pembakaran 75% ?
4. Berapa efisiensi total dari steam power plant tersebut?
5. Gambarkan siklus steam power plant tsb di T-s diagram?
B) COGENERATION
Untuk Operasional 2 : Pada saat Hot Water Tank perlu dioperasikan sehingga “Control
Valve” dibuka , anda diminta membuat analisa kebutuhan steam utk proses tsb
Cogenerasi
1. Berapa kg steam ex turbine LPT per jam nya yang dibutuhkan untuk
memproduksi 10 ton/jam “Hot Process Water“?
2. Berapa efisiensi thermal siklus Cogenerasi yang bisa dicapai oleh instalasi
diatas?
Tugas Terstruktur 3
1. Sebuah Unit Power Plant utk mensuplai kebutuhan produsen kapal menggunakan
kombinasi antara siklus gas turbine dan steam power plant, menggunakan system
Heat Recovery Steam Generator's (HRSG's) dimana gas buang gas turbine
digunakan untuk memanaskan boiler untuk meningkatkan efisiensi. Untuk Unit Gas
Turbine sbb :
Hitung :
177
1. Berapa BackWork Ratio siklus gas turbine nya ?
2. Berapa efisiensi Siklus Gas (gas power cycle)?
3. Berapa efisiensi siklus Steam (steam power cycle) ?
4. Berapa efisiensi Total dari Sistem Pembangkit daya (combined cycle) tsb?
Combustion Chamber
3B
2B
Gas Electric
Turbine Generator
Stack
Compressor
4B
Cerobong
5B
2A 3A
Steam Electric
Boiler Feed Turbine Generator
Pump
1A 4A
Condenser
178
7.15. Lembar Kerja
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182
Bab 8 Siklus Refrigerasi dan Campuran
Udara dan Uap Air
8.1. Sub Kompetensi
Kemampuan yang akan dimiliki oleh mahasiswa setelah memahami isi bab ini adalah
sebagai berikut :
Mahasiswa mampu mengerti penerapan /aplikasi termodinamika pada siklus
refrigerasi dan juga konsep dasar perpindahan panas
183
Mesin pendingin didesain untuk memindahkan panas sebesar QL dari media
yang bersuhu rendah (TLow) menuju ke media yang bertemperatur lebih tinggi
THigh dengan memasukan kerja sebesar W.
Pompa kalor didesain untuk mensuplai panas sebesar QH dari media yang
bersuhu rendah (TLow) menuju ke media yang bertemperatur lebih tinggi THigh
dengan memasukan kerja sebesar W.
Performansi (unjuk kerja) mesin refrigerasi dan pompa kalo dapat didefinisikan sebagai
Coefficient of performance (COP) yang didefinisikan sbb :
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑄
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅 = 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
=𝑊 𝐿 Persamaan 8. 1
𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑖𝑛
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑄𝐻
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 = 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
= 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
= 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑖𝑛
Persamaan 8. 2
Karena proses memindahkan panas dilakukan dalam per satuan waktu maka notasi
QL,QH dan Wnet,in harus diganti dalam bentuk per satuan waktu 𝑄̇𝐿 , 𝑄̇𝐻 dan 𝑊̇𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑖𝑛
Sehingga COPR dan COPHP nilainya akan bisa lebih besar daripada 1, dan persamaan
yang menghubungkan keduanya :
COPHP = COPR + 1 Persamaan 8. 3
Gambar 8. 2 Skema Mesin Refrigerasi Carnot dan T-s Diagram Siklus Carnot Terbalik
Sumber: Yunus A Cengel, 1994, “Thermodynamic, an Engineering Approach”
Koefisien performansi mesin refrigerasi carnot dan pompa kalor dapat didefinisikan sbb
:
184
1
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅,𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 = 𝑇𝐻 Persamaan 8. 4
−1
𝑇𝐿
1
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃,𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 = 𝑇 Persamaan 8. 5
1− 𝐿
𝑇𝐻
Sebagai catatan : Kedua performansi akan naik apabila kedua temperature reservoar
(media) nilainya turun. Mesin carnot terbalik adalah siklus refrigerasi yang paling
efisien yang bekerja pada 2 level temperatur.
185
1. Ammonia NH3
2. CO2
Namun 2 jenis refrigerant tersebut memiliki potensi masalah yang besar antara lain
NH3 adalah toxic dan CO2 membutuhkan tekanan sangat tinggi (30 sampai 200 atm)
untuk bisa dioperasikan pada sebuah siklus refrigerasi. Sehingga untuk mengatasi
masalah-masalah diatas dibuat penelitian lanjutan sehingga menemukan refrigerant jenis
baru yg disebut Freon 12 (dichloro-diflouro-methane) yang bisa mengatasi kelemahan
pada refrigerant NH3 dan CO2. Perkembangan teknologi menemukan efek penggunaan
Freon 12(R12) juga memberi dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan, dimana akibat
kebocoran Freon ke udara akan menyebabkan kerusakan lapisan ozone (O3) dimana
molekul chlorine(Cl) akan memecah O3 menjadi O2 bumi sehingga bumi akan
memiliki potensi terpapar bahaya radiasi sinar ultraviolet sehingga sekarang
penggunaan R12 sudah dilarang secara global. Penelitian lanjutan menemukan
refrigerant baru yang bebas Chlorine Cl yaitu R134a (tetraflouro-ethane) yang
menggantikan fungsi R12 karena memiliki karakteristik tidak merusak Ozone.
186
Berdasarkan informasi didapatkan bahwa jenis refrigerant yang digunakan
adalah R-134a, sehingga harus dipersiapkan diagram P-h R134a sekaligus
table nya
Langkah 2: notasi angka titik acuan 1,2,3 dan 4 pada setiap titik skema desain
Hal ini untuk mempermudah plot data operasi desain pada diagram P-h
Langkah 3 : Plot semua data yang diketahui pada diagram P-h untuk R134a
Sumber: www.ohio.edu/mechanical/thermo/property_tables/R134a/ph_r134a.html
Dari diagram P-h maka kita bisa mendapatkan data-data nilai enthalphi tiap titik
acuan skema sehingga untuk mendapatkan nilai yg lebih tepat akurasinya maka bisa
digunakan table Refrigerant R134a
187
Proses 2-3: Proses pembuangan panas secara isobaric di kondensor
Proses 3-4 Proses penurunan tekanan pada katub ekspansi secara adibatik.
Proses 4-1 Proses penyerapan panas pada evaporator dari lingkungan yang
mengubah fasa refrigerant dari fasa vapor mixture (titik 4) menjadi saturated vapor
(titik 1).
188
Sehingga COP dari desain mesin tersebut :
𝑞𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 145
COPR = 𝑊 = 65,5 = 2.2
𝑐𝑜𝑚
𝑞𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 210
COPHP =𝑊 = 65,5 = 3.2
𝑐𝑜𝑚
Catatan : Pada sistem yang sama nilai COPHP = COPR + 1 dan COP biasanya selalu
lebih besar daripada 1 makanya untuk menunjukan performansi mesin pendingin tidak
menggunakan istilah Efficiency yg memiliki nilai maksimum 100%.
Specific humidity dapat lebih mudah dijelaskan dengan parameter tekanan parsial Pa
dan Pv :
𝑃𝑣 .𝑉 𝑃𝑣
𝑚̇𝑣 𝑚𝑣 𝑅𝑣 .𝑇 0.4615 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝑘
𝜔 = [𝑚̇ ] = [𝑚 ] =[ 𝑃𝑎 .𝑉 ]=[ 𝑃𝑎 ]
𝑎 𝑎 𝑘𝐽
𝑅𝑎 .𝑇 0.287 .𝑘
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 𝑃 𝑘𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
𝜔 = 0.622 [ 𝑣 ] = 0.622 [ 𝑣 ] [ ] Persamaan 8. 8
𝑃 𝑎 𝑃−𝑃 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑣
Mengacu pada diagram T-v dapat didefinisikan kelembaban relative (Relative humidity)
𝜙 sebagai berikut:
𝑃𝑣 .𝑉
𝑚 𝑃
𝜙 = [𝑚 𝑣 ] = [ 𝑃𝑅𝑔𝑣.𝑇.𝑉 ]= [𝑃𝑣 ] pada temperatur T Persamaan 8. 9
𝑔 𝑔
𝑅𝑎.𝑇
Sehingga didapatkan persamaan hubungan specific humidity dan relative humidity:
𝑃 Φ𝑃𝑔 Φ𝑃𝑔
𝜔 = 0.622 [𝑃𝑣 ] = 0.622 [ 𝑃𝑎
] = 0.622 [𝑃−Φ𝑃 ] Persamaan 8. 10
𝑎 𝑔
189
𝜔.𝑃 𝜔.𝑃
Φ = [0.622𝑎𝑃 ] = [(0.622+𝜔)
𝑎
𝑃
] Persamaan 8. 11
𝑔 𝑔
Garis 100% relative humidity disebut sebagai garis jenuh (dew point curve) dimana
pada titik tersebut temperatur bola basah (wet bulb temperature) dan temperatur bola
kering (dry bulb temperature) akan memiliki nilai yang sama.
Contoh soal:
Apabila suhu udara luar adalah 32°C dengan kelembaban relatif ∅= 60%. Dengan
menggunakan psychrometric chart tentukan kelembaban relatif untuk menentukan
besaran dari:
1. Specific humidity 𝜔?
2. Nilai enthalpy?
3. Temperatur bola basah Twb?
4. Temperatur jenuh (the dew-point temperature) Tdp ?
190
5. Volume specific udara pada kondisi tersebut?
6. Gambar semua nilai diatas pada grafik !
[18 gram-moisture/kg-air], [78 kJ/kg-air], [25.5°C], [23°C], [0.89m3/kg].
Salah satu tujuan utama dari penggunaan Psychrometric Chart pada proses
pengkondisian udara adalah untuk menentukan kondisi udara paling nyaman bagi
manusia, dari hasil penelitian adalah 22°C - 27°C dengan kelembaban relatif 𝜙 antara
40% and 60% yaitu daerah yang ditunjukan pada diagram dibawah ini.
Contoh Soal:
Kondisi udara luar 35°C dengan kelembaban relatif 60% akan dikondisikan untuk
mencapai daerah “comfort zone”. Dengan menggunakan grafik Psychrometric, Plot kan
proses pengkondisian udara dan estimasikan :
a) Jumlah uap air yang harus diambil dari udara tsb?
b) Jumlah panas yang harus dipindahkan?
c) Jumlah panas yang harus ditambahkan pada udara?
191
[11.5g-H20/kg-dry-air], [(1)-(2), qcool = 48kJ/kg-dry-air], [(2)-(3), qheat = 10kJ/kg-dry-
air].
192
Contoh soal:
Kondisi udara kering pada suhu 40°C dan kelembaban relatif 10% mengalir melalui
pendingin evaporatif. Air ditambahkan pada udara yang mengalir filter basah (wick)
sehingga udara yang keluar dari instalasi pendingin evaporative diinginkan pada suhu
27°C.
Dengan menggunakan grafik psikrometri tentukan:
(a) Kelembaban relatif udara keluar?
(b) Jumlah air yang ditambahkan pada udara?
(c) Temperatur terendah yang mampu dicapai dengan instalasi pendinginan ini?
Instalasi pendingin type ini sangat popular untuk digunakan pada kondisi cuaca panas
dan kering yang mana instalasi ini disebut Swamp Cooler.
193
8.8. Menara Pendingin untuk Instalasi Pembangkit Daya
Uap
Aplikasi prinsif psikrometri pada instalasi di industry adalah penggunaanya pada
menara pendingin untuk mendinginkan air panas dari keluar condenser dari instalasi
steam power plant agar bisa digunakan kembali untuk proses pendingina condenser
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Persamaan Kesetimbangan Energi :
Proses perpindahan panas yg terjadi di cooling tower yaitu pengurangan enthalpy pada
persamaan kesetimbangan enthalpy udara masuk dan keluar :
𝑄̇ − 𝑊̇ = ∑ 𝑚̇𝑒 . ℎ𝑒 − 𝑚̇𝑖 . ℎ𝑖 = 0 Persamaan 8. 12
Dimana e = exit (sisi keluar) dan i = inlet (sisi keluar)
𝑚̇𝑎 . ℎ2 + 𝑚̇𝑤 . ℎ3 = 𝑚̇𝑎 . ℎ1 + 𝑚̇𝑤 . ℎ4 + 𝑚̇𝑚𝑢 . ℎ3
𝑚̇𝑎 . (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) − 𝑚̇𝑎 . (𝜔2 − 𝜔1 )ℎ3 = 𝑚̇𝑤 . (ℎ4 − ℎ3 )
𝑚̇𝑤 .(ℎ4 −ℎ3 )
𝑚̇𝑎 = (ℎ Persamaan 8. 13
2 −ℎ1 )−(𝜔2 −𝜔1 ).ℎ3
Catatan : a = air (udara) dan w = water (air) dimana massa air di titik 3 dan 4
didapatkan dari data operasional condenser dari steam power plant.
Contoh Soal : Cooling Tower yang digunakan pada Supercritical Steam Power Plant
di Athens, Ohio
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Penyelesaian
Langkah 1 : Tentukan volume alir air pendingin condenser
Langkah 2 : Gambarkan proses di cooling tower antara titik (12)-(13) pada grafik
psikrometri !
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Tentukan massa air yang dibutuhkan untuk make up water yang diperlukan :
197
8.9. Rangkuman
Performansi (unjuk kerja) mesin refrigerasi dan pompa kalor didefinisikan sebagai
Coefficient of performance (COP) :
Koefisien performansi mesin refrigerasi carnot dan pompa kalor dapat didefinisikan :
Kelembaban Spesifik (Specific humidit)
Kelembaban relatif (Relative humidity)
8.10. Referensi
Israel Urieli (2011) “ Engineering Thermodynamic”,
http://www. Ohio.edu/mechanical/thermo/index.html
Yunus A Cengel, 1994, “Thermodynamic, an Engineering Approach”
Yunus A Cengel, 2003, “Heat and Mass Transfer ”
Y. A. Cengel, 2003,Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, 2nd nd., McGraw-Hill.
198
Diagram P-h R 134a
Tugas Terstruktur 2
Dari Tugas terstruktur bab 7 tentang steam power cycle dengan skeman seperti
dibawah ini :
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P inlet = 12.5 Mpa
T = 500 C
P = 6 Mpa,
T = 400 C
Boiler P work = 12.5 Mpa
Capacity = 12 ton/hour
Pinlet = 6 Mpa
T = 500 C
Furnace E-1
Combustor
REHEATER
Hot Water Tank
P outlet = 300 Kpa
FWP 02 P = 1 atm
Saturated vapor
Steam inject for Open water tank T = 70 C
Capacity 100 ton
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8.12. Lembar Kerja
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Tabel Properti Thermodinamika
Table 1 Critical property of phase-change fluids
Table 2 Specific heat capacities of air
Table A-1 Atomic or molecular weights and critical properties of selected elements
and compounds
Table A-2 Properties of saturated water (liquid–vapor): temperature table
Table A-3 Properties of saturated water (liquid–vapor): pressure table
Table A-4 Properties of superheated water vapor
Table A-5 Properties of compressed liquid water
Table A-6 Properties of saturated water (solid–vapor): temperature table
Table A-10 Properties of saturated refrigerant 134a (liquid–vapor): temperature table
Table A-11 Properties of saturated refrigerant 134a (liquid–vapor): pressure table
Table A-12 Properties of superheated refrigerant 134a vapor
Table A-19 Properties of selected solids and liquids: cp, k
Table A-20 Ideal gas specific heats of some common gases
Table A-21 Variation of cp with temperature for selected ideal gases
Table A-22 Ideal gas properties of air
204