Penuntun Dan Laporan Pemuliaan Tanaman 2018 PDF

Praktikum Pemuliaan Tanaman
PENUNTUN DAN LAPORAN

PRAKTIKUM PEMULIAAN TANAMAN
NAMA :
NIM :
KELAS :
KELOMPOK :
ASISTEN :
:
DEPARTEMEN BUDIDAYA PERTANIAN

FAKULTAS PERTANIAN
UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN
MAKASSAR
2018
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TATA TERTIB PRAKTIKUM
1. Peserta praktinum Pemuliaan Tanaman adalah mereka yang telah terdaftar di

Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Hasanuddin.
2. Praktikan harus hadir sebelum kegiatan praktikum dimulai. Bagi yang terlambat
datang tanpa alasan yang tepat tidak diperkenankan mengikuti acara praktikum
pada hari yang bersangkutan.
3. Praktikan diwajibkan memakai jas praktikum dengan memakai pakaian yang
sopan dan rapi selama praktikum berlangsung (dilarang memakai sandal dan
atau kaos oblong serta tidak boleh merokok).
4. Sebelum praktikum dimulai akan diadakan respon, baik bersifat pengetahuan
umum maupun yang berhubungan dengan acara praktikum.
5. Praktikum diwajibkan menjaga ketertiban, kebersihan dan memelihara alat-alat
dan bahan yang digunakan dalam praktikum. Bagi merekan yang merusakkan
atau menghilangkan alat-alat diwajibkan mengganti.
6. Seluruh acara praktikum yang ada harus dilakukan dengan sungguh-sungguh.
7. Laporan sementara (data hasil pengamatan) harus diberitahukan kepada
Asisten/penangguna jawab. Laporan resmi harus sudah dikumpulkan paling
lambat satu minggu setelah data pengamatan terakhir diperoleh (saat
praktikum), bagi yang mengumpulkan laporan terlambat akan dikenakan sangsi
berupa pengurangan nilai.
8. Penilaian oleh asisten dalam praktikum ini meliputi ketrampilan, test, tugas,
laporan, dan responsi.
9. Acara praktikum susulan (inhal) pada prinsipnya tidak ada, namun dengan
alasan khusus (sakit, dsb) pelaksanaannya bisa dipertimbangkan, dengan biaya
ditanggung yang bersangkutan.
10. Bagi praktikan yang dua kali berturut-turut tidak mengikuti acara praktikum
tanpa alasan yang tepat dinyatakan hilang hak praktikumnya.
11. Hal-hal yang belum iatur dalam tata tertib ini akan ditentukan kemudian.
Makassar, September 2018
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PERCOBAAN I
IDENTIFIKASI ALAT REPRODUKSI TANAMAN
Dasar Teori
Setiap tumbuhan memiliki organ reproduksi yang digunakan untuk
memperbanyak dirinya. Lain halnya dengan manusia dan hewan, organ reproduksi
pada tumbuhan memiliki struktur, bentuk dan fungsi yang berbeda-beda pula.
Bunga merupakan organ reproduksi pada tumbuhan, organ ini bukanlah organ
pokok dan rnerupakan modifikasi (perubahan bentuk) dari organ utama yaitu
batang dan daun yang bentuk, susunan, dan warnanya telah disesuaikan dengan
fungsinya sebagai alat perkembangbiakan pada tumbuhan. Jika kita memperhatikan
bagian dasar bunga dan tangkai bunga, bagian ini merupakan modifikasi dari
batang, sedangkan kelopak dan mahkota bunga merupakan modifikasi dari daun
yang bentuk dan warnanya berubah. (Riady nino,2014).
Pertumbuhan vegetatif dan generatif adalah proses penting dalam siklus hidup
setiap jenis tumbuhan. Pertumbuhan vegetatif adalah pertambahan volume, jumlah,
bentuk dan ukuran organ-organ vegetatif seperti daun, batang dan akar yang
dimulai dari terbentuknya daun pada proses perkecambahan hingga awal
terbentuknya organ generatif. Sedangkan pertumbuhan generatif adalah
pertumbuhan organ generatif yang dimulai dengan terbentuknya primordia bunga
hingga buah masak. Kedua proses dan fase pertumbuhan ini ditentukan oleh faktor
genetik dan lingkungan, tempat tumbuh tanaman (Humphries dan Wheeler, 1963
inGardner, et. al., 1985) sehingga terdapat perbedaan masa dan fase antar jenis,
varietas dan lingkungan yang berbeda.
Pengetahuan mengenai metode perkembangbiakan tanaman sangat penting bagi
pemulia tanaman karena perkembangbiakan tanaman menentukan metode seleksi.
Sehingga uraian tersebut maka perlu dilakukan suatu pengamatan pada bagian
organ bunga tanaman untuk memudahkan dalam menentukan morfologi serta
taksonomi dari tanaman.
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Tujuan Praktikum
Tujuan dari praktikum adalah agar mahasiswa:
1. Mengenal beberapa jenis bunga yang tergolong bunga sempurna, tidak
sempurna, tergolong bunga lengkap dan tidak lengkap, serta
2. Mengetahui struktur dan morfologi dari bunga yang diamati.
3. Mempelajari tipe persilangan pada tanaman.
Tinjauan Pustaka
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Tempat dan Waktu
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Alat dan Bahan

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Prosedur Praktikum
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Parameter Pengamatan
Hal-hal yang diperhatikan pada pengamatan adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Umur munculnya bunga jantan (hari)
2. Umur munculnya bunga betina (hari)
3. Letak bunga jantan
4. Letak bunga betina
5. Struktur Bunga
6. Bagian-bagian bunga dan fungsinya
7. Sistem penyerbukan/pembuahan
8. Hal-hal lain yang berhubungan dengan reproduski tanaman
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Hasil
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Pembahasan
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Kesimpulan
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Saran
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Daftar Pustaka
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PERCOBAAN II
UJI NILAI HERITABILITAS PADA KONDISI LAHAN NORMAL DAN
KERING
Dasar Teori
Heritabilitas merupakan suatu tolok ukur yang digunakan dalam suatu

seleksi, yaitu untuk mengetahui kemampuan tetua dalam menurunkan kesamaan
sifat kepada keturunannya. Menurut Warwick, dkk (1983) heritabilitas adalah
istilah yang digunakan untuk menunjukan bagian dari keragaman otal (yang diukur
dengan raga) dari suatu sifat yang diakibatkan oleh pengaruh genetic. Secara
statisitik merupakan reaksi observed fenotifik variance, yang disebabkan perbadaan
hariditas diantara gen dan kombinasi gen genotype individu-individu sebagai suatu
unit.
Pengetahuan tentang nilai heritabilitas sangat diperlukan dalam melakukan
program seleksi dan rancangan perkawinan untuk perbaikan mutu genetik ternak.
Pengetahuan ini bermanfaat dalam menduga besarnya kemajuan untuk program
pemuliaan berbeda. Disamping itu, memungkinkan pemulia membuat keputusan
penting apakah biaya program pemuliaan yang dilakukan sepadan dengan hasil
yang diharapkan. Nilai heritabilitas bermanfaat dalam menaksir nilai pemuliaan
suatu tanaman (syukur, 2012).
Heritabilitas dalam arti luas hanya dapat menjelaskan berapa bagian dari
keragaman fenotipik yang disebabkan oleh pengaruh genetik dan berapa bagian
pengaruh faktor lingkungan, namun tidak dapat menjelaskan proporsi keragaman
fenotipik pada tetua yang dapat diwariskan pada turunannya. Diketahui bahwa
genotipe tidak diwariskan secara keseluruhan pada turunannya. Keunggulan seekor
ternak yang disebabkan oleh gen-gen yang beraksi secara dominansi dan epistasis
akan terpecah pada saat proses pindah silang dan segregasi dalam meoisis. Oleh
karena itu, heretabilitas dalam arti luas tidak bermanfaat dalam pemuliaan (Suryo,
1994).
Kekeringan merupakan salah satu faktor eksternal yang mempengaruhi
pertumbuhan tanaman (Farooq et al., 2009). Menurut (Levitt, 1980 dan Bray, 1997)
kekeringan merupakan istilah untuk menyatakan bahwa tanaman mengalami
kekurangan air akibat keterbatasan air dari lingkungan yaitu media tanam,
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sedangkan Mathius dkk., (2001) menyatakan bahwa kekeringan disebabkan karena

(1) kekurangan suplai air di daerah sistem perakaran dan (2) permintaan air yang
berlebihan oleh daun karena laju evapotranspirasi lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan
laju absorpsi air oleh akar, meskipun keadaan air tanah tersedia cukup. Cekaman
kekeringan mempengaruhi semua aspek pertumbuhan dan metabolisme tanaman
termasuk integritas membran, kandungan pigmen, keseimbangan osmotik, aktivitas
fotosintesis (Anjum et al, 2011), penurunan potensial air protoplasma (Mundre,
2002), penurunan pertumbuhan (Suhartono dkk., 2008), dan penurunan diameter
batang (Bellitz & Sams, 2007). Wayah, dkk. (2004) menyatakan bahwa jika
kebutuhan air tidak dipenuhi maka pertumbuhan tanaman akan terhambat, karena
air berfungsi melarutkan unsur hara dan membantu proses metabolisme dalam
tanaman termasuk juga tanaman jagung.
Toleransi tanaman terhadap kekeringan dapat dinyatakan dalam tingkat
produktivitas tanaman dengan membandingkan hasil pada kondisi tercekam dengan
kondisi optimal. Cekaman kekeringan menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan proses
biokimiawi dan fisiologis dalam sel tanaman (Sugiharto dalam Syah, 2016).
Tanaman yang mengalami cekaman kekeringan akan berusaha untuk
melakukan perubahan-perubahan fisiologi sebagai bentuk adaptasinya. Salah satu
bentuk adaptasi tersebut adanya kemampuan tanaman untuk memepertahankan
tekanan turgor atau penyesuaian osmotik. Perubahan tekanan turgor akan
mempengaruhi proses fisiologi dan biokimia dalam tumbuhan, antara lain dengan
mengakumulasi senyawa-senyawa terlarut yang meliputi gula, asam amino, prolin,
dan glisin betain (Wahditiya, 2012).
Fase perkecambahan dan fase vegetatif diduga merupakan fase yang sangat
sensitif dalam kaitannya dengan ketersediaan air, sebab dapat menghambat proses
pertumbuhan selanjutnya. Kekurangan air menghambat proses deferensiasi sel,
pembelaan sel, dan pembentangan sel pada jaringan meristematik sehingga
mengurangi jumlah biji. Jumlah biji yang terbentuk sangat ditentukan oleh jumlah
fotosintat yang dapat ditranslokasikan untuk pembentukan biji tersebut (Sasmita
dalam Wijayanto, 2014).
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Tujuan Praktikum
1. Mengetahui perbedaan beberapa jenis genotipe dari suatu tanaman pada
perlakuan lahan normal dan kekeringan berdasarkan sampel yang diamati.
2. Mengetahui nilai heritabilitas sampel tanaman yang diambil berdasarkan uji
yang telah dilakukan.
Tinjauan Pustaka
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Tempat dan Waktu
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Alat dan Bahan

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Prosedur Praktikum
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Metode Pelaksanaan
Metode pelaksanaan praktikum yakni sebagai berikut:
1. Mengambil data pengamatan 5 sampel tanaman dari masing-masing genotipe
pada ketiga ulangan.
2. Memasukkan data ke program microsoft excel.
3. Melakukan perhitungan rata-rata dari 5 sampel tanaman yang telah diambil.
4. Memasukkan data hasil rata-rata ke dalam tabel ANOVA (Analysis of
Variance)
5. Menghitung ragam lingkungan, ragam fenotipe, dan ragam genotipe
6. Menghitung nilai heritabilitas
7. Menarik kesimpulan dari hasi yang didapatkan.
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Hasil
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Pembahasan
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Kesimpulan
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Daftar Pustaka
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PERCOBAAN III
UJI NILAI HERITABILITAS PADA KONDISI LAHAN NORMAL DAN
TINGKAT SALINITAS YANG BERBEDA
Dasar Teori
Salinisasi tanah adalah masalah yang umum dijumpai di daerah-daerah

dengan curah hujan rendah. Jika dikombinasikan dengan irigasi dan kondisi
drainase yang buruk, dapat mengakibatkan hilangnya kesuburan tanah secara
permanen. Salinitas menyebabkan gangguan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
tanaman. Gangguan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman pada kondisi salin
disebabkan oleh :
1. Penurunan potensial osmotik larutan tanah sehingga mengurangi ketersediaan
air bagi tanamna
2. Peningkatan konsentrasi ion yang bersifat racun bagi tanaman atau memacu
ketidak seimbangan metabolisme nutrisi perubahan struktur fisik dan kimia
tanah.
Cekaman salinitas akan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan tanaman melalui dua cara
utama yaitu kadar salin yang tinggi dalam tanah mengganggu kemampuan
akar untuk mengambil air, sedangkan konsentrasi garam yang tinggi pada jaringan
tanaman dapat menyebabkan keracunan, sehingga mengakibatkan
penghambatan proses fisiologis dan biokimia pada tanaman seperti serapan
hara dan asimilasi (Munns dan Tester 2008). Kedua efek ini saling berinteraksi
mengakibatkan efek penghambatan pertumbuhan perkembangan dan
kelangsungan hidup tanaman. Salisbury dan Ross (1995) melaporkan salah
satu mekanisme adaptasi tanaman terhadap salinitas adalah melalui pengaturan
osmotik dengan cara mensintesis senyawa-senyawa asam amino prolin, asam
amino lain, galaktosil gliserol, dan asam organik. Salinitas menekan proses
pertumbuhan tanaman dengan efek yang menghambat pembesaran dan
pembelahan sel, produksi protein serta penambahan biomassa tanaman (Tuteja
2007). Tanaman yang mengalami cekaman salinitas umumnya tidak
menunjukkan respon dalam bentuk kerusakan langsung tetapi pertumbuhan
yang tertekan dan perubahan secara perlahan.
29
Tujuan Praktikum
1. Mengetahui perbedaan beberapa jenis genotipe dari suatu tanaman pada
perlakuan lahan normal dan tingkat salinitas berdasarkan sampel yang diamati.
2. Mengetahui nilai heritabilitas sampel tanaman yang diambil berdasarkan uji
yang telah dilakukan.
Tinjauan Pustaka
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Tempat dan Waktu
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Alat dan Bahan

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Prosedur Praktikum
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34
Metode Pelaksanaan
Metode pelaksanaan praktikum yakni sebagai berikut:
Metode yang digunakan dalam praktikum ini yaitu sebagai berikut:
1. Menyiapkan alat dan bahan.
2. Memotong sterofoam sesuai diameter gelas.
3. Menggunting kain flanel dengan ukuran 15x3 cm.
4. Menimbang garam dengan ukuran 1 gr, 3 gr dan 5 gr.
5. Memasukkan garam ke dalam gelas, kemudian tambahkan 120 ml air.
6. Memasukkan sterofoam dan kain flanel ke dalam gelas.
7. Menambahkan sekam bakar di atas sterofoam sebagai media tanam, kemudian
tanam benih jagung yang telah disemai.
8. Mengamati pertumbuhan tanaman selama 4 minggu atau 1 bulan.
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36
Hasil
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38
Pembahasan
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Kesimpulan
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Daftar Pustaka
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42
PERCOBAAN III
SMAAK PROOF
Rasa merupakan faktor yang relatif serta merupakan salah satu faktor dari
faktor-faktor yang lain yang menentukan suatu kualitas. Terhadap jenis padi
khususnya faktor rasa ini bagi petani serinh di dahulukan. Suatu varietas baru
akan berarti dan mempunyai nilai, apabila mendapatkan tanggapan yang baik
oleh para petani. Dengan demikian arah pemuliaan tanamn padi faktor ini
mendapatkan perhatian. Yang menentukan kualitas suatu tanaman berlainan
antara yang satu dengan lainya.
Faktor-faktor yang menetukan kualitas tanaman untuk makanan ternak
berlainan dengan faktor-faktor yang menentukan tanaman umbi ataupun
tanaman padi. Hingga penilaian terhadap sifat kualitas yang diberikan sering-
sering mengalami kesukaran dan kurang jelas. Kualitas untuk tanaman padi
merupakan kualitas dari hasil yang diberiakn dan karena adanya faktor-faktor
luar sifat tersebut sering menjadi kacau atau bahkan sering-sering dirusakkan
faktor-faktor yang menentukan kualitas tanaman tersebut ialah :
- rendement.
- bentuk butiran
- kekerasannya
- rasa
Rendement menunjukkan persentase berat dari malai menjadi gabah ataupun
dari gabah menjadi berasnya.
Bentuk butir ada 5 macam yaitu :
- Ada yang pendek/gemuk : perbandingan panjang dan lebar tidak melebihi
dari 2.
- Ada yang sedang : perbandingan dan lebar antara 2,1 – 3,0.
- Ada yang panjang langsing : perbandingan panjang dan lebar lebih dari 3.
Bentuk butiran berpengaruh terhadap kekerasannya/mudah tidaknya pecah,
umumnya bentuk yang pendek lebih kurang pecah dibandingkan yang
berbentuk panjang. Mengenai rasa ini seperti tersebut di atas adalah relatif.
Adanya perbedaan rasa nasi antara jenis yang satu dengan jenis yang lain masih
merupakan pertanyaan dan pemikiran apa yang menyebabkan. Ada yang
memberikan kemungkinan bahwa perbedaan tersebut disebabkan oleh
43
physical/chemical preperties dari pati yang berbeda-beda dalam butir-butir

beras dari masing-masing varietas atau jenisnya.
Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh IRRI, JULIANO dapat membuktikan bahwa
perbedaan rasa nasi antara varietas yang satu dengan yang lain terletak pada
perbedaan-perbedaan kadar amylose yang terdapat pada pati dari butir-butir
berasnya.
Kadar amylose dari 5 varietas Cere dan 5 varietas Bulu
Evaluasi para konsumen
Nama Varietas Kadar amylose (%)
tentang rasa nasi
Cere :
1. Bengawan 22,8 Enak

2. Si gadis 27,8 Kurang enak / tidak enak
3. Remadja 30,4 Kurang enak / tidak enak
4. Djelita 31,2 Kurang enak / tidak enak
5. Sintha 23,1 Enak
Bulu :
1. Baok 23,2 Enak
2. Baok Ganggas 22,0 Enak
3. Benong 130 24,2 Enak
4. Djambu 129 24,4 Enak
5. Gropak Gede 97 22,8 Enak
Tinjauan Pustaka
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Alat dan Bahan

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Prosedur Praktikum
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50
Hasil
Tabel 1. Pengamatan Rasa
Treatment
Blok Total Bi
1 2 3 4 5 6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Sumber:
Tabel 2. Hasil Analisis Treatment

Tabel
No. Bt Qt=Ti-(Bt/k) Δt=Qt(k/b) Ti adjusted
Treatment Ti)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sumber:
Tabel 3. Penilaian Rasa pada Setap Varietas
No varietas Padi Ti adjusted

1
2
3
4
5
6
Sumber:
51
Pembahasan
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Kesimpulan
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Daftar Pustaka
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55
Lampiran 1
Tabel 1. Penilaian Panelis Terhadap Uji Smaak Proof
56
Deskripsi Varietas Padi
57
58
59
60
61

Penuntun Dan Laporan Pemuliaan Tanaman 2018 PDF

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Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

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Penuntun Dan Laporan Pemuliaan Tanaman 2018 PDF

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Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Praktikum Pemuliaan Tanaman

PENUNTUN DAN LAPORAN

DEPARTEMEN BUDIDAYA PERTANIAN

TATA TERTIB PRAKTIKUM

1. Peserta praktinum Pemuliaan Tanaman adalah mereka yang telah terdaftar di

Makassar, September 2018

Tempat dan Waktu

Alat dan Bahan

Heritabilitas merupakan suatu tolok ukur yang digunakan dalam suatu

sedangkan Mathius dkk., (2001) menyatakan bahwa kekeringan disebabkan karena

Tempat dan Waktu

Alat dan Bahan

Salinisasi tanah adalah masalah yang umum dijumpai di daerah-daerah

Tempat dan Waktu

Alat dan Bahan

1. Menyiapkan alat dan bahan.

2. Memotong sterofoam sesuai diameter gelas.

3. Menggunting kain flanel dengan ukuran 15x3 cm.

4. Menimbang garam dengan ukuran 1 gr, 3 gr dan 5 gr.

5. Memasukkan garam ke dalam gelas, kemudian tambahkan 120 ml air.

6. Memasukkan sterofoam dan kain flanel ke dalam gelas.

7. Menambahkan sekam bakar di atas sterofoam sebagai media tanam, kemudian

tanam benih jagung yang telah disemai.

8. Mengamati pertumbuhan tanaman selama 4 minggu atau 1 bulan.

physical/chemical preperties dari pati yang berbeda-beda dalam butir-butir

1. Bengawan 22,8 Enak

Alat dan Bahan

Tabel 2. Hasil Analisis Treatment

No varietas Padi Ti adjusted

Deskripsi Varietas Padi

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