GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING

SENTENCE PATTERN

Pola kalimat berikut adalah pola dasar dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris dan pola ini akan
selalu digunakan dalam pembahasan Grammar. Pola umum kalimat dalam bahasa inggris
terdiri dari Subject (Subjek), Verb (predikat), Complement (objek) dan Modifier
(Keterangan).

Example;
John ate a pizza last night
John (Subject), ate (Verb), a pizza (Complement), last night (Modifier)

1. SUBJECT

Dalam bahasa Inggris, subjek adalah pelaku dalam sebuah kalimat aktif. Subjek merupakan
seseorang atau sesuatu benda yang melakukan suatu tindakan dalam suatu kalimat. Letak
subjek normalnya berada sebelum kata kerja (verb). Dan yang paling penting adalah setiap
kalimat bahasa Inggris pasti mempunyai subjek dan predikat/kata kerja (verb).

Ciri-ciri subjek:

a. Subjek bisa berupa single noun (satu kata benda).

Contoh : Coffee is delicious

b. Subjek bisa juga berupa noun phrase (frase kata benda). Noun phrase adalah frasa
yang dapat berfungsi sebagai subjek atau objek dalam sebuah kalimat. Noun phrase
tidak bisa dimulai dari kata preposition (kata depan).
Contoh :
 The beautiful girl over there is my sister. (Gadis cantik disebelah sana itu
adalah saudara saya)
 The tall man is a Governor of Surabaya. (Dia adalah Gubernur surabaya

c. Kata “it” juga bisa digunakan sebagai pronoun (kata ganti) yang mewakili sebuah
noun atau juga menjadi subjek menjadi impersonal verb. Impersonal verb adalah kata
kerja yang tidak mempunyai subjek tertentu. Ketika “it” menjadi subjek dari
impersonal verb, kata “it” sebenarnya tidak berposisi sebagaimana posisi noun
sebagai subjek kalimat. Melainkan “it” menjadi bagian dari ungkapan idiom.
Contoh :
 It rains quite often here in the summer.
 It is hard to believe that he is dead.

d. Pada beberapa kata, subjek tidak terletak pada posisi normalnya (sebelum kata
kerja). Kata “there” bisa menjadi pengganti, sebagai pseudo-subject (subjek palsu)
yang letaknya mengikuti letak subjek pada umumnya yaitu sebelum kata kerja.
Perhatikanlah letak there pada contoh kalimat dibawah ini :
Contoh :
 There was a fire in that building last month.
 There were many students in the room.
Kata “there” sebagai pseudo-subject dan kata “a fire” sebagai subjek yang
sesungguhnya.

2. VERB

Verb biasanya menunjukan suatu tindakan di dalam kalimat. Verb dapat berupa kata kerja
tunggal atau frasa kerja (verb phrase). Verb phrase adalah frasa yang terdiri dari gabungan
kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb) dengan kata kerja tunggal (verb) yang membentuk suatu
bentuk waktu (tenses) tertentu.
Contoh kalimat dengan hanya diikuti oleh verb tunggal:
 John drives car to fast
(John mengendari mobil dengan cepat)
Kata “drives” adalah main verb.

 They go to school every day

(Mereka pergi ke sekolah setiap hari)
Kata “go” adalah main verb.

Contoh kalimat dengan diikuti oleh verb phrase:

 John is going to Miami tomorrow (John pergi ke Miami besok)

Kata “is” adalah auxiliary dan kata “going” adalah main verb

 Jane has been reading that book (Jane sudah sedang membaca buku itu)
Kata “has been” adalah auxiliary dan kata “reading” adalah main verb

 She will go to Boston next week (Dia akan pergi ke Boston minggu depan)
Kata “will” adalah auxiliary dan kata “go” adalah main verb

 She must have gone to the bank (Dia harus sudah pergi ke bank)
Kata “must have” adalah auxiliary dan kata “gone” adalah main verb

3. COMPLEMENT

Complement adalah pelengkap kalimat berfungsi sebagai pelengkap kata kerja. Complement
juga biasanya dapat berupa noun atau noun phrase. Biasanya dalam kalimat aktif
complement mengikuti kata kerja (verb).
*Catatan: Setiap kalimat tidak selalu membutuhkan complement. Complement tidak bisa di
mulai dengan preposition (kata depan). Sebuah complement menjawab pertanyaan what? or
whom?
Example of Complement:
 John bough a cake yesterday (What did John buy?)
 Jill was driving a new car (What was Jill driving?)
 He wants to drink some water (What does he want to drink?)
 She saw John at the movie last night (Whom did she see at the movie?)

4. MODIFIER

Dalam sebuah kalimat, modifier menerangkan waktu, tempat, atau cara. Seringkali modifier
berbentuk frasa preposisi. Frasa preposisi adalah sekelompok kata yang dimulai dengan
preposisi atau kata depan dan berakhir dengan kata benda.
Contoh Preposision of phrase:
In the morning, at the university, on the table.
Modifier dapat juga berupa adverb (kata keterangan) atau adverbial phrase.
Contoh :
last night, next year, yesterday.

*Catatan: Setiap kalimat tidak membutuhkan sebuah modifier dan modifier menjawab
pertanyaan When? Where? atau How?

Example of Modifier:
 John bought a book at the bookstore. **Modifier of place (tempat)
(Where did John buy a book?)

 Jill was swimming yesterday. **Modifier of time (waktu)

(When was Jill swimming?)
  He was driving very fast. **Modifier of manner (cara)
(When was he driving?)

Determiners in English

Determiners adalah kata yang terletak di depan sebuah kata benda (noun) untuk
memperjelas maksud dari kata benda (noun) tersebut.
 Definite article : the
 Indefinite articles : a, an
 Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
 Pronouns and possessive determiners : my, your, his, her, its, our, their
 Quantifiers : a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, most, some, any, enough
 Numbers : one, ten, thirty
 Distributives : all, both, half, either, neither, each, every
 Difference words : other, another
 Pre-determiners : such, what, rather, quite

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Agreement berarti kesesuaian. Kata lain dari agreement adalah concord. Sedangkan Subject-
Verb Agreement adalah kesesuaian antara subjek dengan kata kerja dalam sebuah kalimat.
Dalam hal ini jika subject tersebut singular maka verb nya juga harus singular , begitu juga
sebaliknya, jika subject tersebut plural maka verb nya juga harus plural .
 The boy plays football
 The boys play football

Pada kalimat di atas terlihat bahwa jika subject the boy itu singular maka verb-nya juga
harus singular (ditambahkan –s/-es) . Sebaliknya, jika subject the boys itu plural maka verb
nya juga harus plural .

Singular Verb
Verb1 + -s/-es_ = plays , works
is / was
has
does / doesn't

Plural Verb
Verb1 = play , work
are / were
have
do / don't

Berikut ini ketentuan aggreement yang digunakan.

1. Subject terpisah dari Verb

Jika dalam kalimat terdapat Prepositional Phrase (preposition + noun phrase) yang
memisahkan antara subject dan verb , maka prerpositional phrase tersebut tidak dapat
mempengaruhi verb .
 The doors at the houses are broken
 The door at the houses is broken
 The work performed by the officers is not worth our paying them any longer.

Jadi pada kalimat diatas, at the houses tidak mempengaruhi verb , verb yang digunakan
tetep is karena subject nya tunggal yaitu the door .

 The key to the door is in the drawer

 Several Theories on this subject have been proposed

2. Subject yang selalu Singular

Subject berikut merupakan subject yang selalu tunggal, maka verb nya pun juga harus
tunggal.
 anyone , anybody , anything
 no one , nobody , nothing
 someone , somebody , something
 everyone , everybody , everything

Examples:
 Everyone was under the house
 Someone has lost his ticket
 Someone always takes the milk everyday

3. Subject yang dihubungkan dengan and dan or / nor

Jika ada subject yang dihubungkan dengan and maka otomastis subject tersebut menjadi
plural .
 Ann and Jim are students
 He and I make the cake together
Namun, jika subject dihubungkan menggunakan or / nor maka, kata kerja menyesuaikan
subject setelah or /nor .
 either John or his friends are going to
the beach
 either John or his friend is going to the
beach

4. Gerunds sebagai subject

Gerunds adalah Verb-ing yang berfungsi sebagai noun. Jika terdapat _gerunds sebagai
subject maka otomatis verb nya adalah verb singular .
 Dieting is very popular today
 Writing many letters makes her happy
 Buying clothes is really common in present society

5. Kata Benda Collective

Jika subject sebuah kalimat adalah collective noun (kata yang memiliki makna kumpulan
dari berbagai jenis) maka subject tersebut adalah singular .
 The family was elated by the news
 The organization has lost many members this year
 The commitee decides to run the event late

* Kata- kata yang menyatakan waktu, uang, ukuran dan berat suatu benda termasuk
dalam subject singular
 Five dollars is too much to ask
 Sixty days is not enough

6. There dan Here

Penggunaan is dan are dipengaruhi oleh kata benda yang mengikutinya.
 There is + singular subject
 Here is + singular subject
 There are + plural subject
 Here are + plural subject

Examples:
 There are several dents in the car
 There is a car in front of our house
7. A Number Of dan _The Number of
 a number of + plural noun + plural verb
 the number of + plural noun + singular verb

Examples:
 a number of students are going to the class
picnic
 the number of students is going to the
class picnic

VERB dan TENSE

Dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris Verb dikenal juga sebagai Predikat. Predikat ini merupakan
Verb Phrase yang terdiri dari Auxiliary Verb (kata kerja bantu) dan Ordinary Verb (kata
kerja pada umumnya / kata kerja yang menunjukkan kegiatan).
Auxiliary Verb Terdiri dari :

1. TO BE; am , is , are, was, were

to be hanya bisa diikuti oleh 5 jenis kata yaitu
- Noun =_ I am a teacher
- Adjective = she Is smart
- Adverb = They are at home
- verb+-ing (sedang berlangsung) = the student is studying English
- verb3 / past participle (pasif) = English is studied by me

2. TO DO; do, does, did

To do harus diikuti Verb1 dan hanya terdapat pada kalimat tanya (?) dan kalimat negatif (-).
I do not know the girl’s name
Do you know the girl’s name?

3. TO HAVE; have, has, had

To have sebagai auxiliary verb bermakna telah/sudah dan hanya dapat diikuti oleh
Verb3 /past participle.
I have eaten breakfast
He has taken a bath

4. MODALS ; will/shall, can, may, must, etc.

Modals harus diikuti oleh verb1
I will go to the beach tomorrow
they can speak English fluently
Note: Penjelasan detail tentang _modals_ akan ada pada sesi selanjutnya.
Tense terbagi menjadi beberapa bagian yaitu :

1. Present Tenses:

a. Simple Present Tense

Digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa atau kejadian, kegiatan, aktivitas dan sebagainya
yang terjadi saat ini. Present Tense juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu Fakta, atau
sesuatu yang terjadi berulang-ulang dimasa kini.
Rumusnya:

Positif: S + V1 (s/es) = we speak English every day / she speaks English everyday

Negatif: S + DO/DOES + NOT + V1 = we do not speak English / she does not speak English

Tanya: DO/DOES + S + V1 = do you speak English? / does she speak English?

b. Present Continuous Tense

adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang
sedang terjadi saat ini, sedang berlangsung saat ini.
Rumusnya:

Positif: S + Tobe + Ving = She is waiting for you

Negatif: S + Tobe+ Not+ Ving = She is not waiting for you

Tanya: Tobe + S + Ving = is she waiting for you?

c. Present Perfect Tense

adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja yang dipergunakan untuk menyatakan suatu
perbuatan atau peristiwa yang telah selesai dilakukan diwaktu sekarang.
Rumusnya:

Positif: S + have/has + V3 = I have watched the movie

Negatif: S + have/sas Not + V3 = I have not watched the movie

Tanya: Have/has + S + V3 = Have you watched the movie?

d. Present Prefect Continuous Tense

adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu
kejadian, peristiwa yang SUDAH terjadi dan MASIH berlangsung bahkan sangat mungkin
AKAN berlanjut.
Rumusnya

Positif: S + have/has + been + Ving = I have been staying in Jogja since 2014

Negatif: S + have/has + not + been + Ving = I have not been staying in jogja

Tanya: Have/has + S + been + Ving = have you been staying in Jogja?

2. Past tenses yang terdiri dari :

a. Simple Past Tense

adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian,
peristiwa yang sudah terjadi.
Rumus :

Positif: S + V2 = I slept this morning

Negatif: S + did not + V1 = I did not sleep this morning

Tanya: Did + S + V1 = did you sleep this morning?

b. Past Continuous Tense

adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa
yang SEDANG TERJADI juga, tetapi tidak sedang terjadi sekarang, melainkan sedang terjadi
DULU.
Rumus ;

Positif: S + was/were + Ving = I was watching TV last night

Negatif: S + was/were + NOT + Ving = I was not watching TV last night

Tanya: Was/Were + S + Ving = were you watching TV last night?

c. Past Perfect Tense

adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang
sudah selesai dilakukan pada waktu lampau.
Rumus ;

Positif: S + had + V3 = I had written 3 articles

Negatif: S + had + not + V3 = I had not written 3 articles

Tanya: Had + S + V3 = had you written 3 articles?

d. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang
TELAH dan SEDANG terjadi dimasa LAMPAU.
Rumus

Positif: S + had + been + Ving = They Had been Playing football

Negatif: S + had + not + been + Ving = They had not been playing football

Tanya: Had + S + been + Ving = had you playing football

3. Future Tenses yang terdiri dari :

a. Simple Future Tense

adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang
akan terjadi.
Rumus

Positif: S + will + V1 = They will visit Tokyo

Negatif: S + will + not + V1 = They will not visit tokyo

Tanya: Will + S + V1 = will they visit Tokyo?

b. Future Continuous Tense

adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang
akan sedang terjadi.
Rumus

Positif: S + will + be + Ving = I will be meeting you tomorrow

Negatif: S + will not + be + Ving = I will not be meeting you tomorrow

Tanya: Will + S + be + Ving = Will you be meeting me tomorrow?

c. Future Perfect Tense

adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang di
mulai pada waktu yang lampau dan segera selesai pada waktu yang akan datang. Rumus

Positif: S + will + have + V3 = I will have tought at 7pm tonight

Negatif: S + will + not + have + V3 = I will not have tought at 7pm tonight

Tanya: Will + S + have + V3 = Will you have tought at 7pm tonight?

d. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang
TELAH dan SEDANG terjadi dimasa YANG AKAN DATANG.
Rumus

Positif: S + Will + have + been + Ving = They will have been playing football for 2 hours at
7pm tonight

Negatif: S + Will + not + have + been + Ving = They will not have been playing football for 2
hours at 7pm tonight

Tanya: Will + S + have + been + Ving = Will they have been playing football for 2 hours at
7pm tonight

PASSIVE VOICE
Passive voice adalah jenis kalimat atau klausa di mana subjek menerima tindakan dari kata
kerja. Pada passive voice, subject kalimat tidak melakukan suatu tindakan/aksi melainkan
subject menerima tindakan. Berbeda dengan kalimat aktif, dimana subjek bertindak
sebagai pelaku tindakan. Active voice dapat diubah bentuk menjadi passive voice namun
hanya berlaku pada kalimat dengan transitive verbs. Transitive verbs adalah kata kerja yang
diikuti object.

Rumus Passive Voice

Rumus passive voice adalah sebagai berikut:

S + be + past participle (Verb3) + (by agent)

Keterangan:

S : Subject
be : auxiliary verb (am, is, are, was, were, has been, have been, will be, dll)
past participle : atau bisa disebut verb 3 (kata kerja bentuk ke 3)
(by agent) : pelaku dari tindakan

Contoh:

 Active voice: I read a book.

Passive voice: A book is read by me.

 Active voice: He drive a car last night.

Passive voice: A car was driven by him last night.

Contoh Passive Voice

Penggunaan passive voice pada beberapa tenses akan berbeda tetapi tetap memiliki rumus
yang sama. Berikut ini contoh passive voice dalam tenses:

Simple Present
  An article is writen by him.

 The dog is fed by her.

Simple Past

 An article was writen by him.

 The dog was fed by her.

Simple Future

 An article will be writen by him.

 The dog will be fed by her.

Present Perfect

 An article has been writen by him.

 The dog has been fed by her.

 QUESTION

1. Wh- Question
Wh- question adalah pertanyaan untuk meminta informasi. Informasi yang diminta
dapat berupa waktu, tempat, orang, benda, hal, alasan, atau cara. Wh-
question diawali oleh: what, where, when, why, which, who, whom, whose, atau how.
Wh-word tersebut adalah pronoun.
 Where, when, why, dan how untuk menggantikan adverb (kata keterangan).
 What dan who untuk menggantikan subject atau object.
 Whoseuntuk menggantikan possessive.
 Whom, what, who, dan which untuk menggantikan object.
Contoh Kalimat Wh-Questions:
a) Who called my boss 5 minutes ago?
(Siapa menelepon bos saya 5 menit yang lalu?)
b) What inspired her to visit Rhome?
(Apa yang menginspirasinya mengunjungi Roma?)
c) Whose story changed her life?
(Cerita siapa yang mengubah hidupnya?)
d) Which book was written by Enid Blyton?
(Buku yang mana yang ditulis oleh Enid Blyton?)

2. Yes-No Question
Yes-No Question adalah pertanyaan yang membutuhkan jawaban Yes (Iya) or No
(Tidak).
Rumus: helping verb + S + main verb?
be (am/is/are/was/were) +S (+ complement) ?
do/does/did + S + main verb (bare infinitive)?

Contoh Kalimat (Positive ) Yes-No Questions:

a) Should Caca see the dentist as soon as possible?
b) Is Zula kindhearted young man?
c) Does your father work hard?

Contoh Kalimat (negative) Yes-No Questions:

a) Can’t he drive a car?(Dia tidak bisa menyetir mobil?)
b) Didn’t you see my sport shoes? (Kamu tidak melihat sepatu olahraga saya?)
c) Isn’t the earth flat? (Bumi tidak datar?)
3. Embedded Question
Embedded question adalah pertanyaan (dapat berupa wh-question atau yes-
no question) yang berada di dalam ke dalam pernyataan (declarative statement)
atau pertanyaan lain.
Embedded question digunakan ketika ingin menyajukan pertanyaan yang
lebih sopan atau membicarakan hal yang tidak diketahui pembicara, dimana
umumnya berada setelah frasa sebagai berikut:
 I wonder…
 Can/could you tell me…
 Do you know…
 I’m not sure…

a) Tipe pertanyaan ini berbeda dengan interrogative sentence “biasa” — direct

question — yang verb muncul sebelum subject (inverted word order). Embedded
question biasanya tersusun dengan pola subject mendahului verb.
1) Can you tell me where she lives? (Dapatkah kamu mengatakan pada saya
dimana dia tinggal?)
2) I wonder if you could lend me a car. (Saya ingin tahu apakah kamu dapat
meminjamkan saya mobil.)
3) I wanted to know if she is tired all the time. (Saya ingin tahu apakah dia lelah
sepanjang waktu.)

b) Embedded question diakhiri oleh question mark (tanda tanya) jika merupakan
bagian dari interrogative sentence, atau diakhiri dengan full stop (titik) jika
merupakan bagian dari statement.
1) Do you have any idea why she left work without saying anything? (Apakah
kamu punya ide mengapa dia meninggalkan pekerjaan tanpa mengatakan
apapun?)
2) I have no idea why she left work without saying anything. (Saya tidak punya
ide mengapa dia meninggalkan pekerjaan tanpa mengatakan apapun?)

c) If, whether, atau whether or not digunakan jika tidak ada question words (where,
why, who, what, when, how).
1) Do you know if he can drive an automatic car? (Apakah kamu tahu dia dapat
mengemudi mobil matic?)
2) Do you know whether or not he can drive an automatic car? ( Apakah kamu
tahu dia dapat mengemudi mobil matic atau tidak?)
 COMPARISON

Definisi dari Comparison adalah perbandingan. Comparison digunakan dengan kata sifat
(Adjective) atau kata keterangan (Adverb).

Comparison dibagi menjadi 3 yaitu :

1. Positive Degree (se... setara/sama...)
2. Comparative Degree ( lebih...dari...)
3. Superlative Degree (ter.../paling...)

Dibawah ini penjelasan , rumus dan contoh kalimatnya.

1. Positive Degree
Positive Degree yaitu bentuk kalimat yang digunakan untuk membandingkan antara 2 hal
yang sifatnya setara. Apabila hal yang dibandingkan itu tidak setara , maka dalam possitive
degree dinyatakan dalam kalimat negatve.
Pola kalimat:
Subject + Verb + as Adjective/Adverb as + Noun/Pronoun+ (Auxiliary)
Subject + Verb + so Adjective/Adverb as + Noun/Pronoun+ (Auxiliary)

Contoh kalimat :
1) Mother works as hard as father (Ibu bekerja sekeras ayah)

2) I will be as strong as you (are) ( Aku akan menjadi sekuat dirimu ). Primary auxiliary
(are) didalam kurung boleh dihilangkan.

3) Resti is as beautiful as her mother was. ( Resti secantik ibunya dulu) Primary
auxiliary (was) tidak boleh dihilangkan karena menyatakan tenses simple past.

4) Bromo is not as high as Semeru. ( Bromo tidak setinggi Semeru)

5) The cow doesn't run as fast as the horse. (Sapi tidak berlari secepat kuda )

6) Does he look as diligent as his father lately? (Apakah dia kelihatan serajin ayahnya
akhir-akhir ini?)

2. Comparative Degree
Comparative Degree adalah suatu bentuk kalimat yang digunakan untuk membandingkan 2
hal yang tidak setara, yang satu memiliki kelebihan diantara yang lainnya.
Comparative Degree diformulasikan kedalam 3 kategori.
A. Pola Conjuction
S + V + Adjective/Adverb + er + than + S + V
S + V + more/less + than + S + V

Contoh kalimat :

1) He is more clever than I (am) ( Dia lebih pintar daripada saya )

2) An elephant is bigger than a horse. ( Gajah lebih besar daripada kuda )

3) Cheetah runs more quickly than Leopard ( Cetah berlari lebih kencang daripada
macan tutul )

4) Rony worked faster than anyone else ( Rony bekerja lebih cepat daripada yang lain )

B. Double Comparative
Doble Comparative dibagi mejadi 2 yaitu :

1. General ( Semakin.......semakin.....) Pola kalimatnya adalah:

The Comparative (Adj/Adv-er), The Comparative(Adj/Adv-er) maknanya mengacu pada
kalimat sebelumnya.
Contoh kalimat :
1) The smaller, the cuter ( Semakin kecil, semakin lucu )

2) The larger, the more expensive (Semakin besar, semakin mahal)

The Comparative (Adj/Adv-er) + S+ V , the comparative (Adj/Adv-er) + S + V

Contoh kalimat:
1) The sooner he leaves, the happier I will feel ( Semakin cepat dia pergi, saya akan
merasa semakin bahagia)

2) The bigger the house is, the more expensive the price ( Semakin besar sebuah
rumah,semakin mahal harganya)

2. Gradual ( Semakin lama.....semakin......)

Pola kalimat yang digunakan adalah;
the comparative (Adj/Adv-er) and the comparative (Adj/Adv-er)
Contoh kalimat :
1) Agung is taller and taller ( Agung semakin lama semakin tinggi )

2) More and more people come to Paris ( Semakin lama semakin banyak orang datang
ke Paris )

3) David read more and more books ( David membaca buku semakin lama semakin
banyak)

3. Superlative degree
Superlative Degree adalah perbandingan tertinggi yang sudah tidak ada perbandingannya
lagi.
Pola kalimatnya yaitu :
S+ V + the superlative (Adj/Adv-est) atau S + V + the most (Adj/Adv-est)

Contoh kalimat :
1) Nena is the most diligent in her class ( Nena adalah yang paling rajin di kelasnya )

2) What is the highest mount in Indonesia ? ( Gunung apa yang tertinggi di Indonesia ?)

3) She made the biggest cake ever (Dia membuat kue terbesar sejak itu )

Of the superlatif (Adj/Adv-est) + plural noun, S + V

Contoh kalimat :

1) All of the greatest lakes , Michigan has American broaders ( Diantara semua danau
terbesar, Michigan memiliki perbatasan Amerika )

2) One of the biggest island in Indonesia is Borneo ( Salah satu pulau terbesar di
Indonesia adalah Borneo )

3) Reza is one ot the smartest students in my periode.( Reza adalah satu diantara
muridmurid di periode saya )

4) Of the 3 girls , Jessica is the most beautiful ( Diantara 3 orang gadis itu , Jessica yang
tercantik)
 Comparative dan Superlative Degree of Adjective

Kata sifat terdiri dari dua macam yaitu regular adjective ( kata kerja beraturan ) dan
irregular adjective ( kata kerja tak beraturan ).

Regular adjective adalah suatu kata sifat yang mengalami perubahan dari kata sifat positif,
comparative adjective, dan superlative adjective secara teratur atau tanpa banyak
perubahan. Misalnya, akhiran – er, – est, awalan more atau most sebelum kata sifat.

Sementara itu, irregular adjective merupakan kata sifat yang mengalami perubahan dari
positif, comparatif, dan superlatifnya secara tak beraturan, berubah – ubah, dan tak
berpola.

Regular Adjective
Untuk membentuk comparative dan superlative degree, maka kamu tinggal menambahkan
– er ataupun – est.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Bright Brighter Brightest
Great Greater Greatest
Old Older Oldest
Cute Cuter Cutest
Nice Nicer Nicest

Kata adjective berakhiran –e di dalam bentuk comparative tinggal ditambah r saja. Kata
sifat dengan satu suku kata (one syllable) untuk membentuk kata comparative dan
superlative ditambahkan satu huruf konsonan terakhir dan baru ditambahi –er dan –est.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Sad Sadder Saddest
Fat Fatter Fattest
Thin Thinner Thinnest

Sedangkan untuk kata berakhiran y maka y luluh dan diganti dengan i

Positive Comparative Superlative
Happy Happier Happiest
Heavy Heavier Heaviest

Kata sifat terdiri dari 2 suku kata atau lebih ditambahkan more dan most untuk
comparative dan superlative.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful
Careful More careful Most careful

Irregular Adjective
Irregular adjective menjadi varian lainnya dalam comparative dan superlative degree. Kata
sifat ini akan membentuk comparative dan superlative dengan mengubah bentuk kata sifat
tak beraturan itu.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Good Better Best
Bad Worse Worst

Ada beberapa contoh kalimat adjective comparative dan superlative degree yang bisa
dibandingkan.

1) Ibnu is tallerthan any other boys in the class

(Ibnu paling tinggi daripada anak laki – laki lainnya di kelas)

2) The happier people will see many moremiracles

(Orang – orang yang lebih bahagia akan melihat lebih banyak keajaiban)

3) She wants to buy a better smartphone than mine

 (Dia ingin membeli telepon pintar yang lebih baik daripada milikku)

4) You must be more careful while passing the slippery road

(Kamu harus lebih hati – hati saat melewati jalanan yang licin itu)

5) Taylor Swift is morefamous than Britney Spears currently

(Taylor Swift lebih terkenal dibandingkan Britney Spears saat ini)

GREAT IN NUMBER

Many : digunakan untuk kata benda yang dapat dihitung (countable nouns)
Contoh: (many cars, firends, etc.)
Much : digunakan untuk kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung (uncountable nouns)
Contoh: (much work, much snow, etc.)
A lot of / lots of : dapat digunakan baik untuk countable maupun uncountable nouns.
Plenty of : dapat digunakan baik untuk countable maupun uncountable nouns.

Contoh penggunaan kalimat:

1) We have to read many books.

2) Do they have many friends there?
3) There is not much work to do.
4) She doesn‘t have much money.
5) The teacher gave us lots of homework.
6) He ate a lot of pies yesterday.
7) We have plenty of toys here.
Note:
Many and much are mostly used in negative sentences and questions.
I don‘t have much free time.
Do you have many friends in the united States?

SMALL IN NUMBER

Few/ a few : digunakan untuk kata benda yang dapat dihitung (countable nouns).
Contoh: (few houses, books, etc.)
Little/ a little : artinya sedikit, digunakan untuk kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung
(uncountable nouns).
Contoh: (little time, milk, etc.)
Fewer : artinya lebih sedikit, dan digunakan untuk kata benda yang dapat dihitung
(countable nouns).
Less : artinya lebih sedikit, dan digunakan untuk kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung
(uncountable nouns).
More – artinya lebih, dapat digunakan baik untuk countable and uncontable nouns (more
time, more friends).

Contoh penggunakan kalimat:

1) There are fewer cars on the road because petrol is expensive.

2) He has less money to spend since he lost his job.
3) I would visit her if I had more time.
4) Few people in Poland are interested in baseball.
5) I had little money when I was a student.
Bererapa expressions yang digunakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari.

Asking about health / life

10 expressions to Use In Speaking:

1. How are you?

2. How are things?
3. How's things?
4. How's it going?
5. How are you getting on?
6. How have you been?
7. What have you been (getting) up to?
8. I hope everything's okay?
9. Alright?
10. How have you been keeping?

How To Use These Phrases In Your English:

1. Phrase 1 is the best known phrase but English people don't use it every time so it's
useful to learn some of the others on this page.
2. Phrase 2 is a general inquiry about the other person's health and life. Your answer
could be about your health, your work or your personal life.
3. Phrase 3 is similar to phrase 2 but the 'incorrect' grammar makes it much more
informal.
4. Phrases 4 and 5 are asking about the other person's life (work or personal life).
5. Phrase 6 is really asking about health but the other person may answer with general
information about their life.
6. Phrase 7 is really asking about what kind of activities the other person has been
doing recently. It more often refers to their home life, not work.
7. Phrases 8 and 9 are asking about health and life with a yes / no question. Phrase 9 is
much more informal than phrase 8.
8. Phrase 10 is more formal but still sincere and friendly and is asking about the other
person's health.

Apologising
10 expressions to Use In Speaking:

1. Sorry.
2. I'm (so / very / terribly) sorry.
3. Ever so sorry.
4. How stupid / careless / thoughtless of me.
5. Pardon (me)
6. That's my fault.
7. Sorry. It was all my fault.
8. Please excuse my (ignorance)
9. Please don't be mad at me.
10. Please accept our (sincerest) apologies.

How To Use These Phrases In Your English:

1. Phrase 1 is a general short apology. We use this when we bump into people on the
street. At other times, it sounds too weak.
2. In phrase 2, we use 'so', 'very' and 'terribly' to make the meaning stronger. 'Terribly'
is the strongest. If we use one of the words in brackets, it is stressed.
3. Phrase 3 is quite formal but it's a stronger apology than just 'sorry'.
4. We use phrase 4 to criticise ourselves and the mistake that we have just made.
5. We use phrases 6 and 7 to take all the responsibility for what happened. Phrase 7 is
a little stronger.
6. We use phrase 8 to apologise for our lack of knowledge or ability. We can replace the
word in brackets with other nouns, e.g. carelessness, forgetfulness.
7. Phrase 9 is asking the other person not to get angry. The tone is quite informal.
 8. Phrase 10 is often used in formal letters. The word 'sincerest' makes the apology
very strong and very formal.

Asking for approval

10 expressions to Use In Speaking:

1. Do you think it's all right to do it?

2. What do you think about (me doing that)?
3. Do you think / reckon I ought to (do it)?
4. What would you say if I (did it)?
5. Would you approve of (doing something)?
6. What is your attitude to the idea of...
7. Are you in favour of (me doing something)?
8. You are in favour of ... aren't you?
9. Do you think anyone would mind if I...
10. Would it be really awful if I...

How To Use These Phrases In Your English:

1. Phrases 1, 2 and 3 are quite informal ways of asking if another person agrees with
an action that you are planning to do.
2. Phrases 4 and 5 are hypothetical and so sound a bit more polite. Phrases 1 to 3
suggest that speaker probably will do it. 4 and 5 suggest that the speaker won't do it
if another person doesn't agree.
3. Phrase 6 is asking another person for their feelings about an imagined action. The
speaker doesn't actually say that she is thinking of doing it so is making the action
more remote. This phrase is quite formal.
4. In phrase 7, the action being described will seem more remote if the speaker leaves
out the word 'me', in a similar way to phrase 6.
5. In phrase 8, it is important that the intonation is falling on the first 'are' and is rising
on the negative verb in the question tag 'aren't'.
6. Phrase 9 is quite informal and is asking the listener's opinion about other people's
reactions. You follow this phrase with a past tense verb that describes the action that
you want to do. E.g. 'Do you think anyone would mind if I left early today?'
7. In phrase 10, the speaker thinks that the other person will be angry if the speaker
does what they want to do. It is also followed by a past tense verb. E.g. 'Would it be
really awful if I took the rest of the day off?'

Asking for help

10 expressions to Use In Speaking:

1. Can you give me a hand with this?

2. Could you help me for a second?
3. Can I ask a favour?
4. I wonder if you could help me with this?
5. I could do with some help, please.
6. I can't manage. Can you help?
7. Give me a hand with this, will you?
8. Lend me a hand with this, will you?
9. Could you spare a moment?
10. I need some help, please.

How To Use These Phrases In Your English:

1. Phrase 1 is quite a direct question to use with friends and people who you know
quite well.
2. Phrase 2 is more polite. We include the words 'for a second' to show that we don't
need a lot of help and that it will not be difficult.
3. Phrase 3 is a general way of introducing a request for help.
4. Phrase 4 is polite and can be used with people you don't know very well, or with
your boss.
5. Phrase 5 is quite direct, and the focus is that you really need help. It's quite strong.
 6. Phrase 6 shows you have a big problem. You are desperate for help. you often hear
this phrase when somebody has too much work to do.
7. Phrases 7 and 8 are similar and are direct requests for help. 'Lend a hand' is a little
more polite and old-fashioned than 'give me a hand.'
8. We use phrase 9 to show that we respect that the other person is really quite busy
and to say that they will only need to help you for a short time.
9. Phrase 10 is a direct question and the asker does not expect the listener to say no.
This is often used by people in authority e.g

Asking for information

10 expressions to Use In Speaking:

1. Can you tell me...?

2. Could you tell me...?
3. I'd like to know...
4. D'you know...
5. (Got / Have you) any idea...?
6. Could anyone tell me...?
7. (Do / Would) you happen to know...?
8. I don't suppose you (would) know...?
9. I wonder if you could tell me...?
10. I wonder if someone could tell me...?

How To Use These Phrases In Your English:

1. Phrases 1 - 10 are all followed by indirect questions. So 'What's the time?' becomes
'Can you tell me what the time is?'.
2. Phrase 2 is a little more formal and polite than phrase 1.
3. Phrases 3, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 are polite and are good to use if you are asking a stranger
or you are asking at a public information desk.
4. Phrase 4 is more informal.
5. Phrases 5 and 7 are more informal if you say them with out the part in () brackets.
6. Phrases 9 and 10 are very formal and in an informal situation some people may
react strangely if they think that you are being sarcastic.
7. By using phrases 1 to 10, we make it easier for the listener to say 'Sorry I don't
know'.

Asking somebody's opinion

10 expressions to Use In Speaking:

1. What do you think of...?

2. What do you think about...?
3. How d'you feel (about...)?
4. What d'you reckon (about...)?
5. What's your opinion of...?
6. (What do think about) that?
7. What are your views on...?
8. Where do you stand (on...)?
9. What would you say to... / if we...?
10. Are you aware of.....?

How To Use These Phrases In Your English:

1. Phrases 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 are followed by a noun or gerund (-ing form).
2. Phrases 1 and 2 are general phrases for asking for an opinion. We can use them both
formally and informally. In informal speech, 'do you' becomes 'd'you?'.
3. Phrases 3 and 4 are more informal. We can use them with 'about' and a noun or
gerund phrase e.g. 'How d'you feel about having a class outside in the garden?'
4. We use phrase 6 (with that) after another sentence (e.g. They're going to build a new
supermarket here. What do you think of that?).
5. Phrases 7 and 8 are more formal. You could use them in a business meeting and you
might hear them on interviews on the news.
 6. Phrase 9 is asking the other person's opinion of an idea or proposal. We follow 'to'
with a noun or gerund and follow 'if we' with a sentence with a past verb.
7. Phrase 10 is an indirect way of asking for an opinion. We ask if the other person
knows about the situation. They are then are expected to react with an opinion.

Saying goodbye
10 expressions to Use In Speaking:

1. Bye!
2. Goodbye!
3. Bye for now!
4. See you! / See ya!
5. Be seeing you!
6. See you soon!
7. I'm off.
8. Cheerio!
9. Catch you later!
10. Good night!

How To Use These Phrases In Your English:

1. Phrase 1 is the most common phrase that British people say. Note: we don't often say
'Bye-bye'. This sounds rather childish.
2. Phrase 2 is a little more formal.
3. Phrases 3, 4, 5 and 6 are quite informal and friendly. They mean that you expect you
will see the other person again soon.
4. Phrase 7 is short and not very polite. You are saying that you are leaving without a
farewell greeting.
5. Phrase 8 is a little old fashioned but quite informal.
6. Phrase 9 is also very informal and says that you expect to see the other person again
soon.
7. We only say phrase 10 at night.

SELF-INTRODUCTION

Formal introduction
A formal introduction is used when you introduce yourself in a formal room for example.
Self in front of class, workroom, meeting room and Official forums, such as seminars.
Formal intakes are used in formal situations.

1.Opening
Is the first step where you should open by saying greeting.
Greeting has 2 types:
Formal / Official: Good Morning, Good Afternoon, Good Evening.
Informal / Unofficial: Hi, Hello
Example in the sentence:
Good morning Mr. Rudolph, I would like to introduce myself. (Formal)
Hi friends, I will introduce myself. (Informal)

2.Main Idea
Is the essence of the material to be delivered. In this case the Introduction.
What are the content in Introduction?
 Name
 Place and Date Born
 Age
 Address
 Status
 Religion
 Blood Code
 Hobby
 Family Background

3.Closing
Is a cover sentence or often called Leave Taking
Example in Sentence:
I think that's enough. Thanks for your time and your attention. It's nice to see you.

Exercise: Pelase introduce yourself in front of the class!

You can make some notes below.

DISCUSSION TOPICS
1. Theme: Work
Dialogue Practice
a) What is your job?
b) Where do you work?
c) Why did you choose that job?
d) Is it a popular job in your country?
e) Do you like your job?
f) Do you get on well with your colleagues?
g) What was your first day like?
h) What responsibilities do you have at work?
i) If you had the chance, would you change your job?
j) Do you plan to continue with your job in the future?

Role play: You are looking for a job. You found a position that might suit you. Make a
call to the company and ask about the nature of the job, the position and the
required qualifications. Your teacher will play the role of the job recruiter and will
receive your call.

Discussion
a) Do you think job satisfaction is more important than salary when choosing a
job?
b) What skills do you think are needed to get a good job these days?
c) Do you think women should be able to do all the same jobs that men do?
d) How has technology changed the way we work?
e) What jobs do you think are most valuable to society?

2. Theme: Study
Dialogue Practice
a) What do you study?
b) Where do you study that?
c) Why did you choose that subject?
d) Is it a popular subject in your country?
e) Do you like that subject?
f) Do you get on well with your colleagues?
g) What was your first day like?
h) What are the main aspects of your subject?
i) If you had the chance, would you change subject?
j) Do you plan to get a job in the same field as your subject?

Discussion
 a) What makes a good student?
b) What role should the teacher have in the classroom?
c) Do you think computers will one day replace teachers in the classroom?
d) How has teaching changed in your country in the last few decade?
e) What is the difference between the way children learn and the way adults
learn?
f) How can a teacher make lessons for children more interesting?

3. Theme: Hometown
Dialogue Practice
a) Where is your hometown?
b) Do you like your hometown?
c) Do you often visit your hometown?
d) What is your hometown like?
e) What is the oldest place in your hometown?
f) What is there for a foreigner to do or see in your hometown?
g) How could your hometown be improved?
h) Has your hometown changed much since you were a child?
i) Is there good public transportation in your hometown?
j) Do you think your hometown is a good place to bring up children?

Discussion
a) What social problems are there in your hometown?
b) What can be done to alleviate poverty?
c) Are there many charities in your country?
d) What is the difference between major crime and minor crime?
e) Do you think all criminals should go to prison?
f) Why do so many people move to live in cities?
g) What problems does over population cause?

4. Theme: Art
Dialogue Practice
a) Are you good at art?
b) Did you learn art at school when you were a child?
c) What kind of art do you like?
d) Is art popular in your country?
e) Have you ever been to an art gallery?
f) Do you think children can benefit from going to art galleries?
 Discussion
a) What kind of art do you enjoy?
b) What are the tradition art forms in your country?
c) What makes a good painting?
d) Do you think children should study art at school?
e) How can children benefit from learning art?
f) How has art changed in the last few decades in your country?

5. Theme: Childhood
Dialogue Practice
a) Did you enjoy your childhood?
b) Did you have a lot of friends when you were a child?
c) What did you enjoy doing as a child?
d) Do you think it is better for children to grow up in the city or in the
countryside?

Retelling Story: What is your best memory of your childhood?

6. Theme: Food
Dialogue Practice
a) What is your favourite food?
b) Have you always liked the same food?
c) Is there any food you dislike?
d) What is common meal in your country?
e) Do you have a healthy diet?
f) What do you think of fast food?

Discussion
a) Do you think diet is important?
b) What is a balanced diet?
c) What is the typical diet of people in your country?
d) Do many people eat in restaurants in your country?
e) Why do some people enjoy eating out?
f) What is the difference between restaurant food and home cooked food?

7. Theme: Going Out and Travel

Dialogue Practice
a) Do you often go out in the evenings?
b) What do you like to do when you go out?
c) Do you prefer going out on your own or with friends?
d) How often do you go out in a week?
 e) Where do most young people like to go out in your country?
Discussion
a) Why do some people prefer to travel abroad rather than in their own
country?
b) Do you think traveling to another country can change the way people think?
c) Do you think it is good for children to experience life in a foreign country?
d) How have holidays changed over the past few decades?
e) Do you think it is safer to travel now than in the past?

8. Theme: Hobbies
Dialogue Practice
a) Do you have a hobby?
b) What equipment do you need for it?
c) Do you think hobbies should be shared with other people?
d) Did you have a hobby as a child?
e) What hobbies are popular in your country?
f) Why do you think people have hobbies?

Discussion
a) How can people improve their health?
b) Do elderly people do much exercise in your country?
c) Do you think all illness can be prevented?
d) Do you think there will be less illness in the future?
e) Do you think health care should be free?
f) What makes a good doctor?

9. Theme: Internet and Media

Dialogue Practice
a) How often do you go online?
b) What do you use the internet for?
c) What is your favourite website?
d) Do you think children should be allowed unsupervised access to the internet?

Discussion
a) Do you believe everything you read in the newspapers?
b) How do most people get their news in your country?
c) How do you think people will get their news in the future?
d) How has TV changed our lives?
e) Do you think TV influences the way we think?
f) Should children be allowed to watch a lot of TV?
g) Are all people on TV famous?
 h) Do you think famous people have a responsibility to act as role models for the
younger generation?
10.Theme: Nature
Dialogue Practice
a) What is the weather like today?
b) What is your favourite weather?
c) Do you like the weather in your country?
d) Is the weather the same in all parts of your country?
e) Does the weather ever affect the way you feel?
f) Does the weather in your country ever affect transportation?

Discussion
a) What are the main environmental problems in your country?
b) Why should people be concerned about the environment?
c) How can people protect the environment?
d) Do you think money should be spent on protecting animals?
e) Do you think more should be done to protect natural beauty spots in your
country?

11.Theme: Transport
Dialogue Practice
a) How did you get here today?
b) What is your favourite mode of transport?
c) Do you ever use public transport?
d) Do you like the transport system in your country?
e) What is the difference between taking a bus and taking a train?

Discussion
a) Why do some people prefer to travel abroad rather than in their own
country?
b) Do you think traveling to another country can change the way people think?
c) Do you think it is good for children to experience life in a foreign country?
d) How have holidays changed over the past few decades?
e) Do you think it is safer to travel now than in the past?

12. Theme: Education

Discussion
a) Is it easy to get a job after graduation in your country?
b) Should university education should be free? What is the reason?
c) How would you compare the quality of education in your country to other
countries?
 d) Do you prefer public or private schools? Why?
e) Do you have any funny school stories?
f) How does your country’s education system rate globally?
g) How has technology changed teaching methods?

13.Theme: Leisure Time

Dialogue Practice
a) What is your favourite leisure activity?
b) What did you enjoy doing in your free time as a child?
c) Do you prefer to spend your free time with other people or alone?
d) What is a common leisure activity in your country?
e) Do most people in your country get two days off a week?
f) Do you think leisure time is important?

Speech Practice (10 minutes)

The advantage and disadvantage of holiday.

14.Theme: Music
Dialogue Practice
a) Do you like music?
b) What is your favourite type of music?
c) Can you sing?
d) Did you learn music at school?
e) If you could learn a musical instrument, what would it be?
f) Do you think music is important?

Speech Practice (10 minutes)

The existence of music industry in Indonesia.

15.Theme: Reading
Dialogue Practice
a) Do you often read?
b) What is your favourite kind of book to read?
c) Do you often read newspapers?
d) Do you have any e-books?
e) What books did you read as a child?
f) Do you think it is?

Speech Practice (10 minutes)

The importance to encourage children to read.
 DESCRIBING PICTURES

1. Please describe about Jogja based on your knowledge and your experience, then
share to your class!

You can make some notes below:

2. Please describe and present the Al- Aqsa Mosque in Klaten!

You can make some notes below:

3. Please describe the differences between go holiday to the beach and to the
mountain!

You can make some notes below:

4. Please describe these kind of social problems and give your opinion to resolve those
problems!

You can make some notes below:

 INTEGRATED SPEAKING SKILLS

1. Lesson Plan Studying English (Conversation Class):

How long have you been studying English?
Should everyone learn English?
Why are you studying English?
What accent do you find easiest to understand?

Lesson Plan Studying English (Conversation Class): Presentation

In your experience, what studying methods are most effective for you?.
Try to give some helpful ideas about studying english method.
2. Lesson Plan on Education (Conversation Class):

“Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn.” – Benjamin
Franklin

1. What does this quotation mean? Do you think it’s true?

2. Who was your favorite teacher when you were in school? What did you like about
him or her?
3. Which teacher did you dislike? Why?
4. Why do people go to school? Make a list of ideas with a partner.

Lesson Plan on Education: Debate: Should University Be Free?

Some countries, such as Finland, believe that education should be free. In Finland, even
university is free. In many countries, however, this is not the case.

Student A: You think education at public universities should be free. Think of reasons to
support this idea. You will speak first. When the other student is ready, please
tell him/her your opinion.
Student B: You don’t think education at public universities should be free. Think of
reasons to support this opinion.

Lesson Plan on Education: Presentation

If you were invited to give a presentation to a group of young students, what would you tell
them? Prepare a short 2-5 minute presentation. Try to give them some helpful ideas about
life.

Lesson Plan on Education: Discussion Questions

1. Are teachers paid well in your home country?

2. Should teachers give homework?
3. Do you think competition is good or bad for students?
4. Is the purpose of school to help students get a job?
3. Myths about Health Lesson Plan (Conversation Class): Warm-up (Pair Work)

1) How is your health? What things do you do to stay healthy?

2) What unhealthy habits do people have nowadays?
3) How do you cure a cold or a hangover?

Myths about Health Lesson Plan (Conversation Class): Old Wives' Tales (Pair Work)

Old wives’ tales are pieces of advice, usually about nutrition or parenting that are passed
down from an older mother to a younger one. Such tales are often based on superstition
instead of fact. What old wives tales are shared in your country? Make a list with a partner.

Myths about Health Lesson Plan (Conversation Class): Connect the below idea(s) to
make a sentence.

government / uprising : e.g. The government plans to crush the uprising.

superstition / hiccups :

dim / drowsy :

hyperactive / sugar :

acne / cause :

metaphor / life :

exaggerate / effect :

enhance / performance :

hair / taper :

shrink / skin :

Myths about Health Lesson Plan (Conversation Class): Discussion Questions

1) What’s your opinion of Eastern medicine?

2) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Is this a real condition?
3) What non-medical myths do you know (e.g. about physics, or history)?
4. Travel Lesson Plan (Conversation Class): Work Tourism Rankings (Group Work)

Which 10 countries do you think ranked highest in the world tourism rankings? Try to
guess with a partner.

Travel Lesson Plan (Conversation Class): Discussion Questions

1) What problems do tourists commonly have? What problems have you had when
traveling?
2) Which do you prefer and which do you avoid?
3) who are the best and worst tourists?
4) What is the stereotype of people from your country?
5) What UNESCO sites does your country have?
7) What unusual things have you eaten abroad?

Travel Lesson Plan (Conversation Class): Presentation

5. Job Interview Lesson Plan (Conversation Class): Warm-up (Pair Work)

1) What was your first job? What is the worst job you have ever had?
2) Do humans need to work? If you were rich and didn’t work at all, could you be happy?
3) What questions are inappropriate for an interviewer to ask in an interview?
4) Brainstorm: Take two minutes to make a list of things you should and shouldn’t do
before, in, and after an interview. When finished, share your list with the class.

Job Interviewing – Key Vocabulary in Context

Due to the economic crisis, competition for jobs is intense in many parts of the
world. People are being laid off from their jobs. Therefore, when the opportunity for an
interview arises, it’s important to perform well. Interviews, however, are still a source of
anxiety for many people.
According to workplace experts Joyce Lain Kennedy and Rebecca Corfield, many job
seekers make the mistake of revealing too much negative information about themselves
without realizing it. Hasty answers to questions such as “Why are you out of work?” can
highlight your own weaknesses. Kennedy also suggests minimizing criticism about former
co-workers and bosses. Rather, she believes it’s better to say that you get along with
everyone. Showing interest in the position is also important. Job seekers can do this by
showing they’ve done adequate research before the interview and by asking questions in
the interview. In addition, experts recommend avoiding premature talk of salary and perks
(unless the interviewer brings it up). It’s best to focus on what you can offer the employer,
and not vice versa.
While most companies claim to be equal opportunity employers, inappropriate
questions are not uncommon in interviews. In the US, it is illegal to ask about nationality,
religion, age, marital status, military background, health, union membership, and even
place of residence. Of course, verbally punching an interviewer for asking a discriminatory
question will greatly reduce your prospects of getting hired. The key is to redirect the
question to a safer topic.
People go to great lengths to get hired. Some lie about their qualifications and
experience. This behavior may be supported by the belief that getting a job is harder than
actually doing it.

[Sources: http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2010/feb/27/job-interview-tips,
http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505125_162-40443006/seven-inappropriate-interview-
questions/, http://jobs.aol.com/articles/2012/01/26/10-tricky-job-interview-questions-
to-watch-out-for/]

Job Interview Lesson Plan (Conversation Class): Follow-Up Questions

1) According to the author, why is doing well in interviews now more important than ever?
2) What do the experts say you shouldn’t do in an interview?
3) Why do they say you should do?
4) What does the phrase equal opportunity employer mean (in your opinion)?
5) True or False: In the US, it’s illegal to ask, “Do you have a history of health problems?”
6) What should you do if you are asked a discriminatory question?
7) Idiom: what does it mean to go to great lengths to do something?

Job Interview Lesson Plan (Conversation Class): Difficult Interview Questions

1) What are some difficult interview questions?

2) What is the best way to answer the below questions?

– How long would you stay in the position? – Describe a time when you failed.
– What is your weakness? – Why are you leaving your present job?
6. Family Lesson Plan (Conversation Class): Warm-up (Pair Work)

1) What is the best environment to raise a family in (e.g. apartment, village, etc)?
2) What was the worst thing you did as a child? Did you get caught?
3) Is there anything funny or different about your family?
4) Does someone in your family maintain a family tree? How far back can you trace your
family history?

Family – Key Vocabulary in Context

The nuclear family is the traditional family structure in the West. This term,
originating in the 1950s, describes families consisting of a father, a mother, and their
offspring. Under this conventional structure, the family is seen as the basic unit in society;
the father functions as the breadwinner and the mother as the homemaker. Nowadays,
alternative family types are becoming more common, such as single-parent families,
families headed by same-sex parents, and extended families where families live with their
kin, which may include several generations. Extended families are less common in North
America, where it is not uncommon to place grandparents in retirement homes.
A Social Trends survey in 2009 reported radical changes in child rearing and
marriage practices in the United Kingdom. Figures showed that while 30 percent of women
under thirty had given birth by the age of 25, only 24 percent had married. This marked the
first time childbirth had become the first major milestone in adult life, ahead of marriage. In
1971 in the U.K, 3/4 of women were married by the age of 25 and half were mothers.
Judging by the high rates of divorce and the increasing number of children born out
of wedlock, it would appear that the family as an institution is in decline. American
sociologist Stephanie Coontz believes so too, but for different reasons. Coontz points out
that marriages are no longer arranged for political or economic reasons, and children are
no longer required to contribute to the family income. Marriages nowadays are founded on
love. She believes this shift towards love, emotional fulfillment, and free choice has actually
weakened the family by making it optional and fragile.

[Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family,
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/family/5160857/Death-of-the-traditional-family.html,
http://oregonexplorer.info/rural/RuralIssues/FamilyStructure]

Family Lesson Plan (Conversation Class): Follow-Up Questions

1) What is a nuclear family?

2) True or False: extended families are replacing nuclear families in North America.
3) How has marriage and raising children changed in the U.K. since 1971?
4) Why does Stephanie Coontz believe the institution of the family has weakened?
5) Do you agree or disagree with the ideas in the article

Family Lesson Plan (Conversation Class): Discussion Questions

1) Violence: Is it ever okay to hit a child? What is the custom or law in your country?
2) Due to population growth and environmental problems, should families have fewer
kids?
4) What is the ideal number of children to have?
5) When are children old enough to move out of the house?