BAB III Endapan Epithermal
BAB III Endapan Epithermal
Endapan Epitermal
BAB III
ENDAPAN EPITERMAL
A. Pendahuluan
Sebagian besar cadangan deposit mineral bijih (seperti emas) di dunia berasal
dari endapan-endapan hasil mineralisasi yang berasosiasi dengan tubuh urat di
batuan (Evans, 1993). Salah satunya adalah endapan mineral bijih yang berasal dari
endapan epitermal. Endapan epitermal adalah hasil aktivitas larutan hidrothermal
yang berkaitan dengan proses vulkanisme pada kedalaman dangkal dengan
temperatur rendah, dengan kedalaman berkisar 1-1,5 km dan suhu antara 50°C-
300°C (Guilbert, 1986; Hedenquist et al, 2000). Istilah ini pertama kali dinyatakan
oleh Lindgren pada tahun 1933.
C. Endapan Epitermal
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PANDUAN PRAKTIKUM GEOLOGI SUMBER DAYA MINERAL 2011
Endapan Epitermal
2. Pembentukan deposit Dominan disusun oleh urat-urat Urat-urat yang terletak lebih
pengisi rekahan-rekahan (open rendah hadir secara lokal
space)
Endapan bijih umumnya Endapan bijih dijumpai
dijumpai dengan struktur dengan struktur stockwok
stockwok dalam jumlah minor
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PANDUAN PRAKTIKUM GEOLOGI SUMBER DAYA MINERAL 2011
Endapan Epitermal
Tabel 1. Asosiasi mineral bijih pada endapan epithermal (White dan Hedenquist, 1995) di dalam
White (2009)
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PANDUAN PRAKTIKUM GEOLOGI SUMBER DAYA MINERAL 2011
Endapan Epitermal
Tabel 2. Asosiasi mineral-mineral sekunder pengisi gangue (White dan Hedenquist, 1995) di dalam
White (2009)
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PANDUAN PRAKTIKUM GEOLOGI SUMBER DAYA MINERAL 2011
Endapan Epitermal
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PANDUAN PRAKTIKUM GEOLOGI SUMBER DAYA MINERAL 2011
Endapan Epitermal
Tabel 3. Klasifikasi endapan Cu-Au sistem hidrotermal (Corbett dan Leach, 1995)
Low Sinter/breccias Osorezan, Fluid uplow Brecciated Shallow argillic/ Polyphasal sinters- Electrum, cinnabar,
sulphidation Champagne zones within sinter advanced argillic to veins-breccias realgar, stibnite
epithermal pool dilational deep
settings, argillic/phyllic and
Stockwork/fissure Hishikari, Stockwork Collofor/crustiform Electrum, silver-Ag,
controlled by marginal propylitic
vein Cracow, vein/breccia sulphosalts/sulphide
regional 1. quartz –adularia-
Golden Cross, grades s,
structures bladed calcite
Walhi downward to chalcopyrite+Au/Ag
varying form 2. Fine-coarse quartz
locally -tellurides/selenides
fissures at
brecciated and
depth to 3. quartz-clay-
banded veins
shallow carbonate
stockworks 4. clay sulphates
Porphyry- quartz-sulphide Thames, Porphyry Banded veins Phyllic overprinting Veining: Gold, pyrite,
related Low Au+Cu Kainantu, setting and breccias propyllitic/potassic pyrorthite,
1. hematite-magnetite
Sulphidation Hamata controlled by controlled by arsenopyrite,
regional dilational 2. quartz-pyrite- chalcopyrite,
structures and environment pyrrhotite- hematite, magnetite,
veins by and rock arsenopyrite Pb-Bi-Cu-Te phases
dilational competency
3. chalcopyrite
environment
Carbonate-base Kelian, and proximity Phyllic overprinting Veining/breccias: Gold, pyrite,
metal Au Porgera, to the propylitic sphalerite, galena,
1. quartz- adularia/
Open pit, intrussive chalcopyrite,
sericite
Wau, Acupan, tennantite
Woodlank, 2. sulphides
Karangahake
3. carbonates
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PANDUAN PRAKTIKUM GEOLOGI SUMBER DAYA MINERAL 2011
Endapan Epitermal
3. quartz-chlorite-illite
Sediment hosted Bau, Mesel Extensional Disseminated Decalcification, Vein+breccia: Pyrite, arsenopyrite,
structures are dolomitisation and As-pyrite, stibnite,
1. quartz-pyrite
important silicification orpiment, realgar
2. quartz-arsenopyrite
High Porphyry Horse Ival, Regional Alteration and Zone potassic, Repalcement Barren to very low
Sulphidation Lookout structures mineralisation phyllic to advance dominated grade, covellite-
Rocks, Vuda, control zonations argillic (related to pyrite+enargite
Cabang Kirl intrussive influenced by porphyry system)
emplacement host rock
Structural control Nena,
and dilational permeability
Lepanto, Mt.
structures host and dilational
Kasi
rock structures; ore
Lithological Wall, permeability commonly Core silisic to Vein & breccias Vertically zoned;
control Nansatsu and focus occurs as marginal argillic to covellite, enargite,
1. quartz
Peak Hill, fluid from breccia matrix peripheral luzonite, tennantite,
Temora upflow into propyllitic (related 2. alunite, barite goldfieldite lateral
outflow zones to epithermal zones, as above
Composite Sangihe, Peak 3. pyrite
system) outward to
structural and Hill
4. Cu-sulphides tennantite, chalco,
lithological
base metal sulphides
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PANDUAN PRAKTIKUM GEOLOGI SUMBER DAYA MINERAL 2011
Endapan Epitermal
Porphyry Porphyry Cu-Au Panguna, Ok Regional Fracture Early potassic to Stockwork: Vertical zones:
Tedi, structure mineralisation peripheral bornite-chalco-
1. Quartz-biotite/K-
Grasberg, control to at intrussive propyllitic; late magnetite, to chalco-
feldspar
Batu hijau intrusive margins and phyllic then argillic magnetite-pyrite, to
emplacement breccia matrix overprints 2. Sulphides pyrite-chalco-
as splays in infill hematite
3. Sericite-clay-
acretionary
sulphides
structures or
Skarn Erstberg, Ok along transfer Zone isothermal Veining: Zoned Cu, to Pb-Zn,
Tedi structures, overprinted by to peripheral Au
subsurface metasomatic and 1. Garnet-
late retrograde pyroxene-etc.
batholith
Braccia Au Kidston, Mt. topography As quartz-sulphide 2. Oxides- As quartz-sulphides-
Leyshan influences Au An
sulphides
breccia
intrusion 3. Chlorite-carb-
quartz
Alkaline Porphyry Porgera, Lihir Potassic, As quartz-sulphide Au Qverpinting events,
Au overprinted by As-pyrite, then base
successive phyllic, metal, then Au-Ag-
argillic and advance Te phases
argillic
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PANDUAN PRAKTIKUM GEOLOGI SUMBER DAYA MINERAL 2011
Endapan Epitermal
Hal yang perlu diamati pada endapan epitermal yaitu host rock, asosiasi
mineral bijih, gangue, alterasi, kenampakan tekstur alterasi dan tubuh gangue/urat
dan struktur tubuh urat/gangue (Hedenquist et al, 2000). Berikut tahapan-tahapan
pengamatan pada endapan epitermal:
1. Warna batuan,
2. Tipe Alterasi (jika teramati)
3. Pemerian Urat:
a. Tekstur urat (jika memiliki perlapisan diukur ketebalannya)
b. Geometri urat (Sillitoe, 1993)
4. Mineralogi :
a. Mineral primer (mineral asli batuan, jika teramati)
b. Mineral sekunder (mineral produk alterasi)
- Mineral-mineral kunci/ penciri alterasi
- Mineral-mineral tambahan
c. Mineral-mineral pengisi tubuh urat/gangue baik mineral non-logam atau
mineral logam (bijih).
5. Tipe urat : tekstur dan geometri
6. Tipe endapan: Epitermal High Sulphidation atau Low Sulphidation
7. Genesa
8. Kondisi Lingkungan
Tabel 4. Jenis-jenis alterasi yang berasosiasi dengan endapan epithermal (alterasi ini dapat
berasosiasi dengan pembentukan mineral bijih atau tidak; Hedenquist et al, 2000)
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PANDUAN PRAKTIKUM GEOLOGI SUMBER DAYA MINERAL 2011
Endapan Epitermal
Tabel 6. Karakteristik endapan sulfidasi rendah dan tinggi pada endapan epithermal
(Hedenquist et al., 2000)
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PANDUAN PRAKTIKUM GEOLOGI SUMBER DAYA MINERAL 2011
Endapan Epitermal
Referensi
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PANDUAN PRAKTIKUM GEOLOGI SUMBER DAYA MINERAL 2011
Endapan Epitermal
1. Bastin, Edson S., 1953, Interpretation of ore textures, Ithaca, New York
2. Corbett, G,J., T.M. Leach. 1996. Southwest Pacific Rim gold/copper systems : structure,
alteration, and mineralization . A workshop presented for the Society of Exploration
Geochemists at Townville, 145pp.
3. Etoh, J., Izawa, E., Watanabe, K.,Taguchi, S., Sekine, R., 2002, Bladed Quart and Its
Relationship to Gold Mineralisation in The Hishikari Low-Sulphidation Epithermal Gold
Deposit, Economic Geology, vol. 97, pp 1841-1851
4. Guilbert, J., M., Charles F.P. Jr. 1986. The geology of ore deposits. Freeman, New York, 985pp.
5. Hedenquist, J.W. dan Houghton, B. F. 1996. Epithermal gold mineralisation and its volcanic
environments , 50, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 423pp.
6. Hedenquist, J. W., Arribas, A. R., dan Urien E. G., 2000, Exploration for Epithermal Gold
deposits, Economic Geology, vol. 13, p. 245-277
8. Morrison, Gregg, Guoyi, Dong, Subhash Jairet, 1990, Textural Zoning in Epithermal Quartz
Vein, exploration services, Klondike
9. Guoyi, Dong, Morrison, Gregg, dan Subhash Jairet, 1995, Quartz Texture in Epithermal Veins,
Queensland-Classification Origin and Implication; Economic Geology, vol.90, pp. 1841-1856
10. Reyes,A. G., dan Giggenbach, W. F., 1992, Petrology and fluid chemistry of magmatic-
hydrothermal systems in the Phillipines, In : Y.K. Kharaka dan A. S. Maest (Editors) Water
rock Interaction. Proceedings of the 7th International Sympossium on Water-Rock Interaction, Park
City, USA, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp, 1341-1344
11. Sillitoe, R. H., 1993, Gold Rich Porphyry Copper Deposits; geological model and exploration
implications, In: R. V. Kirham, W. D., Sinclair, R. I., Thorpe and J. M., Duke (editors), Mineral
Deposit Modelling, Geol. Assoc. Canada Spec. Pap. 40, pp 1341-1344.
12. Simmons, S. F., White, N. C., dan John, D. A., 2005, Geological Characteristic of Epithermal
Precious Base Metal Deposits, Economic Geology, 100th volume, pp. 485-522
13. Thompson, A. J. B., dan Thompson J. F. H., 1996, Atlas of alteration “A field and petrographic
guide to hydrothermal alteration minerals”, Geological Association of Canada Mineral
Deposit Divisions. Canada
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PANDUAN PRAKTIKUM GEOLOGI SUMBER DAYA MINERAL 2011
Endapan Epitermal
Geometri struktur :
Mineral Sekunder :
Mineral-mineral kunci/ penciri alterasi
Mineral-mineral tambahan
Struktur Urat
6. Tipe endapan:
7. Genesa
8. Kondisi Lingkungan
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PANDUAN PRAKTIKUM GEOLOGI SUMBER DAYA MINERAL 2011
Endapan Epitermal
Struktur Urat
Vein breccia (Sillitoe, 1993)
4. Deskripsi mineralogi Mineral asli
-
Mineral Sekunder
Mineral-mineral kunci/ penciri alterasi
- Kuarsa berwarna putih susu, kilap seperti kaca bentuk
berupa butiran dengan kelimpahan 30%
- Kalsedon, berwarna putih, kilap seperti lilin, membentuk
perlapisan dengan ketebalan 5 mm, kelimpahan 10%
- Epidot, berwarna hijau kekuningan, kilap seperti tanah
bentuk berupa butiran-butiran halus dengan agregat
membentuk halo pada rekahan di batuan. Kelimpahan
10 %
Mineral-mineral tambahan
- Lempung berwarna coklat, kilap seperti tanah, ukuran
<0.05 mm dan kelimpahan 5 %
Mineral-mineral pengisi tubuh urat/gangue
mineral non-logam
- Kalsedon, berwarna putih, kilap seperti lilin, membentuk
perlapisan dengan ketebalan 5 mm, kelimpahan 10%
- Adularia berwarna pink, dengan kilap seperti lilin,
terletak pada pusat lingkaran kalsedon, berukuran <0.05
mm dengan kelimpahan 30 %
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Endapan Epitermal
6. Jenis endapan epitermal Sulfidasi rendah (White dan Hedenquist, 1995; Corbett
dan Leach, 1995)
7. Genesa Pembentukan tekstur pada endapan epithermal di tubuh
batuan disebabkan oleh adanya proses space filling pada
lingkungan Sulfidasi rendah (White dan Hedenquist, 1995)
8. Kondisi Lingkungan Terletak pada superzone crustiform-colloform bagian atas,
karena tersusun dari kalsedon dan lapisan-lapisan moss
yang dominan melebihi lapisan-lapisan kristalin dan
berasosiasi dengan moss adularia. Terdapat colloform
berkembang dengan baik di zona ini karena jumlah
kalsedon yang melimpah. Dengan kedalaman
pembentukan berkisar 200 m dan suhu pembentukan
dengan kisaran 200°C-250°C (Buchanan, 1981)
63