Kata benda menamai seseorang, tempat, benda, atau gagasan. Biasanya, halaman pertama sebuah
buku tata bahasa bercerita tentang kata benda. Kata benda memberikan nama benda konkret atau abstrak
dalam kehidupan kita. Seiring bayi belajar "ibu," "ayah", atau "susu" sebagai kata pertama mereka, kata
benda harus menjadi topik pertama saat mempelajari bahasa asing.
a. Untuk bentuk jamak kebanyakan kata benda, tambahkan “S”.
bottle – bottles
cup – cups
pencil – pencils
desk – desks
sticker – stickers
window – windows
b. Untuk kata benda yang diakhiri dengan bunyi CH, X, S, tambahkan “ES”
box – boxes
watch – watches
moss – mosses
bus – buses
c. Untuk kata benda yang berakhir dengan F atau FE, ubah F menjadi V dan tambahkan “ES”.
wolf – wolves
wife – wives
leaf – leaves
life – lives
d. Beberapa kata benda memiliki bentuk jamak yang berbeda
child – children
woman – women
man – men
mouse – mice
goose – geese
e. Kata benda yang diakhiri dengan vokal seperti Y atau O tidak memiliki aturan
yang pasti.
baby – babies
toy – toys
kidney – kidneys
potato – potatoes
memo – memos
stereo – stereos
f. Beberapa kata benda memiliki bentuk tunggal dan jamak yang sama.
sheep – sheep
deer – deer
series – series
species – species
*QUIZ
Pilih bentuk kata benda yang benar dalam setiap kalimat!
Gunakan ekspresi seperti (beberapa, sedikit, banyak, beberapa, setiap, setiap, ini, dan
jumlah)
Work with expressions such as (a few, few, many, some, every, each, these, and the number of).
Jadi…
a few pens, a few computers, many bottles, some spoons, every desk, each cup,
these televisions, the number of chairs, a few shoes, a few fingers, many flowers,
some cameras, every stick, each balloon, these books, the number of tables, many
combs, etc.
(NON-COUNT NOUNS)
Tidak bisa dihitung Mereka biasanya mengekspresikan kelompok atau tipe.
(Cannot be counted. They usually express a group or a type)
Seperti:
water, wood, ice, air, oxygen, English, Spanish, traffic, furniture, milk, wine, sugar,
rice, meat, flour, soccer, sunshine, etc.
Umumnya tidak dapat dijabarkan. Bekerja baik dengan dan tanpa artikel (a, an, atau
the), tergantung pada konteks kalimatnya.
(Generally cannot be pluralized. Work both with and without an article (a, an, or
the), depending on the context of the sentence.)
Seperti:
Sugar is sweet. (Gula itu Manis)
The sunshine is beautiful. (Sinar matahari yang cantik)
I drink milk. (Aku meminum susu)
He eats rice. (Dia memakan nasi)
We watch soccer together. (kami menonton sepak bola bersama)
The wood is burning. (kayu terbakar)
Menggunakan Ekspresi seperti (some, any, enough, this, that, and much).
(Work with expressions such as (some, any, enough, this, that, and much).)
Example:
We ate some rice and milk. (kami makan nasi dan susu)
I hope to see some sunshine today.(aku berharap melihat cahaya hari ini)
This meat is good. (daging ini bagus)
She does not speak much Spanish. (dia tidak banyak berbicara bahasa Spanyol)
Do you see any traffic on the road? (apakah kamu melihat lalu lintas di jalan?)
That wine is very old. (Minuman anggur itu sudah sangat lama/tua)
Ingat!!
Jangan menggunakan Ekspresi seperti (these, those, every, each, either, or neither)
Don’t work with expressions such as (these, those, every, each, either, or neither).
*Quiz
Pilih semua kata yang tdk dapat dihitung dalam daftar berikut ini:
(Choose all of the non-count nouns in the following list:)
wine, student, pen, water, wind, milk, computer, furniture, cup, rice, box, watch, potato, wood
3. KATA BENDA KEPEMILIKAN
(POSSESSIVE NOUNS)
b. Ketika kata benda berbentuk jamak dan berakhiran “s”, maka tambahakan kata kutip saja
(‘).
(When a noun is plural and ends in “s”, just add an apostrophe (').)
The kids' toys
My parents' house
The teachers' lounge
c. Jika dua orang memiliki satu benda yang sama, tambahkan tanda kutip dan “s” hanya
pada orang kedua.
(If two people own one thing, add the apostrophe (‘) and “s” to the second person only.
John and Mary's new house)
d. Jika dua orang memiliki dua benda yang berbeda, tambahkan tanda kutip (‘) dan “s”
pada setiap orang.
(If two people own separate things, add the apostrophe (‘) and “s” for each person.)
Susan's and Beth's books
Jean's and Dan's pants
Ben's and Jim's offices
*QUIZ
Pernyataan yang mana yang tidak benar?
(Which of the following is not correct?)
Example story:
Mary is one of the heads of the ToJi Corporation. Mary works with Mr. James and Mr.
James' son Tom. Mr. James and Mr. James' son Tom are experts in biochemistry. Mary,
Mr. James, and Tom researched and invented a drug for cancer treatment.
*QUIZ
I go home. Home is my place to rest. I like the smell of my house. I feel totally relaxed.
Home refreshes me. At home, I get ready for a new day.
I am a doctor.
He is sleepy.
We are here.
I am not a doctor.
He is not sleepy.
We are not there.
Am I a doctor?
Is he sleepy?
Are we there?
He isn't sleepy.
We aren't there.
Ingatlah variasi dari kata kerja “be” atau “menjadi”:
Remember the variations of "be" verbs:
*QUIZ
1) I am thirsty.
2) You are kind.
3) He am not sad.
4) She are not tall.
5) It is not moving.
6) We aren't tired.
7) Is they running?
8) Are you ready?
6. KATA KERJA TINDAKAN
(ACTION VERBS)
Kata kerja aksi mengekspresikan tindakan dan merupakan kata kerja yang paling
umum
(Action verbs express action and are the most common verbs.)
Kata kerja tindakan membutuhkan “s” pada akhirnya dengan subjek orang ketiga dan
tunggal.
(Action verbs need “s” at the end with third-person, singular subjects.)
He eats bread.
She walks to the station.
It floats on the sea.
Kalimat negative perlu ditambahkan do not, does not, atau did not
(Negative sentences need do not, does not, or did not.)
Do not dapat disingkat menjadi Don’t, does not to doesn't, and did not to didn't.
(Do not can be shortened to don't, does not to doesn't, and did not to didn't.)
*QUIZ
Perbaiki kata kerja yang salah dalam kalimat dibawah ini. Beberapa kalimat mungkin ada
yang sudah benar.
Correct the verb errors in the sentences below. Some sentences may be correct as is.
1) I runs a marathon.
2) You look sleepy.
3) She do not dance.
4) Does you leave today?
5) We don't stay here.
6) It come with rice.
7. KATA SIFAT
(ADJECTIVES)
Contoh:
Saya suka dongeng. Sebuah dongeng adalah imajinasi cerita yang memiliki karakter tidak
realistis dalam latar belakang yang fantastis. Itu membuat saya melupakan dunia nyata dan
menyegarkan pikiran saya yang lelah.
I like fairy tales. A fairy tale is an imaginary story that has unrealistic characters in
a fantastic background. It makes me forget about the real world and refreshes
my tired mind.
A pretty girl
Red flowers
A long stick
Heavy boxes
Warm weather
(When using a string of adjectives, they should appear in a set order: size/shape +
age + color + origin + material.)
d. Kata sifat + menguraikan kelas atau kelompok orang dan bertindak sebagai kata
benda.
(The + adjective describes a class or group of people and acts as a noun.)
The old, The young, The poor, The rich, The oppressed, The homeless, etc.
This popular TV show is loved by The old.
*QUIZ
Tulis kata sifat yang berlawanan dengan menggunakan awalan yang sesuai
(Write opposite adjectives using the appropriate prefix.)
1) Clear –
2) Definite –
3) Correct –
4) Expensive –
5) Complete –
In the spring, red roses blossom in my cute small garden. The beautiful birds also sing in the big
oak tree.
8. PERBANDINGAN KOMPARATIF DAN SPERLATIF
(COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES)
Comparative adjectives compare two things. Superlative adjectives compare more than
two things.
Adjectives with two or more syllables do not change but instead add more to form
comparatives and most to form superlatives.
*QUIZ
1. Write the appropriate comparative or superlative form of the word cold in each blank.
slow – slowly
quick – quickly
comfortable – comfortably
loud – loudly
clear – clearly
To change adjectives ending in 'y' into adverbs, change the 'y' to 'i' and add 'ly'.
happy – happily
easy – easily
*QUIZ
Choose the correct word form in the following sentences.
1) I spoke to you (careful, carefully) last time.
2) We talked about it (clear, clearly).
3) I sat on the (comfortable, comfortably) sofa.
4) My dog runs very (fast, faster).
5) Let’s install the new program (quick, quickly).
10. SIMPLE TENSE
Verb tense tells you when the action happens. There are three main verb tenses: present, past,
and future. Each main tense is divided into simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect
progressive tenses.
Example:
run
eat
see
I know it.
I knew it the day before yesterday.
I will know it by tomorrow.
learn
I learn English.
I learned English the last two years.
I will learn English next year.
cook
*QUIZ
The progressive tense involves action that is, was, or will be in progress at a certain time. In
the progressive tense, verbs are formed with a "be" verb + ing.
run
eat
learn
cook
Perfect Tense
The present perfect tense describes an action that started in the past and continues to
the present time. Use has/have + the past participle form of the verb.
The past perfect tense describes an action that started and ended in the past. Use had +
the past participle form of the verb.
The future perfect tense describes future actions that will occur before some other
action. Use will have + the past participle form of the verb.
Run
learn
know
cook
*QUIZ
Using the following sentence and create three more sentences using the present, past, and
future progressive tenses.
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb given.
The perfect progressive tense describes actions that repeated over a period of time in the
past, are continuing in the present, and/or will continue in the future.
The present perfect progressive tense tells you about a continuous action that was initiated in
the past and finished at some point in the past; however, the action has some relation to the
present time. Use have/has + been + ing.
The past perfect progressive tense illustrates a continuous action in the past that was
completed before another past action. Use had + been + ing.
The future perfect progressive tense indicates a continuous action that will be completed
in the future. Use will + have + been + ing.
By tonight, it will have been raining several hours, and the street will be very wet.
By next summer, I will have been running for almost a year, and I will be fit and healthy.
By the time of the concert, she will have been practicing the piano for several months,
and she will be much better.
*QUIZ
Regular verbs form their past and past participle by adding ed (d).
Irregular verbs do not have definite rules, but there are a few patterns.
*QUIZ
Find the past and past participle forms of the following verbs using your dictionary:
bring
drink
think
tell
eat
make
beat
14. GERUNDS
Seeing is believing.
Running a marathon is not an easy thing to do.
Watching TV is sometimes harmful.
Eating is always fun.
My hobby is painting.
She loves babysitting her sister.
I like listening to music.
I wasted all my afternoon by taking a nap.
I am afraid of singing a song on a stage.
*QUIZ
An infinitive is a verb combined with the word to. Most often, an infinitive acts as a noun in
the sentence. Less frequently, it acts as an adjective or an adverb.
Generally, it is not common to split to and the verb except for when you want to emphasize
the verb.
*QUIZ
Commonly, an infinitive is used with the subject it. The sentence structure is "It
is + infinitive.…" It refers to the infinitive. This expression is used in many ways.
It is time to do math.
It is common to think that way.
It is appropriate to keep a low profile.
It was nice to see you.
It was my pleasure to meet you.
It was my honor to have dinner with you.
It is good to see you.
It was great to go on a trip with them.
Both gerunds and infinitive phrases can function as nouns, in a variety of ways. Gerunds and
infinitives can follow certain verbs but not others. You need to remember which verbs can
be followed by only a gerund or only an infinitive.
Verbs that can precede either gerunds or infinitives without changing meanings:
Verbs that can precede either gerunds or infinitives but change meanings:
Verbs are either active or passive in voice. In the active voice, the subject and verb
relationship is straightforward: the subject is a do-er. In the passive voice, the subject of
the sentence is not a do-er. It is shown with by + do-er or is not shown in the sentence.
Passive voice is used when the action is the focus, not the subject. It is not important (or
not known) who does the action.
The window is broken. (It is not known who broke the window, or it is not important to
know who broke the window.)
The class has been canceled. (The focus is on the class being canceled. It is not
important to know who canceled it.)
The passive voice is often used. (The focus is on the passive voice. It is not important to
explain who the writer is.)
Passive voice should be avoided when you want more clarity in writing. However, in some
cases, you need to use passive voice to stress the action, not the actor. Also, passive voice
can be considered more polite, as it sounds less aggressive or dramatic.
You can easily rewrite an active sentence to a passive sentence. The object in the active
sentence becomes a subject in the passive sentence. The verb is changed to a “be” verb +
past participle. The subject of the active sentence follows by or is omitted.
*QUIZ II
Subjunctive Mood expresses a doubtful condition (contrary to fact) and is often used with
an "if" clause.
The following verbs often attract the subjunctive mood: ask, recommend, suggest, wish,
insist, order, commend, request, and demand.A verb in the subjunctive mood may have a
different form. The subjunctive for the present tense third-person singular drops the s or
es so that it looks and sounds like the present tense for everything else. In the subjunctive
mood, the verb to be is be in the present tense and were in the past tense, regardless of
what the subject is.
(The second verb is in a clause following a verb expressing a wish. It suggests a non-
factual or doubtful condition.)
Incorrect: Our suggestion is that everyone on the team does the survey.
Correct: Our suggestion is that everyone on the team do the survey.
Incorrect: She recommended that each student takes a note.
Correct: She recommended that each student take a note.
*QUIZ I
*QUIZ II
An auxiliary verb helps the main (full) verb and is also called a "helping verb." With auxiliary
verbs, you can write sentences in different tenses, moods, or voices. Auxiliary verbs are: be,
do, have, will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought, etc.
The verb forms of be, do, and have can be used either as a main (full) verb or an auxiliary
verb. The following examples show these verbs used as auxiliary verbs.
I am taking a bath.
She is preparing dinner for us.
They have been studying all night.
c. Used in questions:
*QUIZ I
I have just heard that you didn’t attend the meeting yesterday. Did you have a conflict with
that time? I must ask that you explain the reason.
*QUIZ II
Which of the following sentences does not show any auxiliary verbs?
The verbs will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, and must cannot be the main
(full) verbs alone. They are used as auxiliary verbs only and always need a main verb to
follow.
Will
Mainly used in American English to ask questions politely (it has more usages in British
English). For the future tense, will is more frequently used in American English than shall.
Shall we dance?
Shall I go now?
Let’s drink, shall we?
Used to express that you wish something had happened but it didn’t or couldn’t (should +
have + past participle):
Can
Used to suggest a smaller possibility than may does (actually, might is more common than
may in American English):
Must
He must be a genius.
You must be joking!
There must be an accident.
She must be very tired.
*QUIZ
1. She (can, could, may, might, must) have practiced a lot. Her performance was
amazing.
2. I can’t find my watch anywhere. I (can, could, may, might, must) have lost it.
4. (can, could, may, might, must) you please lower your voice?
6. I (can, could, may, might, must) speak both English and Chinese fluently.
22. PREPOSITION “ON”, “AT”, AND “IN”
A preposition is a word that links a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to some other part of the
sentence.
Prepositions can be tricky for English learners. There is no definite rule or formula for
choosing a preposition. In the beginning stage of learning the language, you should try to
identify a preposition when reading or listening in English and recognize its usage.
to the office
at the desk
on the table
in an hour
about myself
On
At
He laughed at my acting.
I am good at drawing a portrait.
In
*QUIZ I
Identify all prepositions in the following sentences.
After flying for many hours, we finally got off the airplane. We walked out the exit and went
to the baggage claim area. There were hundreds of different bags on the conveyer belt. I
almost picked up the wrong one because it looked like mine.
*QUIZ II
Choose a correct preposition in the sentence.
Of
To
Used to indicate the place, person, or thing that someone or something moves toward, or
the direction of something:
For
*QUIZ
Choose the correct preposition in each sentence.
With
Over
By
Used to indicate the person that does something in a passive voice sentence:
1. If she left at 4 p.m., she should be here (with, over, by) now.
2. Go (with, over, by) there and catch my ball.
3. (With, Over, By) your determination, you will be able to achieve your dream.
4. I just found it! It was (with, over, by) the radio on my desk.
5. I knocked him (with, over, by) accidentally.
6. She was (with, over, by) me when the accident occurred.
25. COORDINATING CONJUNCTION & CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION
1. Coordinating Conjunctions
a.Connect words, phrases, or clauses that are independent or equal
b.and, but, or, so, for, yet, and not
2. Correlative Conjunctions
a.Used in pairs
b.both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also
3. Subordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions
5. For—means "because":
Correlative Conjunctions
1. Both/and
She won gold medals from both the single and group races.
Both TV and television are correct words.
2. Either/or
3. Neither/nor
*QUIZ
Write the correct conjunction in each sentence.
Subordinating Conjunctions
Because he was smart and worked hard, he was able to make a lot of money.
They stopped building the house because it was pouring.
I love dogs because they are so cute.
So that she could keep her position, she didn’t complain at all.
He finished his work as fast as possible so that he could leave early.
He worked harder for a raise so he could buy a nice car.
You will not pass the exam unless you get a score of 80 or higher.
I will not tell you anything unless you tell me what you know first.
Unless you ask her, you will never know.
*QUIZ
Conjunctive adverbs are words that join independent clauses into one sentence. A
conjunctive adverb helps you create a shorter sentence.
When you use a conjunctive adverb, put a semicolon (;) before it and a comma (,) after it.
We have many different sizes of this shirt; however, it comes in only one color.
Some examples of conjunctive adverbs are: accordingly, also, besides, consequently, finally,
however, indeed, instead, likewise, meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, next, otherwise,
still, therefore, then, etc.
The due date for the final paper has passed; therefore, I could not submit mine on
time.
There are many history books; however, none of them may be accurate.
It rained hard; moreover, lightening flashed and thunder boomed.
The baby fell asleep; then, the doorbell rang.
The law does not permit drinking and driving anytime; otherwise, there would be
many more accidents.
Conjunctive adverbs look like coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, so, for, yet, nor);
however, they are not as strong as coordinating conjunctions and they are punctuated
differently.
A conjunctive adverb is also used in a single main clause. In this case, a comma (,) is used to
separate the conjunctive adverb from the sentence.
The words a, an, and the are special adjectives called articles.
Indefinite Articles—a, an
an—used before singular count nouns beginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or vowel sound:
a—used before singular count nouns beginning with consonants (other than a, e, i, o, u):
Definite Article—the
Can be used before singular and plural, count and non-count nouns
a pencil
an orange
a dozen
a gallon
Used to indicate a noun that is definite or has been previously specified in the context:
When you are expressing a strong emotion, use an exclamation mark (!). A comma (,) can be
used for a weaker emotion.
Quiz I
Quiz II
30. CAPITALIZATION
Capitalization means using a capital letter (for example, A instead of a). The use of capital
letters helps readers read your writing without confusion.
I grew up in India.
She left a message on my phone.
The pronoun I.
The first letter of months, days, and holidays (but not seasons).
Historical periods.
The first letter of each major word in the title of a book, movie, article, etc.
Quiz I