Modul Bahasa Inggris 1

SUKSES DENGAN AKSES!
TEMBUS USM STAN 2014. Page 1 of 64
BAB I
PART OF SPEECH
A. Definisi
Part of speech adalah bagian-bagian mendasar dalam bahasa Inggris. Disebut part of speech karena
kata-kata ini merupakan suatu sistem yang diperlukan untuk membentuk sebuah kaliamt, tanpa melihat
tugas atau fungsinya. Jadi kata-kata itu merupakan “bahan dasar” di dalam sebnuah “bangunan” kalimat.
B. Jenis
NOUN (KATA BENDA)
Fungsi : untuk menamai orang,benda, hewan. Tempat, dan konsep abstrak.
Fungsi dalam kalimat : sebagai subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, an
object complement, an appositive, an adjective atau an adverb
Jenis:
1. Countable Noun
 Dapat dihitung. Contoh:
Jenis:
Contoh kata Keterangan
song – songs Betuk: Noun + s.
book – books Bentuk kata yang paling sering
dijumpai.
box – boxes Bentuk: Noun + es.
glass – glasses Digunakan untuk jenis noun yang
berakhiran -sh, -ch, -s, -z, dan -x.
baby – babies Bentuk: Noun + ies (dengan mengganti
fly - flies “y”)
butterflies Digunakan untuk jenis noun yang
berakhiran -y
man – men Bentuk tak beraturan.
woman – women
child – children
ox – oxen
foot – feet
echo - echoes Bentuk : Noun + es
hero - heroes Digunakan untuk jenis noun berakhiran
potato - potatoes -o
tomato - tomatoes
auto - autos Bentuk: Noun + s
kangaroo -kangaroos Digunakan untuk jenis noun berakhiran
kilo - kilos –o.
memo - memos
radio - radios
mosquito –mosquitos/es Bentuk: Noun + s/es
tornado – tornados/es Digunakan untuk jenis noun berakhiran
volcano – volcanos/es –o. Umumnya menggunakan tambahan
zero –zeros/es es.
knife - knives Bentuk : Noun + ves
leaf - leaves Digunakan untuk jenis noun berakhiran
self - selves –fe atau –f.
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thief - thieves
belief - beliefs Bentuk : Noun + es
chief - chiefs Digunakan untuk beberapa jenis noun
cliff - cliffs berakhiran –fe atau –f.
roof - roofs
deer Bentuk : tetap
fish Beberapa noun ada yang bentuknya
sheep bisa singular bisa plural
shrimp
phenomena - Bentuk tak beraturan.
phenomenon Diambil dari bentuk aslinya.
fungi - fungus
data - datum
Secara umum, countable noun dapat ditambah artikel “a/an” pada bentuk singular, dan e/es pada
bentuk pluralnya.
2. Uncountable Noun
 Tidak dapat dihitung. Digunakan untuk benda abstrak yang tidak memiliki bentuk fisik, tidak
dapat disentuh dan tidak dapat dihitung.
Jenis:
a. mass/collective noun;
(baggage, clothing, equipment, food, fruit, furniture, garbage, hardware, jewelry, junk,
luggage, machinery, mail, makeup, money/cash/change, postage, scenery, traffic)
b. fluid;
(water, coffee, tea, milk, oil, soup, gasoline, blood)
c. solid things;
(ice, bread, butter, cheese, meat, gold, iron, silver, glass, paper, wood, cotton, wool)
d. gas;
(steam, air, oxygen, nitrogen, smoke, smog, pol ution)
e. particle;
(rice, chalk, corn, dirt, dust, flour, grass, hair, pepper, salt, sand, sugar, wheat)
f. abstract noun;
(beauty, confidence, courage, education, enjoyment, fun, happiness, health, help, honesty,
hospitality, importance, intelligence, justice, knowledge, laughter, luck, music, patience,
peace, pride, progress, recreation, significance, sleep, truth, violence, wealth, advice,
information, news, evidence, proof, time, space, energy, homework, work, grammar, slang,
vocabulary)
g. language;
(Arabic, Chinese, English, Spanish)
h. academic subject;
(chemistry, engineering, history, literature, mathematics, psychology)
i. recreation;
(baseball, soccer, tennis, chess, bridge, poker)
j. some activities;
(driving, studying, swimming, travelling, walking)
k. natural phenomena
(weather, dew, fog, hail, heat, humidity, lightning, rain, sleet, snow, thunder, wind, darkness,
light, sunshine, electricity, fire, gravity)
QUANTIFIER UNTUK KATA BENDA

Countable Uncountable Examples
Much  I don't have much money.
Many  I don't have many apples.
We know few people in the
Few  area. I would like to get to
know more.
We know a few people in the
A few  area. I know enough people to
keep me happy.
I know little English. I am
Little  going to have a problem
getting around England.
I know a little English, at
A little 
least enough to get England.
Enough   I have enough money.
Plenty   I have plenty of money.
PRONOUN (KATA GANTI)

Fungsi : untuk mengganti kata benda.
Person Subject Object Possessive Intensive / Reflexive
1st I me mine Myself
2nd you you yours Yourself
3rd he/she/it him/her/it his/hers himself/herself/itself
Person Subject Object Possessive Intensive / Reflexive

1st We us ours Ourselves
2nd You you yours Yourselves
3rd They them theirs Themselves
ADJECTIVE (KATA SIFAT)

Fungsi : memodifikasi kata benda atau kata ganti dengan menjelaskan, mengidentifikasi, atau mengukur
kata-kata. Kata sifat biasanya mendahului kata benda atau kata ganti yang dimodifikasi.
Jenis :
1. Terletak setelah to be (am, is, are, was, were)
Contoh : My mother is beautiful.
2. Terletak sebelum dengan noun (noun phrase)  menjelaskan sifat dari benda tersebut
Contoh : Those are happy people. (berarti orang-orang yang bahagia)
VERB (KATA KERJA)

Fungsi : kata yang menunjukkan tindakan atau keadaan.
Kata kerja adalah jantung dari kalimat - setiap kalimat harus memiliki kata kerja. Salah satu yang paling
hal penting tentang kata kerja adalah hubungan mereka ke waktu. Verbs mengetahui apakah sesuatu yang
memiliki sudah terjadi, jika itu akan terjadi nanti, atau jika hal itu terjadi sekarang.
Contoh perubahan bentuk verb:
Present Past Future
Look looked will look
Move moved will move
Talk talked will talk
Present Past Future

See saw will see
Hear heard will hear
Speak spoke will speak
ADVERB (KETRANGAN)
Fungsi : Kata keterangan dapat memodifikasi kata kerja, kata sifat, kata keterangan lain, frase, atau
klausa.
Kata keterangan menunjukkan cara, waktu, tempat, sebab, atau gelar dan jawaban pertanyaan
seperti "bagaimana," "kapan", "dimana", "berapa banyak".
PREPOSITION (KATA DEPAN)

Fungsi : menggambarkan hubungan antara kata-kata lain dalam sebuah kalimat.
Jenis :
about beneath in back of past
above beside in case of regarding
according to between in front of round
across beyond in place of since
after but* inside through
against by in spite of throughout
along by means of instead of till
along with concerning into to
among despite like toward
apart from down near under
around during next underneath
as except of unlike
as for except for off until
at excepting on up
because of for on top of upon
before from out up to
behind in out of with
below in addition to outside within
over without
BAB II
ARTICLES
A. Definisi
A, an, the (articles) adalah kata yang digunakan untuk membatasi pengertian darinoun (kata benda).
B. Jenis
A. DEFINITIE ARTICLE (the)
1. Definite article digunakan sebelum kata benda tunggal dan jamak ketika benda tersebut tertentu
atau khusus. Definite article bahwa mengacu pada anggota tertentu dari kelompok.
Contoh : The dog that bit me ran away.
2. "The" digunakan untuk merujuk kepada sesuatu yang telah disebutkan.
Contoh : An elephant and a mouse fell in love. The mouse loved the elephant's long trunk, and
the elephant loved the mouse's tiny nose.
3. "The" diperlukan bila kata benda mengacu mewakili sesuatu yang abstrak.
Contoh :The United States has encouraged the use of the private automobile as opposed to the
use of public transit.
4. Digunakan untuk beberapa jenis kata benda :
a. Geografi
Contoh : the Sound, the Sea of Japan, the Mississippi, the West, the Sahara
b. Menyebutkan keluarga, team
Contoh : the Netherlands, the Bahamas, the Hamptons, the Johnsons, the New England
Patriots , the Kusmanadji, the STANERS
c. Institusi publik
Contoh : the Wadsworth Atheneum, the Sheraton, the House, the Presbyterian Church,
the hospital, the PLASMA
d. Nama majalah/koran
Contoh : the Times, the Jakarta Post, the Media Indonesia
e. Kata benda yang diikuti oleh kata depan “of”
Contoh : the leader of the gang, the president of our club, the Head of Marketing
5. Digunakan untuk nama-nama sungai, lautan, dan lautan; poin di dunia, padang pasir, hutan, jurang,
dan semenanjung.
Contoh : the Nile, the Pacific; the Equator, the North Pole; the Sahara, the Persian Gulf, the
Green Forest, the Korea Peninsula
B. INDEFINITE ARTICLE (a/an)
1. Dalam bahasa Inggris, artikel tak tentu adalah "a, an, beberapa, apapun." Mereka adalah
"terbatas"karena mereka tidak mengacu pada hal tertentu sebagai "" tidak, tetapi hanya merujuk
untuk suatu benda atau orang dengan cara non-spesifik, yaitu, kita tidak menentukan persis dari
mana seseorang atau obyek yang kita maksud.
2. Menyebut seseorang atau sesuatu untuk pertama kalinya dalam percakapan atau teks.
Contoh : I've final y got a good job.
We bought a new computer and it was cheap.
Would you like a drink?
3. "A" dan "an" juga digunakan untuk merujuk kepada anggota tertentu dari kelompok atau
kelas.
Contoh : She is an English teacher.
He wants to be a dancer.
John is an Englishman.
4. Tentang harga / berat badan, kecepatan.
Contoh : This car does 240 km an hour.
It is 10 euros a kilo.
5. Jumlah tertentu
Contoh : A hundred, a thousand, a mil ion
6. Dengan kata benda tunggal, setelah kata "what" dan "such"
Contoh : What a day!
What a shame!
She's such a beautiful girl.
7. Mengacu pada satu objek atau orang.
Contoh : I'd like an orange and two lemons please.
The burglar took a diamond necklace and a valuable painting.
C. ZERO ARTICLE
1. names of most countries/territories
Italy, Mexico, Bolivia; however, the Netherlands, the Dominican Republic,
the Philippines, the United States
2. names of cities, towns, or states
Seoul, Manitoba, Miami
3. names of streets
Washington Blvd., Main St.
4. names of lakes and bays
Lake Titicaca, Lake Erie except with a group of lakes like the Great Lakes
5. names of mountains
Mount Everest, Mount Fuji except with ranges of mountains like the Andes or the Rockies or
unusual names like the Matterhorn
6. names of continents
(Asia, Europe)
7. names of islands
(Easter Island, Maui, Key West) except with island chains like the Aleutians, the Hebrides,
or the Canary Islands
EXERCISE!!!
1. We have bananas and water.
2. Do you have any coffee?
Sure, there's in the kitchen.
3. They have some fruit and nuts.
4. She has rice and a vegetables.
6. I need days vacation.
7. You don't need a lot of salt, just use .
8. people have a lot of money, and a lot of people have
money.
BAB III
TENSES
Dalam bahasa Inggris, digunakan pola kata kerja yang berbeda dalam suatu kalimat, yang disesuaikan
waktu pengerjaan suatu kegiatan. Berikut akan diuraikan mengenai 12 jenis tenses yang paling sering
ditemui dalam soal maupun dalam percakapan sehari-hari serta terbagi dalam tiga pembagian waktu
terjadinya, yaitu present, past, dan future.
A. PRESENT
Untuk memudahkan belajar, ingat – ingat tabel Subjek dan Predikat di bawah ini.
SUBYEK to be to do to have to verb
I Am do have go
We, You, They Are do have go
He, She, It Is does has goes
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

a. Formula
SUBJECT + V-1 / (AM/ARE) + . . .
Subjek: I, You, We, They

Contoh: I am a doctor. I work in hospital everyday.
SUBJECT + V-1(s/es) / (IS) + . . .
Subjek :He, She, It

Contoh : He is a policeman. He works at the police station.
b. Adverb of Time (Keterangan Waktu)

 Every (morning/ minute/ hour/ day/ week/ month/ year)
 Once/ twice/ three times/ four times
 a (day/ week/ month/ year)
 Sering juga digunakan keterangan keseringan, seperti:
 Always, usually, sometimes, often, seldom, never
 Occasionally, frequently, now and then, on and off, nowadays, habitually, seldom etc.
c. Penggunaan
a. Menyatakan kebiasaan atau kegiatan yang tejadi terus-menerus (Habitual Action)
Contoh : My niece wakes up at 5 in the morning.
b. Menyatakan kebenaran umum (General Truth)
Contoh : The sky is blue.
c. Menyatakan sesuatu yang sifatnya pasti atau tetap misalnya, jadwal.
Contoh : The train arrives at 7 pm.
d. Dalam bahasa drama, komentar radio dan sejenisnya.
Contoh: When Didik Kurniawan reading a novel, the door knocks, he opens it and looks no
one there….
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

a. Formula
SUBJECT + TO BE (IS/AM/ARE) + V-ING (BEING) + ...
Contoh: That kid is looking at me.
b. Adverb of time (Keterangan Waktu)

 Now, this afternoon, this evening, at this time, at the moment, right now.
 Kata kerja seperti: Look!, Listen!, Watch!, Notice! (imperative)
c. Penggunaan
1. Menyatakan peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu sekarang.
Contoh: It is raining now
2. Menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung dan belum tentu sedang sedang
berlangsung ketika pernyataan dikemukakan.
Contoh: I am leaving for Jakarta and going to Surakarta tomorrow.
Catatan :
Beberapa kata kerja tidak dapat dipakai dalam bentuk continuous antara lain:
- Kata kerja berhubungan dengan panca indera (feel, hear, see, smell, notice,
observe)
- Kata kerja berhubungan dengan perasaan atau emosi (adore, appreciate, care,
detest, fear, hate, like, love, mind, want, wish)
- Kata kerja berkaitan dengan aktivitas mental (agree, believe, expect, forget, mean,
perceive, realize, recall, recognize, remember, understand)
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

a. Formula
SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + V-3 + . . .
Contoh: Wehave sent the message.
b. Adverb of time (Keterangan waktu)
 Since…..
 for,….
 recently
 just (baru saja)
 lately
 up to the present (hingga sekarang)
 Yet (hingga kini)
 so far (hingga kini)
c. Penggunaan
1. Menyatakan sesuatu perbuatan yang sudah selesai dilakukan sekarang.
Contoh: We have caught the thieves.
2. Menyatakan peristiwa yang pernah dilakukan dan mungkin dilakukan lagi di waktu yang
akan datang.
Contoh: I have seen that theater.
3. Untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang dimulai pada waktu lampau dan baru saja berakhir
waktu bicara.
Contoh: He hasn’t met his wife for a month. (sekarang mereka sudah bertemu)
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

a. Formula
SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + BEEN + V-ING (BEING) + ...
Contoh: I have been reading this book since last week.
 For.…
 since….
 all the months
 the whole day, etc.
 for the last….
 for…. now
c. Penggunaan
1. Menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang dimulai dilakukan pada masa lampau, sekarang masih
dilakukan, dan ada kemungkinan masih akan dilanjutkan.
Contoh : Suzy have been studying for two hours.
2. Untuk kata kerja “live”present Perfect Continuous mempunyai arti sama dengan Present
Perfect.
Contoh: A student in D3 STAN has been living in Tangerang for three years = A student in
D3 STAN has lived in Tangerang for three years (A student in D3 STAN still live
in Jakarta now)
B. PAST
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
a. Formula
SUBJECT + V-2 (WAS/WERE) + ...
Contoh: I was a beautiful child and I loved you.
 Last week/month/year
 .…ago, two hours ago, some time ago
 this afternoon, this evening, this morning,
 just now
 once upon time,
 someday, one day, yesterday, etc.
c. Penggunaan
1. Menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau.
Contoh : I went to America last year.
2. Menyatakan suatu kebiasaan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau
Contoh: Artika always used his pink umbrella last week.
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

a. Formula
SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + V-ING (BEING) + . . .

‘
Contoh: I were typing the letter when he came.
b. Penggunaan
1. Menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang sedang terjadi di waktu
terjadi tentu di masa lampau.
Contoh: Devia was washing her doll.
2. Menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu lampau ketika kegiatan
lain terjadi. Dua kegiatan ini dihubungkan dengan kata hubung When/as.
Contoh: I was listening to the music when my brother suddenly whooshed in.
3. Menyatakan kejadian yang terjadi bersamaan di waktu lampau. Dua kegiatan ini
dihubungkan oleh tanda hubung While.
Contoh: Decky was playing with robots while Desty was acting as a nurse.
PAST PERFECT TENSE

a. Formula
SUBJECT + HAD + V-3 (BEEN) + . . .
Contoh: I had eaten before I went to campus.

When (diikuti oleh past tense)
Contoh: Delfi had come to the room when the celebration started.
Before (diikuti oleh past tense)
Contoh: I had eaten before I went to campus.
After (diikuti oleh past perfect)
Contoh: I brushed my teeth after I had eaten breakfast.
c. Penggunaan
1. Menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang terjadi sebelum peristiwa berikutnya muncul di
masa lampau, untuk dua kegiatan yang berkelanjutan.
Contoh: I brushed my teeth after I had eaten breakfast.
2. menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang terjadi selama periode tertentu hingga kedua terjadi
pada waktu lampau.
Contoh: Belia had waited for an hour when Dwiky arrived from Alfamart.
3. Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang terjadi berulang-ulang sebelum peristiwa kedua muncul
di waktu lampau.
Contoh: David had given nadien some medicine for a week, before he took nadien to the
hospital.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

a. Formula
SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN + V-ING

(BEING) + . . .
Contoh: Yemie had been working for five hours when Jimmy came to her room.

When + S + V2, S + had + been + V-ing + for…
Before + S + had + been + V-ing + for…
After + S + had + been + V-ing , S + V2 + for…
c. Penggunaan
Menyatakan dua peristiwa bekerlanjutan di masa lampau, peristiwa pertama sedang
berlangsung dan bisa jadi selesai tepat peristiwa kedua terjadi.
Contoh: Jacki had been playing piano for an hour when her mom called her.
C. FUTURE
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
a. Formula
S + SHALL / WILL + V-1 (BE) + . . .
Contoh: Eve shall/will be a great doctor.
S + is/am/are + going to + V1 + . . .
Contoh: I am going to Jakarta tomorrow morning.

Catatan : shall/will dengan to be going to sama-sama berarti akan tetapi to be going to
merupakan bentuk akan yang lebih pasti atau terencana.

Next...,next time, tomorrow, soon, the day after tomorrow, etc
c. Penggunaan
1. Menyatakan pendapat, anggapan, spekulasi, tentang kejadian yang akan datang, biasanya
diikuti probably, possible, perhaps, surely.
Contoh : Surely I will keep the secret if you tell me.
2. Menyatakan maksud atau janji.
Contoh: I will get the trophy for me.
3. Melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang akan terjadi.
Contoh: Richard will arrive here next week on saturday.
4. Menyatakan kehendak atau tekat.
Dalam penggunaan ini ‘pronoun’ menggunakan ‘will’.
Contoh: I’ll study hard for prepare my self face USM STAN next month.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

a. Formula
SUBJECT + WILL/SHALL + BE + V-ING (BEING) + . . .
Contoh: I will be doing sports at 5 am tomorrow morning.

 When + Clause (present),
 at the usual next week,
 at this time tommorow,
 at five o’clock tonight.
 at three o’clock tomorrow, etc.
c. Penggunaan
Menyatakan peristiwa yang akan sedang berlangsung di masa depan.
Contoh: This time next week I will be leaving for England.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

a. Formula
SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + HAVE + V-3 (BEEN) + ...
Contoh: By the end of September I will have graduated from my campus.
 By then : menjelang waktu tersebut
 By ……= menjelang. By next week/month/year (menjelang minggu depan/...)
 By the end of …= menjelang akhir…
 Within two weeks/months/years = dalam dua minggu/bulan/tahun.
c. Penggunaan
Menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang akan sudah terjadi di masa depan pada saat
kegiatan lain terjadi di masa datang.
Contoh: By the end of this week, I will have been back to campus.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

a. Formula
SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + HAVE + BEEN + V-ING
(BEING) + . . .
Contoh: I will have been being in Oxford for three months next December.

 By + keterangan waktu ____ for + keterangan waktu
 Next + keterangan waktu __for + keterangan waktu
 When + Keterangan waktu __for + keterangan waktu
c. Penggunaan
Penggunaannya secara umum sama dengan Future Perfect Tense, namun tense ini menekankan
akan suatu durasi peristiwa yang telah terjadi masa mendatang.
Contoh: New students will have been studying for three months next November.
EXERCISE!!!
1. The team _____ along the river when they e. intends to graduate
accidently found a big cave.
a. were walking 7. 'I have been waiting to go around the world?'
b. walked The above sentence means the speaker
c. are walking _________.
d. walk a. has never done it
e. will walk b. has seen a lot of the world
c. is travelling around the world
2. The engine ______ smoothly when it d. doesn't have to go around the world
suddenly stopped. e. has often been back from around the
a. runs world
b. was running
c. running 8. X : Can I have your report on the last week's
d. has run study tour to Lampung?
e. is running Y: I'm still working on it. But I _______ it
by the time you're back from the meeting.
3. Dewi : What was your sister doing when you a. am going to
arrived home last night? b. will have finished
Tono : She ________ in the kitchen. c. am finishing
a. cooks d. have finished
b. has cooked e. will finish
c. was cooking
d. is cooking 9. Mr. Dedet leaves Surabaya for Medan by GIA
e. has been cooking 707 at 9 a.m. he ____
there.
4. “What a beautiful voice. She is a talented a. arrive
singers.” b. will have arrived
“She ________ since she was a child.” c. arrived
a. sang d. was arriving
b. had been singing e. will arrive
c. has been singing
d. sings 10. 'Why were you absent from the English
e. is singing class?'
'Because I ______ my homework.'
5. I didn't hear the thunder during the storm a. don't do
last night because I _______soundly. b. am not doing
a. have been sleeping c. won't do
b. am sleeping d. hadn't done
c. had slept e. haven't done
d. have slept
e. was sleeping
6. Acah : When will your sister finish her study?

Anto : I hope she ________ by July next
year.
a. will have graduated
b. has garduated
c. will graduate
d. is going to graduate
11. Why were her eyes red?' 14. 'How long has he been the principle of our
'Because ________.' school?'
a. she cries 'Since I _______ this school.'
b. she has been crying a. was entering
c. she is crying b. had entered
d. she has cried c. Enter
e. she had been crying d. have entered
e. had been entering
12. The bus came after I _______ for about
forty minutes. 15. 'Several hotels in this region are closing
a. have been waiting down.'
b. had been waiting 'That's because tourism itself _______
c. have waited since last year.'
d. was waiting a. A. is declining
e. am waiting b. had declining
c. Declined
13. She ________ the shoes for five minutes d. was declining
when one of the heels came off. e. has been declining
a. am only wearing
b. was only wearing
c. had only been wearing
d. have only been wearing
e. only wore
BAB IV
SUBJUNCTIVE
A. Definisi
Subjunctive adalah angan-angan digunakan untuk menyatakan keinginan yang bertentangan dengan
kenyataan sesungguhnya.
Penggunaan ‘wish’,’if only’ dan ‘would rather’ adalah untuk menyatakan suatu keinginan atau
pengandaian maupun harapan. Sedangkan kalimat subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘as if’ atau ‘as
though’ adalah untuk menyatakan sifat atau keadaan yang tidak benar adanya.
B. Jenis
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
Faktanya tidak mungkin terjadi pada masa sekarang.
Formula:
S + WISH/WOULD RATHER + S + V2/ WERE + ADVERB OF

TIME FOR PRESENT TENSE
Contoh: I wish I brought an umbrella now

(Faktanya: I don’t bring umbrella now).
I would rather you picked a gown for me.
(Faktanya : You don’t pick the gown for me).
S + V1/ IS, AM, ARE + AS IF/ AS THOUGH + S +

V2/WERE + O/C
Contoh: That young girl acts as if/ as though she were a teacher.
(Faktanya : She is not a teacher).
IF ONLY + S + V2/ WERE + O/C
Contoh: If only she were the one you love.

(Faktanya: she is not the one you love).
Catatan: Pada anak kalimat pengandaiannya (subjunctive clause) to be yang digunakan hanyalah ‘were’,
meski subjeknya berbentuk tunggal ataupun ‘he, she, it’.
PAST SUBJUNCTIVE
Faktanya tidak mungkin terjadi pada masa lampau.
Formula:
S + WISHED/ WOULD RATHER + S + HAD + V3/BEEN +

O/C + ADVERB OF TIME FOR PAST
Contoh: I wished I had chosen the right bag yesterday.

(Faktanya: I didn’t choose the right bag yesterday.
S + V2/ WAS, WERE + AS IF/ AS THOUGH + S + HAD +

V3/BEEN + O/C
Contoh: He talked as if he had been the president of the club.

(Faktanya : He was not the president of the club).
IF ONLY + S + HAD + V3/BEEN + O/C
Contoh: If only Jono had come to the match.

(Faktanya : Jono didn’t come to the match).
FUTURE SUBJUNCTIVE
Faktanya mungkin terjadi di masa sekarang.
Formula:
S + WISH(THAT) + S + WOULD/ COULD + V1 + O/C +

ADVERB OF TIME FOR FUTURE TENSE
Contoh: I wish (that) I could hang out with friends tonight.

(Faktanya: Aku berharap bisa pergi dengan teman-teman malam ini  masih mungkin terjadi)
EXERCISE!!!
1. Budhi are you going to see the dentist this c. He will be here
afternoon? I wish I didn’t have to. We may d. He has been here.
concluded that _____ to the dentist. e. He be here
a. She doesn’t have to go
b. She is willing to go 7. I wish you ______tomorrow.
c. She needs to go a. Have gone
d. She has gone b. Will go
e. She is not going this afternoon . c. Would Go
d. Are going to go
2. He orders people around as if he were the e. Shall go
owner of the restorant.
From the above statement we may conclude 8. “Please tell me the answer.”
that ______ “Well, I would if only I _____ It”
a. He has worked hard to own the restaurant a. can remember
b. He has been the owner for years b. could remember
c. He is very proud of his restaurant c. must remember
d. He is just ordinary employee d. would remember
e. He is successful businessman e. remember
3. Hendra has been working for this book store 9. He walks as if _____ a wooden leg.
for many years, and now he acts as if he were a. he has
the owner. From this sentence we may b. he have
conclude that________ c. he is having
a. Bill is honest man d. he had
b. Bill Is A Share Holder e. he had had
c. Bill Has Become A Rich Man
d. Bill Is The One Whom The Owner Trust 10. It’s a pity she didn’t study harder, so she
e. Bill is not the owner of the store didn’t pass her exam.
I wish ____________
4. Haris has won a medal for swimming. I wish a. she had studied harder
_____ as good as he is. b. she studied
a. Were c. she was studying harder
b. Will be d. she didn’t study harder
c. Am e. she would study harder
d. Should be
e. Should be 11. “Can I have my breakfast on the floor with
the dog, mother?
5. I am planning to go to the party tonight, but No, I’d rather you ____at the table.
it’s raining very hard now. I wish_____ a. Sat
a. It stops b. Sit
b. It would stop c. are sitting
c. It had stopped d. should sit
d. It will stop e. had sat
e. It stopped
12. If you _____those photographs,we wouldn’t
6. I wish ____(now) to watch our play. have been arrested.
a. He is here. a. wouldn’t take
b. He were here b. wouldn’t have taken
c. didn’t take 14. We celebrate Indonesian Youth Pledge on
d. don’t take October 2013. I wish that day had been
e. had not taken holiday. The fact is_________
a. That day is holiday
13. We hear a girl killed on the road almost b. That day is not holiday
everyday. It’s time we _____ something to c. That day was holiday
stop road accidents. d. That day were holiday
a. Do e. Thta day was not holiday
b. have to do
c. did 15. Mother wishes I continue my study on X
d. are doing University. The fact is_____
e. had done a. I continue my study to X university
b. I don’t continue my study to X
university
c. I continued my study to X university
d. I didn’t continue my study to X
university
e. I had continued my study to X
university
BAB V
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
A. Definisi
Kalimat pengandaian akan suatu hal yang diinginkan terjadi, akan tetapi kenyataan belum atau tidak
terjadi sesuai keinginan, tergantung dari keberadaan syarat, yang diwujudkan dalam bentuk klausa if
(jika/apabila).
Setiap pola conditional terdiri atas dua klausa, yaitu Main Clause dan if Clause.
B. Jenis
CONDITIONAL TYPE I (FUTURE CONDITIONAL)
Fungsi : membicarakan mengenai pengandaian untuk saat ini atau yang akan datang.
Formula umum :
MAIN CLAUSE : PRESENT FUTURE TENSE
IF CLAUSE : SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Formula :
If + S + V1, S + will/can/may/must + V1/ be
(simple form)
Nb: Jika if clause di depan, maka setelah if clause harus diikuti tanda koma.
S + will/can/may/must + V1/ be + If + S + V1
(simple form)
Nb: Jika if clause di belakang, maka tidak perlu tanda koma.
INVERSION/BENTUK LAIN:
Should + S + Simple Form, S + will/can/may/must + V1

(simple form)
Contoh :
 If I go to my friend's house for dinner tonight, I wil take a bottle of wine or some flowers.
 Inversion : Should I go to my friend’s house for dinner tonight, I wil
take a bottle of wine or some flowers.
Kemungkinan kejadian sebenarnya: I am stil at home, but there is a possibility that I am going
to my friend‘s house, and there is also possibility that I will take a bottle of wine or some
flowers.
 If the weather is nice, she is going to walk to work.
 Inversion : Should the weather is nice, she is going to walk to work. Kemungkinan kejadian
sebenarnya : The speaker is stil not sure whether the weather is nice, but there is a
possibility that she wil walk to work when the weather is fine.
 If you help me move tomorrow, I wil buy you dinner.
 Inversion : Should you help me move tomorrow, I wil buy you dinner.
Kemungkinan kejadian sebenarnya :There is a possibility of your helping me tomorrow.
CONDITIONAL TYPE II (PRESENT CONDITIONAL)

Fungsi : Menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan fakta pada waktu sekarang sehingga tidak
mungkin terjadi pada waktu sekarang.
To be untuk semua pronoun adalah “were” walaupun subjeknya singular.
Formula umum :
MAIN CLAUSE : PAST FUTURE TENSE
IF CLAUSE : SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Formula :
If + S + V2/were, S + would/could/might + V1/ be
S + would/could/might + V1/ be + If + S + V2/were

(simple form)
INVERSION/BENTUK LAIN
Were + S + Obj/Compl + S + would/could/might + V1/be
Contoh :
 If she had more time today, she could meet her friend for lunch.
Kemungkinan kejadian sebenarnya : She doesn‘t have enough time, therefore she cannot meet her.
 If I knew how to sing, I could probably make a little money playing guitar on the weekends.
Kemungkinan kejadian sebenarnya : I am not too good in singing and i hope I will be better next time.
 If the penguin could talk, he would probably tel us human beings to stop changing the climate.
Kemungkinan kejadian sebenarnya : The penguin cannot talk and it cannot tell us what it thinks about.
CONDITIONAL TYPE III (PAST CONDITIONAL)

Fungsi : Menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan kenyataan yang telah terjadi di masa
lampau sehingga sudah tidak mungkin terjadi.
Formula umum :
MAIN CLAUSE : MODAL PERFECT TENSE
IF CLAUSE : PAST PERFECT TENSE
Formula:
If + S + had + V3, S + would/ could/ might + have + V3
S + would/could/might + have + V3 + If + S + had + V3
INVERSION/BENTUK LAIN
Had + S + V3/been + S + would/could/might + have + V3/been
Contoh:
 If you had told me the truth, I would have believed you.
Kemungkinan kejadian sebenarnya : You didn‘t tell me the truth, therefore I didn‘t believe you.
 If he had worked harder, he'd have received a better grade.
Kemungkinan kejadian sebenarnya : He didn‘t receive good grade since he didn‘t work hard.
 I would have bought that computer if it had been cheaper.
Kemungkinan kejadian sebenarnya : The computer was expensive that I didn t buy it.
Catatan
Unless = If… not….
Contoh:
I would not have lived unless you had taken care of me.
(Artinya = I would not have lived if you had not taken care of me).
ZERO CONDITIONAL
Fungsi : Menyatakan kebenaran umum/general truth yang selalu terjadi karena sebab tertentu.
Contoh :
 If you cross an international date line, the time changes.
(This always happens; every time someone crosses a
date line.)
 If it rains, the grass gets wet.
(This is basically always true; the rain makes the grass wet.)
 Wood doesn't burn if there is no air.
(This is a scientific fact; wood needs air in order to burn.)
EXERCISE!!!
1. I could never have finished my work if my a. You wouldn't, if you trained harder
brother _____ me. b. You won't, if you train harder
a. didn' help c. You wouldn't, if you would train harder
b. wasn't helping d. You wouldn't have, if you had trained
c. hasn't helped harder
d. hadn't helped e. You don't, if you have trained harder
e. doesn't help
6. If the mechanic had done his work properly,
2. When the little boy saw the dog, he ran away you _____ no problems
and was bitten. with your car yesterday.
We can conclude that _________. a. would have had
a. If he hadn't ran away, he wouldn't have b. would have
been bitten c. will have
b. If he doesn't run away, he won't be d. have had
bitten e. had have
c. If he ran away, he wouldn't be bitten
d. If he hasn't run away, he would be bitten 7. 'If they had known that the flood was
e. unless he run away, he wouldn't be bitten coming, they wouldn't have been
stayed in their house.' Means
3. They climbed higher so that they got a ______________.
better view. a. They knew that the flood was coming;
We can also say ________. therefore, they stayed in their house
a. If they had not climbed higher, they b. They decided to stay in their house
would not have got a better view although the flood was coming
b. If they didn't climb higher, they wouldn't c. They couldn't stay in their house because
get a better view they knew that the flood was coming
c. If they didn't climb higher, they didn't d. They didn't know that the flood was
get a better view coming; therefore, they stayed in their
d. If they don't climb higher, they won't house
get a better view e. They didn't want to stay in their house
e. If they won't climb higher, they don't because they knew that the flood was
get a better view coming
4. 'It is good that Ann reminded me about 8. Rudi would have lost his way in London if he
Prabu's birthday.' hadn't been able to speak
“_______________.” English well.
a. I would have forgotten if she hadn't The above sentence means '___________.'
reminded me a. Rudy got lost because his English was
b. I will forget it if she doesn't remind me poor
c. I might forget it if she doesn't remind b. Although Rudi's English was good, he got
me lost
d. I would forget it if she didn't remind me c. As Rudi could not communicate in English,
e. I could not forget it if she hadn't remind he got lost
me d. In spite of his good English, Rudi did not
get lost
e. Rudi didn't get lost because his English
5. 'I am sorry our football team has lost.' was good
'______________.'
9. “It's beginning to rain.” c. could pass
“_______, we won't be able to finish the ball d. will pass it
game.” e. could have passed
a. If it stops
b. Should stop 14. If someone had taken her book, she _____
c. Unless it stops the teacher.
d. If it didn't stop a. would have told to
e. Had it not stopped b. had told it
c. would have told
10. If he prepared his lesson, he ______ his d. would told it to
examinations. e. will have told it
a. A. passed
b. would have passed 15. 'I didn't know that Tutui was at home.'
c. would pass '_________.'
d. would be passed a. If I did, I would come and see her
e. had passed b. If I had known, I would have come and
seen her
11. He ________ if I had not reminded him. c. If I knew, I came and saw her
a. may forget d. If I have known, I have come and seen
b. may forgot her
c. might have forgotten e. If I know, I'll come and see her
d. B. must forget
e. should forget
12. We ____ the work if we had been given

enough time.
a. finished
b. could have finished
c. would finish
d. could be finished
e. could finish
13. He didn't pass his exams. If he had studied

harder, he _______.
a. can pass
b. can passed it
BAB VI
CAUSATIVE
A. Definisi
Kalimat yang digunakan seseorang sehingga menyebabkan orang lain untuk mengerjakan sesuatu atau
menyebabkan sesuatu agar dikerjakan orang lain bagi orang tersebut.
B. Jenis
ACTIVE CAUSATIVE
Subjek menyebabkan objek melakukan kegiatan.
Formula:
S + have/make/let/help + Obj 1 + V1
Contoh :
Erwin has Yudha cut his hair
(Artinya : Erwin menyuruh yudha memotong rambutnya).
S + get/order/want/ask/help/permit/allow/command + Obj 1 + to V1
+ Obj2
Contoh:
I get you to copy the text
(Artinya: Aku menyuruhmu untuk menyalin catatan itu).
Nb: Verb dapat berubah menjadi verb-2, apabila kalimat past tense; sesuai dengan kondisi yang terjadi.
PASSIVE CAUSATIVE
Pola ini digunakan jika objeknya adalah benda/sesuatu untuk dikerjakan.
Formula:
S + have/make/let/help + Obj1 + V3
S + get/order/want/ask + Obj1 + V3
Contoh:
Jane gets her car washed.
(Artinya: Jane menyuruh mobilnya untuk dicuci).
Nb : 1. make : memaksa
2. have : meminta
3. get : membujuk
EXERCISE!!!
1. This room is overfull, I will get this table d. to be dug

move to another room. This sentence means: e. dug
a. I’ll have moved the table to another room.
b. I myself will move the table to another 7. They couldn’t find a house to suit them, so
room. they _____ one ______
c. I want to move the table to another a. get…. Build
room. b. got … built
d. Someone will ask me to move the table to c. get … built
another room. d. getting … building
e. I’ll ask someone to move the table to e. got … build
another room.
8. That watch doesn’t show the right time. You
2. I asked a plumber to examine my boiler. It is must______
the same as _____ a. have it repaired
a. I had a plumber to examine. b. have it repair
b. I had a plumber examined by my boiler. c. have it to repair
c. I had my boiler examined. d. have to repair it
d. I wanted a plumber examine my boiler. e. have it to be repairing
e. I had to examine my boiler
9. ‘How can you determine students’ ability in
3. I am going to ask someone to add my extra writing?’
room. It means that I am going to have _____ ‘For a start, ___ a five-hundred-word essay.’
a. someone to add an extra room a. the students write
b. some extra room adding b. the students are writing
c. someone add an extra room c. have the students to write
d. some extra room to add d. the students have written
e. someone adding an extra room e. have the students write
4. When will you have your son _____his own 10. ‘What a nuisance! This is the second time
shirts? that my cell phone isn’t working.’
a. Makes ‘Have you taken it to the service center
b. Make ___________________?’
c. Made a. they will check it for you
d. Making b. to have it checked
e. to make c. they have to check it
5. He must have the man_____ his house, there d. you should check it
are leaks here and there. e. to have to check it
a. Repaired
b. Repairing 11. “this english text on Biology is too difficult
c. Repairs for me to read”.
d. to repair “Well, you’d better ______“
e. repair a. Translate it
b. Have translated it
6. The old well is useless. I must have someone c. Have it translated
______ a new one. d. To translated it
a. Dig e. Have to translate it
b. to dig
c. digging 12. “I spilled some ink on my coat”
“ you must ____at the laundry immediately” “No, You can_______”
a. Clean it a. Have delivered it
b. Have cleaned it b. Deliver it
c. Have to clean it c. Have it to be delivered
d. Have to be clean it d. Have to deliver it
e. Have it cleaned e. Have it delivered
13. The fact that he was put into prison for 15. Nany : Are you going to have these shoes
something that he had not done made his _____ or shall I throw them away?
wife______ Bony : Be patient. I have saked Deddy to
a. Cry bring them to the cobbler.
b. To be crying a. Mend
c. Cried b. Be mended
d. To cry c. Mended
e. Crying d. Being mended
e. To be mended
14. “Do I have to go to the post office to get my
package?”
BAB VII
GERUND AND INFINITIVE
INFINITIVE
A. Definisi
Infinitive adalah kata kerja yang meggunakan to maupun yang tidak menggunakan to. Pembahasan mengenai
infinitive dalam bab ini hanya terbatas pada arti dan pemakaian kata kerja, baik yang menggunakan to
maupun yang tidak menggunakan to secara khusus. Untuk mempermudah pembahasan digunakan istilah ‘to
infinitive’ yang menggunakan to dan ‘infinitive tanpa to (bare infinitive)’ untuk infinitive yang tidak
menggunakan to.
Infinitive terbagi atas 2, yaitu :
 infinitive with to
 infinitive without to (bare infinitive)
B. Jenis
TO INFINITIVE
Formula:
1. S + V + TO-INFINITIVE + ___
Contoh : The man proposed to have a wife.
2. S + V + O + TO-INFINITIVE + ____
Contoh : The teacher warn them to put off the jacket in class
Kegunaan:
a. Sebagai Subject
Contoh : To understand Cost Accountancy is not easy
b. Sebagai Modifier (penjelas / pembatas)
To-infinitive digunakan sebagai modifier (penjelas) dari :
1. Kata benda (modifier of a noun)
Contoh : I have something to do.
2. Kata sifat (modifier of an adjective)
Contoh : English is easy to understand if we have great eager.
3. Kata kerja (modifier of a verb)
Contoh : They come to help you solve the problem
4. Kata tanya atau frase yang dimulai dengan kata tanya (modifier of a WH- Word
Or a WH-Phrases).
Contoh : She knows how to make me happy.
a. Setelah kata kerja tertentu
advise force mean want
allow hope need wish
ask intend permit would like
bag invite promise tell
decide instruct propose teach
expect learn warn urge
INFINITIVE TANPA TO (BARE INFINITIVE)

Kegunaan:
a. Setelah Modal (can, could, may; might, shall, should, ought to, will, would, must).
b. Setelah kata : need not, dare not (tidak berani), would rather (lebih suka), had better
(sebaiknya)
Contoh
1. You had better tell the patient soon.
2. Liz would rather go hiking than go shopping.
c. Kata kerja setelah objek pelaku (accusative object), kecuali dalam bentuk passive. (Have,
Make, Let, Help)
Contoh: He makes Mimi study hard.
d. Dalam dependent clause setelah adjective yang mengandung arti penting
Misal : important, necessary, essential, etc.
Contoh : It is important that she give applause.
GERUND
A. Definisi
Gerund adalah kata kerja yang berubah fungsi menjadi kata benda dengan cara penambahan -ing setelah
kata kerja.
B. Kegunaan
1. Sebagai Subject
Singing makes us happy.
2. Sebagai Object
I like dancing.
3. Setelah kata kerja tertentu
Admit Deny Imagine Quit
Advice Detest Justify Recall
Anticipate Discontinue Keep Recollect
Appreciate Discuss Mention Recommend
Avoid Dislike Mind Regret
Can’t bear Endure Miss Report
Can’t help Enjoy Neglect Resent
Celebrate Excuse Pardon Resist
Complete Fancy Postpone Risk
Consider Feel like Practise Suggest
Continue Finish Prevent Tolerate
Delay Forgive Propose Understand
4. Setelah Preposisi (kata depan)
(at, after, before, from, in, on, of, under, up, though, about, without, for, and to) + V-ing. Contoh :
She is happier by getting married.
5. After certain frase
(be) accused of Be averse to look forward to
(be) accustomed to Be used to Object to
(be) capable of believe in object to
(be) committed to blame (someone) for participate in
(be) devoted to complain about/of prevent (someone) from
(be) excited about dream about/of prohibit (one) from
(be) guilty of for the purpose of stop (someone) from
(be) interested in forgive (someone) for succeed in
(be) opposed to have a reason for take advantage of
(be) tired of in addition to take care of
(be) used to insist on Take to
(be) worried about instead of talk about/of
apologize for keep (someone) from thank (someone) for
Be accustomed to Look forward to think about/of
Contoh : I am accustomed to making pancake.
6. Sebagai Komplemen (Pelengkap)
Contoh : My hobby is travellign.
Nb: Gerund sebagai complement selalu diletakan setelah to be.
7. Setelah Possessive Adjective (Kata Ganti Kepemilikan)
Seperti umumnya kata benda, gerund bisa diletakkan setelah possesive adjective dan pronoun bentuk
object.
Contoh : His coming makes surprise.
C. Perbedaan Gerund dan To Infinitive

Beberapa kata kerja yang bisa diikuti gerund dan to infinitive :
Advise Forget Regret

Allow Hate Remember
Attempt Intend Start
Begin Like Stop
Continue Love Try
Prefer
Contoh :
a. He stops to smoke.
(Artinya: berhenti dari melakukan perbuatan tertentu kemudian merokok).
He stops smoking.
(Artinya: berhenti merokok, kemudian boleh jadi melakukan perbuatan yang lain).
b. I continue to study
(Artinya: melanjutkan belajar, sudah belajar)
I continue studying
(Artinya: saya melanjutkan belajar, sudah belajar)
EXERCISE!!!
1. ____a few thousand dollars, he went on a tour

to Europe. 7. When I heard the principal of the school
a. Saved ______ my name at the graduation ceremony,
b. Have saved I walked to the front ofthe auditorium to
c. He has saved receive my diploma
d. Having saved a. called
e. After he saves b. calling
c. to call
2. This book really tells you how to learn some d. was calling
computer programs without really _____too e. has called
much time
a. you spend 8. It seems that nowadays, most people are
b. spending having hard time ____ in this country
c. c.have to spend a. to live
d. d.you have to spend b. have lived
e. e.must spend c. they lived
d. the live
3. His parents must be angry with him because e. must live
they don’t like his _____ f. living
a. coming late
b. comes late 9. from the inception of his long and distinguish
c. to come late career, Frank was concerned with how
d. came late _______ architechture with topography.
e. should came late a. Integrating
b. Did he integrate
4. This car needs _____ it is broken c. To be integrated
a. to fix d. To integrate
b. fixed e. Integrate
c. fixing
d. is fixed 10. Unless the observer knows ._____ an eclipse
e. could fix properly, severe corne and retinal damage
can result.
5. Miss. Rina complained about ______ about a. To observing
the meeting b. Observe
a. not being told c. How to observe
b. not telling d. How to be observed
c. not to tell e. To have observed
d. she tells
e. doesn’t tel 11. Thomas Alfa edison is generally
considered______ one of the most
6. He was working in the garden, so he didn’t productive of all inventors.
hear thephone _____ a. To be
a. ringing b. To have been
b. to ring c. Being
c. rang d. Who was
d. has rung e. Be
e. was to ring
e. Finished
12. Mr. Jusuf Kalla have the commission of
general ellection( KPU) ________the result 14. The Minister of finanance, Mrs.Sri mulyani,
of general ellection quickly. get all of STAN graduations _____well.
a. To process a. To work
b. Processed b. working
c. To be processed c. Will work
d. Process d. To be worked
e. Processing
e. Is worked
13. Mr. Endarto had his

15. Computer has the CPU __________the data.
student__________their valuation report
a. Transfered
before August.
b. It transfered
a. finish
c. Transfer
b. They finished
d. transfering
c. finishing
e. to be transfered
d. to finish
BAB VIII
MODAL AND MODAL PERFECTIVE
A. Definisi
Modal adalah bagian dari auxiliary (kata kerja bantu) sehingga dapat diperlakukan seperti kata
kerja bantu yang fungsinya memberikan tambahan makna kata kerja pada suatu kalimat . Modals harus
diikuti bare infinitive (V1/be).
B. Jenis
MODALS
A. Formula
S + MODAL + V1 (BE) C
B. Jenis
MODALS MODALS ARTI KETERANGAN
PRESENT PAST
Can Could Dapat / bisa
Might Mungkin / boleh polite request
- May (only with I or
we)
May
- Might : rare
formal permission
less than 50% certainty
Had to Harus strong necessity
prohibition (negative)
Must
95% certainty
Will Would Akan

Should Akan advisability
Shall 90% certainty
(expectation)
Should - Seharusnya
Can dan Could

a. Menyatakan kemampuan (ability)
Contoh : She can play piano.
Contoh : She could dance traditional dance when she was a girl.
b. Menyatakan ijin (permission)
Contoh : Can I borrow that book?
Contoh : Could I borrow that book,please?
Note = Could digunakan untuk memperhalus, biasanya dalam memberi perintah.
May dan Might

a. Menyatakan ijin (permission)
Contoh : You may go with him tonight.
Contoh : Hazel might go with Chuck yesterday.
b. Menyatakan kemungkinan (possibility)
Contoh : Dazzle may have this doll given by Jeff.
Contoh : Dazzle might have this doll given by Jeff.
Must
a. Menyatakan keharusan (mutlak)
Contoh : Yuri must do strecthing before swimming.
b. Menyatakan kesimpulan (conclusion)
Contoh : Baney eats a lot everyday. She must be very energetic kid.
Should
a. Menyatakan anjuran, saran, seharusnya.
Contoh : You should gain more weight before shaping up your body.
MODAL PERFECTIVE
A. Formula
MODAL + Have + V3 / been
1. Could + have + V-3

Menyatakan kemampuan (capability) yang seharusnya dapat dilakukan di masa lampau tetapi
tidak dilakukan.
Contoh : I could have just walked there, but I was too exhausted.
2. Might + have + V-3
Menyatakan kemungkinan yang dapat terjadi di masa lampau (past possibility).
Contoh : Dora missed the meeting yesterday, she might have trapped by traffic.
3. Must + have + V-3
Menyatakan suatu kesimpulan dari apa yang terjadi pada masa lampau. (past conclusion).
Contoh : The house was soundly. The kids must have been asleep.
4. Should + have + V-3 / ought to + have + V-3
Menyatakan sesuatu yang seharusnya sudah terjadi, tetapi tidak terjadi.
Contoh : I got wet by rain. I should have brought an umbrella before leaving.
EXERCISE!!!
1. Your glass is empty. …. I get you some more

fresh water? 7. Yanti looks so pale and weak. He must be sick.
A. shall The underlined sentence means:
B. will A. He has to be sick
C. can B. Maybe he is sick
D. should C. It’s possible that he is sick.
E. Shall have D. He is rather sick
E. I conclude that he is sick
2. We …. like to visit that new store some day.
A. shall 8. “I could have somebody else to carry the
B. will heavy bags” It means :
C. can A. I carried the heavy bags
D. would B Somebody else carried the heavy bags for
E. Shall have me
C. I asked someone carry the heavy bags.
3. You are sick, but you don’t come hospital to D. I would carry the heavy bags myself.
see a doctor. E. I didn’t want to carry the heavy bags.
You …. visit him soon.
A. would 9. “Will you go with him?” this sentence means
B. could that…
C. should a. you want to go with him
D. will b. someone invites you to go with him
E, can C. You are going with him
D. someone is going with you
4. “I really don’t know why Tony didn’t come to
the meeting”. 10. It’s very cold outside. If you don’t have a
“There ….. something wrong with him. coat, you… borrow mine.
A. might be a. shall
B. could be b. should
C. will be c. would
D. should have been d. may
E. must have been e. might
5. “Rini is old enough. She …. know better than 11. You can’t do the test if you don’t study
the others about it. You … stay at home and study harder
A. will a. be able to
B. could b. should
C. must c. would
D. may be d. may
E. can e. shall
6. My motorcycle runs out of oil. I ….buy it 12. It’s very cold outside and you don’t have a
because I will ride it to the meeting. raincoat, you … borrow mine
A. should a. might
B. may b. would
C. can c. will
D. must d. may
E. Might e. must
c. would
13. They told me that they … like to go to the d. might
beach e. may
a. could
b. would 15. Tina didn’t answer when I knocked at the
c. may door. She … sleeping
d. will a. must be
e. must b. may be
c. shall be
14. Tika asked her mother: “… I leave now?” d. can be
a. shall e. might have been
b. ought to
BAB IX
CONJUNCTION
A. Definisi
Konjungsi adalah kata penghubung y a n g b e r g u n a menghubungkan kata atau klausa dengakelompok kata
dalam suatu kalimat.
Contoh:
You give me chocolate and flowers.
B. Jenis
Berdasarkan bentuknya :
1. Single Word
(and, but, because, although)
2. Compound (often ending with as or that)
(provided that, as long as, in order that)
3. Correlative (surrounding an adverb or adjective)
(so...that)
Berdasarkan kegunaannya :
1. Coordinating conjunctions
Konjungsi yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua macam bentuk yang sama.
Contoh : I love singing and dancing.
2. Subordinating conjunctions
Konjungsi yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan anak kalimat dan induk kalimat.
Jenis subordinative conjunction:
after in case (that) till
although in order (that) unless
as in that until
as far as inasmuch as when
as if insofar as whenever
as soon as lest where
as though no matter how wherever
because now that whether
before once while
even if provided (that) why
even though since than
how so that that
if supposing (that) though
Berdasarkan fungsinya :
1. Time
after, before, when, while, as, by the time, whenever, since, until, as soon as, once, as long as
2. Place
where, in which, on which
3. Cause and Effect
because, now that, as, as long as, in as much as, so (that), in order that
4. Contrast:
although, even though, though, whereas, while
5. Condition:
if, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, providing (that), provided (that), in case, in the event
(that)
Jenis Konjungsi dan artinya :

1. For; Since; because; as = Karena
Contoh : Arya was a total superstar, for that he got awards.
2. Besides; moreover; furthermore = Selain itu, terlebih lagi /lagipula
Contoh : I like biking, besides it is a part of healthy life.
3. Namely = yaitu
Contoh : There was a tomb buried there, namely Tomb of Magic.
4. Nevertheless; however = meskipun demikian
Contoh : She tried so hard, nevertheless she failed.
5. On the contrary; on the other hand = sebaliknya
Contoh : Phoebe is a skinny girl, on the contrary she likes eating a lot.
6. Hence = karena alasan itu; dengan demikian; mulai saat ini
Contoh : She never does maximum effort, hence she has never been the best.
7. In order that = supaya
Contoh : They need to work hard, in order that they make some money
8. In case = kalau-kalau
Contoh : I made it three copies, in case you need it.
9. Accordingly = karena itu
Contoh : Elva is dilligent student, accordingly she becomes smart.
10. After all = bagaimanapun juga
Contoh : I like flowers, afterall I like roses the most.
11. All the same = namun demikian
Contoh : her parents have advised her every times all the same she seldom care it.
12. Consequently = akibatnya
Contoh : Her parents had disease, consequently she had to work hard in the past.
13. In the meantime = sementara itu; dalam waktu yang bersamaan
Contoh : Take care of your sister, in the meantime Mom will make the milk.
14. Moreover; futhermore = lagipula; terlabih lagi
Contoh : The car is very glossy, moreover it has horsepower speed.
15. Otherwise= jika tidak
Contoh : I need to charge the battery, otherwise it will be run out of power.
EXERCISE!!!
1. … all the students were seated in the class, e. Otherwise

the teacher
didn’t start the lesson 7. Rosa enjoyed studying sciences in high school
a. If when … she decided to major in biology in college
b. Until a. however
c. Nevertheless b. in spite of
d. Before c. in accordance
d. therefore
2. … she likes him very much, she pretends to e. because
ignore him
a. Since 8. He seems to be lazy to study … he often fails
b. Because the tests
c. Whereas a. however
d. Even though b. because of
e. However c. whenever
d. as a matter of fact
3. Betty moved from her old boarding house … e. consequently
the noise
a. because 9. The students like to visit some beaches … the
b. cause school holiday
c. because of a. since
d. of b. as long as
e. as c. during
d. because
4. I prefer wearing casual clothes, … jeans, T- e. provide that
shirts and
sweaters. 10. … they came to my house, I had already left
a. in case a. Until
b. such as b. After
c. so that c. As soon as
d. that’s why d. Whenever
e. accordingly e. By the time
5. She must wash her clothes … she nothing to 11. They were both pleased … honored to be the
wear tomorrow guests of
a. only the president
b. unless a. also
c. otherwise b. and
d. accordingly c. as
e. proving that d. as well
e. however
6. Smoking can be the cause of many illness and
respiratory disorders; … it may harm non 12. … the heavy rain, the football will not be
smokers. canceled
a. Consequently a. Despite of
b. However b. In spite of
c. In addition c. Despite
d. Nevertheless d. Because
e. Despite in b. for
c. because
13. You can’t get the driver license … you are at d. In the event that
least e. Accordingly
seventeen years old
a. but 15. Being a government official, he does not
b. although earn much but
c. unless he …
d. in case a. lives in poverty
e. whereas b. is very dedicated
c. is never happy
14. … you need to see me next weekend, I’ll stay d. is not satisfied
at home e. is frequently absent
a. But
BAB X
CONCORDANCE AND AGREEMENT
CONCORD
A. Definisi
Persesuaian unsur-unsur pembentuk suatu kalimat, yaitu baik subjek dengan predikatnya, maupun
persesuaian kata dengan kata dalam kalimat sesuai dengan kaidah kebahasaan yang berlaku pada suatu
bahasa.
B. Jenis
a. Concord of person (persesuaian kata ganti orang)
Concord ini menunjuk pada persesuaian antara kata benda dengan kata ganti orang yang
menunjukkan.
Contoh :
1. Princess is my niece. She is a student.
(Concord : Princess … She )
2. The man on the stage just finished his speech.
(Concord : man…his)
b. Concord of tense (persesuaian tenses)

Dalam bahasa Inggris bentuk kata kerja senantiasa berubah-ubah sesuai dengan kata keterangan
waktu yang mengikutinya.
1. She takes a bath twice everyday
(Concord : takes……everyday)
2. She took a bath just two hours ago.
(Concord : took …two hours ago)
c. Concord of number (persesuaian jumlah) Concord ini meliputi persesuaian antara :

1. Subjek dan Predikat :
SUBYEK to be to do to have to verb

I Am do have go
We, You, They Are do have go
He, She, It Is does has goes
Contoh :
She has finished cooking the meals.
(Concord : she…has)
HAL YANG PERLU DIPERHATIKAN!

1. Nama cabang ilmu bentuknya jamak tetapi selalu digunakan dengan predikat (to be atau kata kerja)
bentuk tunggal.
Contoh:
Mathematics is one of the most popular science used around the globe.
2. Subjek ukuran jarak, waktu dan uang dianggap tunggal, sehingga predikatnya pun harus tunggal.
Contoh :
Three hundred metres is quite far for them to walk.
3. Nama judul (buku, cerita, film) dan beberapa benda yang disatukan dianggap tunggal.
Contoh :
The National Tresure is Tita’s favourite movie.
4. Subjek yang berawalan kata ‘every...’, ‘each of...’, ‘either/either of...’,’neither/neither of...’
dianggap sebagai tunggal.
Contoh:
There were three people in the house. Neither of them is a girl.
Each of the applicant should re-register on the table provided.
5. Everybody, everyone, nobody, no one, anybody dan anyone, menggunakan predikat bentuk tunggal
tetapi kata gantinya jamak.
Contoh:
1. Everybody wants to celebrate the 64th anniversary of Indonesia.
2. No one knows what I had in my thoughts. They don’t know anything.
6. Subyek dengan menggunakan kata ‘number’ bisa dianggap tunggal dan bisa pula dianggap jamak
bergantung pada kata sebelum ‘number’-nya itu sendiri. Bila yang muncul adalah artikel ‘a’ maka
dianggap jamak, dan bila ‘the’ dianggap tunggal.
Contoh:
The number of students takes a day break (tunggal).
A number of books on the table are mine (jamak).
7. Subyek yang terbentuk dari kata Gerund (V-ing) harus dianggap tunggal.
Contoh:
Cooking is my hobby.
8. Dalam menentukan subjek utama dari subjek yang berupa frase panjang, tinggal dilihat kata sebelum
preposisi; jika tunggal maka predikatnya harus dalam: is, was, has, V+s/es, dan jika jamak maka
predikatnya harus dalam: are, were, have, Verb-tanpa-s/es.
Contoh:
The considerations of recuiting new members by the judges are basically marked by the motivation
of the applicants.
9. Kata yang diikuti ‘either’ dan ‘neither’ diikuti oleh ‘or’ dan ‘nor’ kata kerja/verb dan auxiliary-nya
mungkin tunggal atau jamak bergantung pada kata setelah ‘or’ atau ‘nor’ apakah tunggal atau jamak.
Dan aturan tersebut digunakan juga untuk kalimat yang subjeknya digabungkan ‘or’ atau ‘nor’ yang
berdiri sendiri.
Contoh:
Neither Bels or Delfi is going to Pekanbaru.
Either Gladi or her friends have gone to Pekanbaru.
Jamie or Rosyid is the one taking the course.
10. Kata hubung ‘and’ dan ‘both...and...’ menghubungkan dua kata / kelompok kata yang setara dalam
bentuk dan jenisnya, misal adjective dengan adjective, gerund dengan gerund, noun dengan noun, dsb.
Contoh:
Rita’s friends love singing and dancing on the stage; atau
Rita’s friends love both singing and dancing on the stage.
11. Untuk menghubungkan kata, frase, atau klausa yang setara juga dapat digunakan ‘not only...but also/as
well as...’ yang berarti ‘tidak hanya...tetapi juga...’.
Contoh:
Indonesia has been not only the winner of many divisions but also/as well the general winner of the
whole competitions.
12. Subjek yang terbentuk dari kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung(uncountable noun) harus dianggap
singular.
Contoh:
The information given by the MC is quite important.
13. Subjek singular tetap diikuti oleh verb/auxiliary apabila subjek tersebut diikuti oleh ungkapan
along with, together with, in addition to, and accompanied by.
Contoh:
The superstar, along with her boyfriend, is stepping on the red carpet.
d. Concord of gender (persesuaian jenis kelamin)
Contoh :
Eve is my Aunt. She is a good teacher.
AGREEMENT
Agreeement adalah penyesuaian antara subjek dengan kata kerjanya dalam suatu kalimat.
A. Singular
1. Subject sebuah kalimat yang diawali dengan kata: every..much..,each of.., one of.
2. Subjek yang menyatakan jumlah,jarak, waktu, volume,uang.
3. Subject yang diikuti oleh kata benda abstrak/gerund
4. Apabila diikuti oleh ungkapan as well as, with, along with, together with, inaddition to, accompanied
by maka subjeknya berbentuk singular jika subjek pertamanya berbentuk tunggal(singular).
5. Kata a lot of, most, more, some, all, half bila diikuti oleh uncountable noun maka subjeknya
berbentuk singular.
6. Either…,or….,neither…,nor…,dianggap singular bila noun keduanya berbentuk tunggal.
7. Kata yang selalu dianggap singular
Anybody somebody Nobody
Anyone Someone Noone
anything Something nothin
8. A number + plural noun plural

The number of+ plural noun singular
B. Plural
1. The + Adjective
2. Both..,and..,membutuhkan kata kerja plural
3. Kata many, few,several membutuhkan kata kerja plural
4. Kata none,all, majority, half bila di ikuti kata benda jamak maka butuh kata kerja plural.
EXERCISE!!!
1.
Although the boys have enough money, neither of 7. Neither the football players nor their
them…going on vacation. coach…satisfied with the referee’s decision.
a. was a. was
b. are b. be
c. is c. were
d. were d. being
e. have been e. he was
2. Five hundred miles…a long distance to drive in 8. Rara’s frequent absence and…for almost all
one day. subjects are caused by his addiction to
a. to be narcotics.
b. are being a. she has bad grades
c. it is b. her grades that are bad
d. are c. all her grades are bad
e. Is d. her bad grades
e. that her grades are bad.
3. All the classmates of their only son…invited to
his birthday party. 9. The eastern part of the town is not only
a. am densely populated…
b. are a. and also pollution is anywhere
c. is b. while it is polluted too
d. be c. as well as badly polluted
e. being d. or the area is polluted badly
e. the whole area is polluted badly also.
4. Producing fine paintings…skill and creativity.
a. require 10. Anin, together with her students…to hold
b. they require a seminar on modern literature.
c. it is requiring a. are going to
d. requires b. is going to
e. it requires c. to be going to
d. being going to
5. A number of students …at SMAN 1 Metro e. were going to
each year.
a. enroll 11. Nobody…harder than mike does.
b. enrolled a. work
c. enrolls b. works
d. has enrolled c. to work
e. is enrolling d. working
e. are working
6. The number of people attending the
concert…not as had been expected. 12. The news of Setiawan marriage …many
a. was girls.
b. be a. surprise
c. being b. surprised
d. were c. surprises
e. to be d. surprising
e. are surprising
C. Has given
13. Mathematics…students confused. D. giving
a. make E. is giving
b. made
c. makes 15. All of poor students in my
d. making province________given the school’s uniforms by
e. is made our governoor, Mr.Alex Noerdin last month..
A. Has been
14. The majority of universities in B. Is
Indonesia______scholar ship for their clever C. was
collegian . D. are
A. Was given E. were
B. give
BAB XI
PARTICIPLE
A. Definisi
Participle adalah kata penjelas yang terdiri dari participle aktif dan pasif. Participle aktif menggunakan
Verb + ing (sebagaimana Gerund) yang memiliki beberapa fungsi. Sedangkan participle pasif berbentuk
V3 yang juga memilik beberapa fungsi.
B. Jenis
1. Active (Present Participle)  V-ing
 Active Participle adalah verb/kata kerja yang berakhiran ‘-ing’, menerangkan kata benda
dimana kata benda tersebut bersifat aktif.
Contoh:
Jumping man = pria yang sedang melompat
Beating heart = jantung yang berdenyut
 Active Participle dapat muncul setelah objek dari kata kerja persepsi : see, hear, feel, watch,
smell, observe, listen, look at, keep, find, leave, notice, dsb. Active participle muncul
menjelaskan posisi objek/pelengkap yang aktif.
KGKJ
2. Passive (Past Participle)  V3
 Kata kerja bentuk ke-3. Kegunaannya adalah untuk menerangkan kata benda, posisi benda itu
sebagai yang dikenai pekerjaan (pasif).
Contoh:
Fallen book = Buku yang terjatuh
Dried rice = Nasi yang dikeringkan
 Passive participle juga dapat muncul setelah objek dari kata kerja persepsi : see, hear, feel,
watch, smell, observe, listen, notice, dsb. Passive participle muncul menjelaskan posisi
objek/pelengkap yang sifatnya pasif.
Contoh:
I saw the motorcycle fallen to the ground
C. Penggunaan
1. Sebagai penjelas kata benda
 Active Participle
Rumus :
- Noun + V-ing
Contoh :
The person writing this book is my sister. (orang yang menulis)
 Pasive Participle
Rumus :
- Noun + V3
Contoh :
The book written by Rayza is good. (buku yang ditulis)
2. Sebagai Adjective
 Contoh Active Participle
The boiling soup is very hot (active).
 Contoh Passive Participle
The broken mirror has been thrown away (passive).
3. Pada awal kalimat
a. Having = setelah
Having studied English at Express, Fini went home with her friends.
Kalimat diatas sama artinya dengan:
After she had studied English at Express, Fini went home with her friends.
Having been chosen as the ambassador of Indonesia, she turned out to be more famous.
Kalimat diatas sama artinya dengan:
After she had been chosen as the ambassador of Indonesia, she turned out to be more
famous.
b. Menyatakan ‘sebab/karena’
Trying hard to win the beauty contest, Nita neglected all her school assignments. Kalimat di
atas sama dengan:
Because/since/as Nita tried hard to win the beauty contest, Nita neglected all her school
assignments.
Punched by his friend, he got mad
Artinya because/since/as he was punched by his friend, he got mad.
c. Being = karena-because/since/as.
Being a foreigner, he needs a visa.
Kalimat di atas sama dengan:
Because/since/as he is a foreigner, he needs a visa.
d. Menyatakan ‘jika’ (apabila bentuk kedua adalah Present Future)
Turning to the left, you will find his office
Kalimat diatas sama dengan
If you turn the left, you will find his office
4. Menggantikan Relative Pronoun
I found the baby crying.
I found the baby who is crying
Nb: pelaku pada kalimat active participle adalah sama denga pelaku pada kalimat ke dua.
The window which was broken by Edi has not been repaired yet.
The window broken by Edy has not been repaired yet.
Intinya perhatikan kata (baik subjek maupun objek) yang mau Anda jelaskan, posisinya aktif
ataukah pasif, lalu gunakan participle yang tepat.
EXERCISE!!!
A. Break
B. Broke
1. Fortunately,the____child has finally found
C. Broken
his mother.
D. Breaking
A. Lose
B. Lost
9. I like to talk with him. I think he is an
C. Losing
_________ person
D. To lose
A. Interest
B. Interested
2. “Where did you buy this necklace?” “Oh,no.
C. Interesting
It’s____thing from my mother.”
D. Interests
A. Give
B. Giving
10. Use the _________ words in the ________
C. Given
sentence to complete the task.
D. Gave
A. Given, followed
B. Giving, following
3. “Poor Bayu.” “Because of his love, Bayu
C. Give, follow
was____for Sarah’ guilt.”
D. Given, following
A. Blamed
B. Blaming
11. the _______ cat was towed away by a tow
C. Blame
truck
D. To blame
A. Abonden
4. The____lightning made one of the house
B. Abandon
break into pieces.
C. Abandoned
A. Crush
D. Abandoning
B. Crushed
C. Crushing
12. the streets bustled with activity. We made
D. Was crushed
our way through the ___________ streets.
A. Bustle
5. The rain____ all day has peen predicted to
B. Bustled
flood some area of the Capital.
C. Bustling
A. Fall
D. Bustles
B. Fell
C. Fallen
13. ____________ his mother jewelry, his
D. Falling
brother was standing behind the door.
6. _____food is not good for your health.
A. Steal
A. Heating
B. Stolen
B. Heat
C. Stealing
C. Heated
D. Had stolen
D. To be heated
14. The____lightning made one of the house

7. My beautiful town _____ nearby the beach
break into pieces.
has attaracted many tourist.
A. Crush
A. Location
B. Crushed
B. Locate
C. Crushing
C. Locating
D. Was crushed
D. Located
8. a kid accidentally threw a ball at one of the
15. The rain____ all day has peen predicted to
school windows. Someone needs to repair
flood some area of the Capital.
the________ window.
A. Fall C. Fallen
B. Fell D. Falling
BAB XII
CLAUSE
A. Definisi
Clauses atau klausa adalah sekelompok kata yang telah mengandung subjek dan predikat, tetapi belum
mengungkapkan makna yang lengkap sehingga biasanya masih memerlukan kata hubung.
B. Jenis
1. Noun Clause
Anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda.
Fungsi :
Jenis Konjungsi Fungsi Contoh
A statement That of
Subject That Rio is handsome
“Rio is handsome” Clause is spreaded over the
school.
Object I admit that Beckham is
a good player.
A question
Expecting yes or Whether (or Subject Whether Beckham is a
now anwer. not), football player doesn’t
“is Beckham a football If concern me.
palyer?”
Interrogative word Object Do you know

question Who, whether B e c k h a m i s a
“why Beckham beacomes what,which, football player?
a football player?” when, Subject Why Beckham become a
where,why, corruptor?
how. Object I know why Beckham
become a football
playerr.
An exclamation What, how Object I can’t imagine what a

“What a clever student clever student you are.
you are!”
2. Adjective Clause
Anak kalimat yang menjelaskan Noun. Biasanya dihubungkan dengan relative pronoun ( kata ganti
penghubung untuk membentuk adjective clause)
Fungsi:
Position Person/ Examples Thing Examples

orang
Subject Who The man who ask me to go Which
/ The book which
to my father’s room. Benda gives
inspiration for me is
Object Whom The man whom I call Which Laskar Pelangi.
Possessive works The books which I
Whose in my Grandpa’s company. Of give to you is written
The woman whose bag Which by Karen Armstrong.
stolen by a thief is crying. The dog of which
long tail is my cat.
3. Adverbial Clause
Anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai kata keterangan.
Fungsi:
Jenis Conjunction Contoh
Adverb Clause of Reason Because, since, for, as. They had to move because
their
Adverb Clause of Result *So/ hence/ thus/ house She iswasso to be torn down.
emotional that
therefore/ every
consequently little thing upsets her.
*So+ adj/ adv+ that This is an ugly chair that I
( sangat,.. sehingga) am going to give it away.
*Such+ noun
Adverb Clause of Purpose So that,
phrase+that (… He decided to take a
In the
sehingga) trip
hope around the world in order
that, that he might learn about
Adverb Clause of Contrast *although,
In even though We couldn’tpeople
different meet the
and their
*however,
order deadline,
costums.
that, whereas although we worked day
,In order to + Vstill,
1 and night
S+P nevertheless,
Adverb Clause of Place Where,
while in which I want to visit the city in
*on the other hand, which I
Adverb Clause of Time When,
but, was born.
yet while, since, You may begin it when you
before, are
after, until, till, as Ready
soon as, as long as
etc
EXERCISE!!!
1. The man who is sitting over there is my b. Who
father. c. .That
a. Who d. Which
b. Whose
c. When 9. She missed listening to the radio, which had
d. Ø been stolen.
a. Which
2. The book which you bought yesterday is very b. Whose
interesting c. That
a. Who d. Who
b. Which
c. Whose 10. Rizky stopped for an old lady who was
d. When standing by the road.
a. Whom
3. This is the place that I visited some years b. Who
ago. c. That
a. Where d. Whose
b. When
c. That 11. The old lady had a sign that was handwritten.
d. Who a. Whose
b. Which
4. Mr. Kurniawan whose son is my friend is c. That
presenting a paper in a seminar. d. Whose
a. Who
b. What 12. Kurniawan opened the door for the lady, who
c. That was very fat.
d. Whose a. That
b. Whom
5. The time when the plane takes off and lands c. When
will be changed soon d. Who
a. When
b. Who 13. Mario was afraid of the old lady, whose voice
c. Ø sounded strange.
d. That a. .Whose
b. That
6. Lumajang is the place where I was born. c. Whom
a. That d. When
b. Where
c. When 14. Conan was terrified when she saw her arms,
d. Whose which were hairy.
a. Whose
7. Andrea was a married woman who lived in b. When
Brockbourne. c. Whom
a. That d. Which
b. Where
c. Who 15. Kurniawan realized it was a man who was
d. When dressed as a woman.
a. That
8. Hirata shivered at the snow which was piled in b. When
the fields. c. Who
a. Whose d. .Ø
BAB XII
ELLIPTICAL SENTENCE AND QUESTION TAG
ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES
A. Definisi
Penggabungan dua kalimat ma je muk g abu nga n setara dengan menghilangkan bagian dari predikat yang
sama untuk menghindari terjadinya pengulangan.
B. Jenis
1. Positive Elliptic
“Too” dan “so” digunakan untuk menggabungkan kalimat positif. Kalimat yang digabungkan ini dapat
mengandung auxiliary maupun tidak.
Formulanya terbagi atas dua golongan, seperti tercermin sebagai berikut.
Ber-auxiliary/to be/modal
S1 + aux/to be/modal + Obj/ Compl, and so + aux/to be/modal + S2
S1 + aux/to be/modal + Obj/ Compl, and S2 + aux/to be/modal + too
Contoh: I am yours and so is she.

I am yours and she is too.
Tidak Ber-auxiliary/to be/modal
S1+ Verb 1 + and + so + do/does + S2
S1+ Verb 1 + and + S2 + do/does + too
Contoh: Jona gets a gift and so does Jeni.

Jona gets a gift and Jeni does too.
Untuk kalimat dalam bentuk lampau, cukup disesuaikan dengan kata kerjanya.
Contoh : Jona got a gift and so did Jeni.
Jona got a gift and Jeni did too.
2. Negative Elliptical
Penggabungan dua kalimat negative yang setara. Untuk menggabungkannya, digunakan “either” atau
“neither”.
Formula:
S1 + aux/to be/modal not (Verb) + obj/ compl, and S2 + auxiliary not + either
S1 + auxiliary not (Verb) + obj/ compl, and neither* + auxiliary + S2
Nb: Neither = not either, sehingga menggunakannya tidak perlu ditambahkan not lagi.
Contoh: Mita doesn’t like banana and Meta doesn’t either
Mita doesn’t like banana and neither does Meta.
3. Contrastive Elliptical
Penggabungan dua kalimat yang tidak setara, yaitu positive dengan negative. Karena kalimat tersebut
berlawanan, maka menggabungkannya dengan kata sambung but/while.
Formula: S1 + aux/to be/modal + obj/ compl, but/while + S2 + aux/to be/modal + not
S1 + aux/to be/modal + not + obj/ compl, but + S2 + auxiliary
Contoh: Hanum can’t speak english well, but/while Juanda can.

Juanda can speak English well, but Hanum can’t.
S1 + Verb 1 + obj/ compl, but/while + S2 + do/does not
S1 + Verb 2 + obj/ compl, but + S2 + did not
Contoh: Joko didn’t do homework, but/while Jijah did.

Jijah did homework, but Joko didn’t.
Nb: Kalimat yang mengandung kata-kata hardly, never, nobody, no one, seldom, few, little dsb
dianggap pernyataan negatif
Contoh: Joko never do homework, but Jijah does.
QUESTION TAG
A. Definisi
Bentuk pertanyaan di akhir/ekor (tag) kalimat yang berfungsi untuk menegaskan suatu
pertanyaan.
Syarat Utama
+ -
Positive statement, negative tag?
(contoh) Snow is white, isn't it?
- +
Negative statement, positive tag?
(contoh) You don't want to lose me, do you
Imperative tag question

Tag Question Keterangan
Invitation Take a seat, won't you? polite
Help me, can you? quite friendly
Help me, can't you? quite friendly (some irritation?)
Close the door, would you? quite polite
Order
Do it now, will you? less polite
Apabila menggunakan “not”, maka
Don't forget, will you?
Question tag berbentuk “will”
Hal yang perlu diperhatikan!

Statement, question tag? Keterangan
Statement menggunakan “I am” maka question tag

I am right, aren't I?
menggunakan “aren’t I?”
Statement menggunakan “have to V1” maka

You have to go, don't you?
question tag menggunakan “don’t/doesn’t S?”
I have been answering, Apabila menemukan bentuk seperti ini, gunakan

haven't I? auxillary pertama
Statement yang subjekmnya nothing/noone/nobody

Nothing came in the post, did
dianggap pernyataan negatif, maka question tagnya
it?
positif.
Statement penggunakan “let’s”, maka question tag

Let's go, shall we?
menggunakan “shall”
Statement yang subjeknya everybody/one/thing,

Everyone is in the house,
anyone/body/thing, maka question tagnya
don’t they?
menggunakan “don’t they?”
Statement yang mengandung kata-kata hardly,

You will never forget it, will never, nobody, no one, seldom, few, little dsb
you? dianggap pernyataan negatif, sehingga tag-nya
harus berbentuk positif.
Nb:
Subjek dalam masing-masing anak kalimat haruslah sama.
Subjek yang terdapat dalam ekor kalimat (tag) haruslah berbentuk pronoun (kata ganti).
EXERCISE!!!
1. He never comes late……
a. Hasn’t he 6. The proposal sounds promising……….
b. Didn’t he a. Doesn’t it
c. Does he b. it doesn’t
d. Won’t he c. Was it not
d. is it
2. Without his glasses he can hardly see us, ……he
? 7. You seldom has your hair cut…..
a. Can’t a. Do you
b. Does b. Did you
c. Can c. Don’t you
d. Could d. Didn’t you
3. Your sister always gets up late on Sunday… 8. There was never any talk of such thing…..
a. Isn’t it a. Was it
b. Should she b. Was it not
c. Will she c. Was there
d. Doesn’t she d. Was not there
4. He works hard. He seldom has time to go to 9. Your uncle said that he would do his best to
parties….. help you..
a. Doesn’t he a. Didn’t you
b. Doesn’t he b. Wouldn’t you
c. Hasn’t he c. Would he
d. Isn’t she d. Wouldn’t He
5. Let’s visit the Amir tomorrow….. 10. She never seems to care…
a. Won’t we a. Is she
b. Shall We b. Doesn’t she
c. Do We c. Has she
d. Aren’t We d. Does she.
BAB XIV
PASSIVE VOICE
A. Definisi
Pola kalimat yang subjeknya dikenai pekerjaan/perbuatan. Biasanya dibaca di- atau ter-.
B. Fungsi:
Kalimat pasif fokus pada aktivitasnya, yaitu atas suatu benda/subjek dilakukan suatu kegiatan.
Contoh: the beef was grilled.
Siapa yang melakukan kegiatan dapat saja tidak diketahui, kalaupun ada hanya sebagai keterangan
tambahan tergantung kehendak pembuat kalimat.
C. Formula
S + to be + V3 (past participle)
(be)I : am, is, are

(be)II : was, were
(be)III : been
(be)ing : being
(be)inf : be
TENSES ACTIVE PASSIVE
Simple Present S + Verb1(s/es) + O S+am,is,are+VerbIII
Iqbal helps the poor. The poor is helped by Iqbal.
Simple Past S+verbII S+Was/Were+Verbiii
Iqbal helped the poor. The Poor was Helped by Iqbal.
Present S+am,is,are+ Ving S+am,is,are+being+ VIII
Continous Iqbal is helping the poor. The poor is being helped by
Iqbal.
Past Continous S+was/were+Ving S+was/were+being+ VIII
Iqbal was helping the poor. The poor was being helped by
Iqbal.
Present S+has/have+VIII S+has/have+been+ VIII
Perfect Iqbal has helped the poor. The poor has been helped by
Iqbal.
Past Perfect S+had+ VIII S+had +been+ VIII
Iqbal had helped the poor. The poor had been helped by
Iqbal.
Simple Future S+shall/will+V1 S+shall/will+be+ VIII
Iqbal will help the poor. The poor will be helped by Iqbal.
Future S+will+have+ VIII S+will+have+been+ VIII
Perfect Iqbal will have helped the poor. The poor will have been helped
by Iqbal.
Past Future S+would+ V1 S+would+be+ VIII
Past Future S+should/would+have+ VIII S+should/would+have+ been+VIII
Perfect Iqbal would have helped the The poor would have been helped
poor. by Iqbal.
Modals Aux. S+modal+ V1 S+modal+be+ VIII
Iqbal can help the poor. The poor can be helped by Iqbal.
Perhatikan hal-hal sebagai berikut!

 Subjek pada kalimat pasif berasal dari objek kalimat aktif.
 ‘be...ing’ dalam kalimat aktif menjadi ‘being’ dalam bentuk pasifnya.
 Tense pada kalimat pasif mengikuti bentuk kalimat aktifnya.
 Verb 3 pada kalimat pasif dibentuk oleh verb pada
kalimat aktifnya.
 Hanya kalimat transitif (kalimat berobjek) yang dapat diubah ke dalam bentuk pasif dan atau kalimat
pasif hanya berlaku bagi kata kerja transitif.
 Kalimat pasif digunakan tatkala ingin menonjolkan hasil tindakan daripada pelaku tindakan tersebut.
EXERCISE!!!!
1. All the books in the library______by the minister a. are not accepted
of Finance last year. b. accepted
A. Were given c. do not accept
B. has given d. was accept
C. gave
D. Give 7. Ustman Bin Affan ,one of disciples of our
prophet Muhamad SAW, ____ by God to enter
2. ‘have you posted the mail?’ the heaven.
‘Not yet sir, it _____at five ‘oclock.’ a. have quaranteed
A. Will posted b. is quarenteed
B. posts a. quaranteed
C. Will post b. was quarenting
D. will be posted
8. I became quite nervous when I knew that I
3. ‘What should ________to be accepted as the would be _______by Mr. Kusman Aji.
collegian of state acountancy college?.’ A. Was interviewing
A. To be done B. interviewed
B. being done C. Interview
C. Be done D. Interviewing
D. been done
9. The tower of Telkomsel ________when the
4. It’s no use expecting an answer today, as your earth quake happened
proposal_______by his mother. a. was built
a. had not yet been receive b. is to built
b. will not have been received yet c. are building
c. is not receive yet d. was being built
d. will receive
10. ‘who will represent our school to join the
5. ‘Jones : ‘Why doesn’t she accept the job?’ mathematic olympiad ?’
Michle : ___________________________ ‘I don’t know yet, they _______by our head
a. Because she hasn’t been offered it master.’
b. because she didn’t offer it a. Still selecting
c. Because she doesn’t offer it b. are still being selected
d. Because she hasn’t offered it c. Still be selected
6. If you_________ in the STAN enterance d. are still selecting

test, there will be many alternative to choose.
BAB XV
DIRECT AN INDIRECT SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH
Direct speech (kalimat langsung) adalah Direct Speech (Kalimat Langsung) ialah kata-kata kalimat
yang diucapkan langsung oleh si pembicara. Penulisannya diapit oleh tanda baca (“).
INDIRECT SPEECH
A. Definisi
Indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung) adalah alah kalimat yang diucapkan untuk melaporkan
kata-katansi pembicara kepada orang lain. Jadi, Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) digunakan
bila kita ingin melaporkan kata-kata seseorang kepada orang lain secara tak langsung.
B. Jenis
1. Mengulang Pernyataan orang lain
Hal-hal penting untuk diingat adalah bahwa perubahan dalam klausa bawahan tergantung pada
kata kerja pelaporan.
- Jika kata kerja pelaporan adalah dalam bentuk yang sekarang, tidak ada perubahan dalam
klausa bawahan.
- Jika kata kerja pelaporan dalam bentuk masa lalu, ada beberapa perubahan dalam klausa
bawahan.
Perubahan termasuk bentuk kalimat, kata ganti, dan adverb. Semua perubahan di bawah ini
digunakan untuk semua jenis tidak langsung / reported speech (positif, negatif, interogatif,
dan imperatif).
Formula umum :
REPORTING VERB, THAT + PERUBAHAN TENSES/PRONOUN/ADVERB
CHANGES
PERUBAHAN TENSES
PERUBAHAN PRONOUN
PERUBAHAN ADVERB
Contoh :
 Frank declared: " I am thinking about moving"
Frank declared he was thinking about moving
 She said: " I have just seen an old friend of mine"
She said she had just seen an old friend of hers.
 He asked: "Paul, how long have you been studying English?"
He asked Paul how long he had been studying English
 Anna declared:" I wil be announcing my engagement next month"
Anna declared she would be announcing her engagement the following month
 He says the test is difficult.
 She has said that she watches TV every day.
 Jack wil say that he comes to school every day.
2. Mengulang perintah/undangan/permintaan orang lain

Formula umum :
IMPERATIVE REPORTING VERB+ OBJECT + TO V1
IMPERATIVE REPORTING VERB+ OBJECT + NOT TO V1
Contoh :
 He warned us to come early to the meeting.
 They instruct us to finish our paper soon.
3. Mengulang pertanyaan orang lain

Aturan yang paling penting dalam membentuk pertanyaan tidak langsung adalah bahwa tidak akan
ada tanda tanya / pertanyaan dalam bentuk kalimat (pertanyaan jenis ini
juga dikenal sebagai tertanam pertanyaan) meskipun ada kata pertanyaan di dalamnya.
Formula umum:
1. Yes/no question :
IMPERATIVE REPORTING VERB+ NOUN/PRONOUN + IF/WHETHER + S +
V/TO BE + ...
2. WH Question :
IMPERATIVE REPORTING VERB+ NOUN/PRONOUN +
WHAT/WHERE/WHO/WHEN/WHY/HOW + S + V/TO BE + ...
Contoh:
 He asked if I knew the name of the participants.
 The officers of the summit inquired us to provide our invitations.
 She doesn t know where the boss had gone for the past three days.
 Do you know who set this decoration?
 Can you tell me when the next flight leaves?
EXERCISE!!!
1. The woman says to him: “you play the piano e. She asked me how many pieces of bread I
well.” can eat
The girl says to him that________
a. You play the piano well 6. “Where did you go four days ago?” John
b. He play the piano well asked.
c. He plays the piano well Tony asked ……
d. You played the piano weLL a. where did I go four days ago
e. He is playing the piano well b. where I did go four days ago
c. Where I had gone four days before
2. “did he leave a message for me?’ d. where I had gone four days ago.
“yes, he said_______, tonight” e. where I went four days before
a. He calles
b. He woud call him 7. “Did you have an assignment last month?
c. You called her Father asked me
d. He would call you Father asked me ……
e. I would call you a. did I have an assignment last month
b. I did have an assignment last month
3. “you musn’t forget what I told you.” c. if I had had an assignment the month
She told me______ before
a. That i hadn’t to forget whta she had told d. if I did have an assignment the month
me before
b. That i musn’t have forgotten what I had e. if I had had an assignment the month
told her before
c. That i didn’t have to forget wha t she had
told me 8. “Were you at the party last night?” Tony said.
d. That i hadn’t to forget what she had told a. Tony said that I was at the party the night
me be tofore
e. That i was not t to forget what she had b. Tony wanted to know if he was at the party
told me the night before
c. Tony asked me if I was at the party
4. Tony said to me: “why does she sing so d. Tony wanted to know if I had been at the
loudly?” party the night before
a. Tony said to me why does she sing so loudly e. Tony said to me that I had been at the
b. Tony asked me why did she sing so loudly party the night before
c. Tony asked me why does she sing so loudly
d. Tony asked me why she sang so loudly 9. Rudy said to me, “Can I help you find a
e. Tony said to me why she did sing so loudly hotel?”
a. Rudy asked me if I could help her find a
5. How many pieces of bread can you eat?” she hotel
said. b. I wondered if my friend could help me find
a. She said how many pieces of bread I can a hotel
eat. c. Rudy said that I could help me find a hotel
b. She wanted to know how many pieces of d. Rudy asked me to find a hotel for him
bread you cculd eat e. Rudy asked me whether he could help me
c. She asked how could I eat a lot of bread find a hotel
d. She asked how many pieces of bread I
could eat 10. Andi said to me,”what can i do for you?”
a. Andi asked me to you can i do for
b. Andi asked me if what i could that for you d. Andi said to me can i do for you
c. Andi can do for you e. Andi said for you.

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QUANTIFIER UNTUK KATA BENDA

PRONOUN (KATA GANTI)

Person Subject Object Possessive Intensive / Reflexive

ADJECTIVE (KATA SIFAT)

VERB (KATA KERJA)

Talk talked will talk

Present Past Future

PREPOSITION (KATA DEPAN)

1. We have bananas and water.

2. Do you have any coffee?

Sure, there's in the kitchen.

3. They have some fruit and nuts.

4. She has rice and a vegetables.

6. I need days vacation.

7. You don't need a lot of salt, just use .

8. people have a lot of money, and a lot of people have

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

SUBJECT + V-1 / (AM/ARE) + . . .

Subjek: I, You, We, They

SUBJECT + V-1(s/es) / (IS) + . . .

Subjek :He, She, It

b. Adverb of Time (Keterangan Waktu)

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

SUBJECT + TO BE (IS/AM/ARE) + V-ING (BEING) + ...

b. Adverb of time (Keterangan Waktu)

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + BEEN + V-ING (BEING) + ...

Contoh: I have been reading this book since last week.

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + V-ING (BEING) + . . .

PAST PERFECT TENSE

b. Adverb of Time (Keterangan Waktu)

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN + V-ING

b. Adverb of Time (Keterangan Waktu)

S + SHALL / WILL + V-1 (BE) + . . .

Contoh: Eve shall/will be a great doctor.

Contoh: I am going to Jakarta tomorrow morning.

b. Adverb of Time (Keterangan Waktu)

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

SUBJECT + WILL/SHALL + BE + V-ING (BEING) + . . .

Contoh: I will be doing sports at 5 am tomorrow morning.

b. Adverb of time (Keterangan Waktu)

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + HAVE + V-3 (BEEN) + ...

Contoh: By the end of September I will have graduated from my campus.

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

b. Adverb of Time (Keterangan Waktu)

6. Acah : When will your sister finish her study?

S + WISH/WOULD RATHER + S + V2/ WERE + ADVERB OF

Contoh: I wish I brought an umbrella now

S + V1/ IS, AM, ARE + AS IF/ AS THOUGH + S +

IF ONLY + S + V2/ WERE + O/C

Contoh: If only she were the one you love.

S + WISHED/ WOULD RATHER + S + HAD + V3/BEEN +

Contoh: I wished I had chosen the right bag yesterday.

S + V2/ WAS, WERE + AS IF/ AS THOUGH + S + HAD +

Contoh: He talked as if he had been the president of the club.

IF ONLY + S + HAD + V3/BEEN + O/C

Contoh: If only Jono had come to the match.