URAIAN PROSES
II-1
II-2
Pada proses pembuatan nitrobenzen, sebagai media reaksi nitrasi adalah ion
nitronium (NO2+) yang terbentuk dari campuran asam nitrat dan asam sulfat pekat.
Mekanisme reaksi yang terjadi (McKetta, 1983):
Elektrofil ion nitronium atau kation nitril, dibentuk melalui reaksi antara asam
nitrat dan asam sulfat. Mekanisme substitusi elektrofilik sebagai berikut:
Tahap 1:
+
NO2 H NO2
.....................................................(2.7)
+
Tahap 2:
HSö4- NO2
H NO2
H2SO4
+ (2.8)
Proses kontinyu dengan konsentrasi dari benzen 89,99 % dan asam campuran (89%
H2SO4, 65 % HNO3) diumpankan ke reaktor alir tangki berpengaduk, dengan koil
pendingin internal dan penukar panas diluar.
Konsentrasi asam yang digunakan sebesar 56 wt%. Reaksi berlangsung pada suhu
170 oC selama 3 jam dan tekanan 1 atm. Yield yang diperoleh sebesar 45 %
(Kuznetsova et al., 1998). Persamaan reaksi:
Berdasarkan uraian diatas maka dipilih proses nitrasi benzen dari HNO 3 dengan katalis
H2SO4 dengan pertimbangan sebagai berikut:
1. Yield tinggi.
2. Bahan baku mudah diperoleh.
3. Katalis yang digunakan cenderung mudah didapatkan dan mempercepat reaksi.
4. Kondisi operasi berlangsung pada suhu rendah dan waktu yang cepat.
5. Sifat H2SO4 mencegah HNO3 membentuk ion hidrogen dan ion nitrat tetapi hanya
membentuk ion nitronium.
6. Masalah pembuangan limbah asam campuran dapat diselesaikan dengan cara
netralisasi menggunakan NaOH.
II-4
Tabel 2.2 Nilai ΔHf dan ΔGf Setiap Komponen(Dean, 1999, Smith et al., 2005)
Komponen ΔHf (kJ/mol) ΔGf (kJ/mol)
Benzen (C6H6) 49,00 124,40
Asam Nitrat (HNO3) -174,10 -80,70
Nitrobenzen (C6H5NO2) 12,50 146,20
Air (H2O) -285,83 -237,14
Reaksi Utama:
keluaran mixer, berupa asam campuran dinaikkan suhunya dari 30oC menjadi 50
o
C menggunakan heater (E-151) dan diumpankan ke reaktor alir tangki
berpengaduk (R-210). Benzen (99%) dari tangki penyimpanan benzen (F-130)
o o
dipanaskan dari 30 C menjadi 50 C dengan heater (E-131), kemudian
diumpankan ke dalam reaktor (R-210).
Produk keluaran neutralizer (N-220) yang berupa benzen, toluen, air, nitrobenzen,
natrium nitrat, dan natrium sulfat kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam dekanter (H-
310) untuk memisahkan lapisan atas (fase ringan) berupa benzen, toluen, air,
nitrobenzen natrium nitrat, dan natrium sulfat, dengan lapisan bawah (fase berat)
yang terdiri dari produk nitrobenzen dan natrium sulfat. Lapisan bawah dari
dekanter (H-310) kemudian diumpankan ke filter press (H-320) untuk
memisahkan produk nitrobenzen dari garam natrium sulfat. Sedangkan lapisan
atas dari dekanter (H-310) dikirim ke unit pengolahan limbah (UPL). Hasil dari
filter press berupa produk nitrobenzen selanjutnya disimpan dalam tangki
penyimpanan nitrobenzen (F-410). Sedangkan hasil cake dari filter press berupa
natrium sulfatdikirimke unit pengolahan limbah (UPL).
II-8
B = 1702,1478 kg/jam
Tangki benzen T = 17,1934 kg/jam
T = 30 oC
P = 1 atm
A = 893,2554 kg/jam
AS = 4376,9515 kg/jam
B = 79,6605 kg/jam
T = 17,1934 kg/jam
A = 9323,2162 kg/jam
NN = 967,8063 kg/jam
Tangki asam sulfat NS = 3803,8722 kg/jam
T = 30 oC
Mixer Reaktor Neutralizer Dekanter
P = 1 atm
T = 30 oC T = 50 oC T = 30,41 oC T = 30 oC
P = 1 atm P = 1 atm P = 1 atm P = 1 atm
NB =2537,9422 kg/jam
NS = 2535,0439 kg/jam
Tangki asam nitrat AN = 2026,3664 kg/jam B = 79,6605 kg/jam B = 79,6605 kg/jam
T = 30 oC A = 1097,9389 kg/jam AN = 717,5057 kg/jam T = 17,1934 kg/jam
P = 1 atm AN = 2026,3664 kg/jam AS = 4376,9515 kg/jam T = 17,1934 kg/jam A = 9323,2162 kg/jam Filter Press
A= 204,6835 kg/jam A = 1472,1405 kg/jam NB = 2557,1481 kg/jam T = 30 oC
NB = 2557,1481 kg/jam NN = 967,8063 kg/jam P = 1 atm
AS = 4376,9515 kg/jam NS = 6338,9161 kg/jam
NB = 12,6897 kg/jam
NS = 2535,0439 kg/jam
II-9
B = 1702,1478 kg/jam
Tangki benzen T = 17,1934 kg/jam
T = 30 oC
P = 1 atm
A = 893,2554 kg/jam
AS = 4376,9515 kg/jam
B = 79,6605 kg/jam
T = 17,1934 kg/jam
A = 9323,2162 kg/jam
NN = 967,8063 kg/jam
Tangki asam sulfat NS = 3803,8722 kg/jam
T = 30 oC
Mixer Reaktor Neutralizer Dekanter
P = 1 atm
T = 30 oC T = 50 oC T = 30,41 oC T = 30 oC
P = 1 atm P = 1 atm P = 1 atm P = 1 atm
NB =2537,9422 kg/jam
NS = 2535,0439 kg/jam
Tangki asam nitrat AN = 2026,3664 kg/jam B = 79,6605 kg/jam B = 79,6605 kg/jam
T = 30 oC A = 1097,9389 kg/jam AN = 717,5057 kg/jam T = 17,1934 kg/jam
P = 1 atm AN = 2026,3664 kg/jam AS = 4376,9515
PRARANCANGAN T = 17,1934 kg/jam
kg/jamNITROBENZEN
PABRIK A = 9323,2162
MENGGUNAKAN PROSESkg/jam Filter Press
A= 204,6835 kg/jam
NITRASI BENZEN DAN KATALISAASAM = 1472,1405 NB =KAPASITAS
kg/jamDENGAN
SULFAT 2557,1481 kg/jam T = 30 oC
NB = 2557,1481 kg/jam
20.000 TON/TAHUN NN = 967,8063 kg/jam P = 1 atm
AS = 4376,9515 kg/jam NS = 6338,9161 kg/jam
Tangki Air
natrium Natrium hidroksida
hidroksida NB = 12,6897 kg/jam
T = 30 oC NS = 2535,0439 kg/jam
P = 1 atm
Benzen
Tangki benzen Toluen
T = 30 oC
P = 1 atm
II-10
B = 1702,1478 kg/jam
Tangki benzen T = 17,1934 kg/jam
T = 30 oC
P = 1 atm
A = 893,2554 kg/jam
AS = 4376,9515 kg/jam
B = 79,6605 kg/jam
T = 17,1934 kg/jam
A = 9323,2162 kg/jam
NN = 967,8063 kg/jam
Tangki asam sulfat NS = 3803,8722 kg/jam
T = 30 oC
Mixer Reaktor Neutralizer Dekanter
P = 1 atm
T = 30 oC T = 50 oC T = 30,41 oC T = 30 oC
P = 1 atm P = 1 atm P = 1 atm P = 1 atm
NB =2537,9422 kg/jam
NS = 2535,0439 kg/jam
Tangki asam nitrat AN = 2026,3664 kg/jam B = 79,6605 kg/jam B = 79,6605 kg/jam
T = 30 oC A = 1097,9389 kg/jam AN = 717,5057 kg/jam T = 17,1934 kg/jam
P = 1 atm AN = 2026,3664 kg/jam Gambar
AS = 4376,9515 kg/jam 2.1 Diagram Alir
T = 17,1934 Kualitatif
kg/jam A = 9323,2162 kg/jam Filter Press
A= 204,6835 kg/jam A = 1472,1405 kg/jam NB = 2557,1481 kg/jam T = 30 oC
NB = 2557,1481 kg/jam NN = 967,8063 kg/jam P = 1 atm
AS = 4376,9515 kg/jam NS = 6338,9161 kg/jam
NB = 12,6897 kg/jam
NS = 2535,0439 kg/jam
II-11
B = 1702,1478 kg/jam
Tangki benzen T = 17,1934 kg/jam
T = 30 oC
P = 1 atm
A = 893,2554 kg/jam
AS = 4376,9515 kg/jam
B = 79,6605 kg/jam
T = 17,1934 kg/jam
A = 9323,2162 kg/jam
NN = 967,8063 kg/jam
Tangki asam sulfat NS = 3803,8722 kg/jam
T = 30 oC
Mixer Reaktor Neutralizer Dekanter
P = 1 atm
T = 30 oC T = 50 oC T = 30,41 oC T = 30 oC
P = 1 atm P = 1 atm P = 1 atm P = 1 atm
NB =2537,9422 kg/jam
NS = 2535,0439 kg/jam
Tangki asam nitrat AN = 2026,3664 kg/jam B = 79,6605 kg/jam B = 79,6605 kg/jam
T = 30 oC A = 1097,9389 kg/jam AN = 717,5057 kg/jam T = 17,1934 kg/jam
P = 1 atm AN = 2026,3664PRARANCANGAN
kg/jam AS = 4376,9515 kg/jam
PABRIK T = 17,1934
NITROBENZEN kg/jam
MENGGUNAKAN A= 9323,2162 kg/jam
PROSES Filter Press
A= 204,6835 kg/jam
NITRASI BENZEN DAN KATALIS ASAM A = 1472,1405
SULFATkg/jam NB = 2557,1481 kg/jam
DENGAN KAPASITAS T = 30 oC
NB = 2557,1481 kg/jam
20.000 TON/TAHUN NN = 967,8063 kg/jam P = 1 atm
AS = 4376,9515 kg/jam NS = 6338,9161 kg/jam
Tangki A = 6038,0050 kg/jam
natrium NH = 4025,3367 kg/jam NB = 12,6897 kg/jam
hidroksida
T = 30 oC
NS = 2535,0439 kg/jam
P = 1 atm
B = 1702,1478 kg/jam
Tangki benzen T = 17,1934 kg/jam
T = 30 oC
II-12
B = 1702,1478 kg/jam
Tangki benzen T = 17,1934 kg/jam
T = 30 oC
P = 1 atm
A = 893,2554 kg/jam
AS = 4376,9515 kg/jam
B = 79,6605 kg/jam
T = 17,1934 kg/jam
A = 9323,2162 kg/jam
NN = 967,8063 kg/jam
Tangki asam sulfat NS = 3803,8722 kg/jam
T = 30 oC
Mixer Reaktor Neutralizer Dekanter
P = 1 atm
T = 30 oC T = 50 oC T = 30,41 oC T = 30 oC
P = 1 atm P = 1 atm P = 1 atm P = 1 atm
NB =2537,9422 kg/jam
NS = 2535,0439 kg/jam
Tangki asam nitrat AN = 2026,3664 kg/jam B = 79,6605 kg/jam B = 79,6605 kg/jam
T = 30 oC A = 1097,9389 kg/jam AN = 717,5057 kg/jam T = 17,1934 kg/jam
P = 1 atm AN = 2026,3664 kg/jam Gambar
AS = 4376,9515 kg/jam 2.2 Diagram Alirkg/jam
T = 17,1934 Kuantitatif A = 9323,2162 kg/jam Filter Press
A= 204,6835 kg/jam A = 1472,1405 kg/jam NB = 2557,1481 kg/jam T = 30 oC
NB = 2557,1481 kg/jam NN = 967,8063 kg/jam P = 1 atm
AS = 4376,9515 kg/jam NS = 6338,9161 kg/jam
NB = 12,6897 kg/jam
NS = 2535,0439 kg/jam
II-10
B = 1702,1478 kg/jam
Tangki benzen T = 17,1934 kg/jam
T = 30 oC
P = 1 atm
A = 893,2554 kg/jam
AS = 4376,9515 kg/jam
Keterangan :
Penyusunan berdasarkan titik didih.
B = Benzen
AN = Asam nitrat
A = Air
T = Toluen
NB = Nitrobenzen
AS = Asam sulfat
NN = Natrium nitrat
NH = Natrium hidroksida
NS = Natrium sulfat
II-11
B = 1702,1478 kg/jam
Tangki benzen T = 17,1934 kg/jam
T = 30 oC
P = 1 atm
A = 893,2554 kg/jam
AS = 4376,9515 kg/jam
B = 1702,1478 kg/jam
Tangki benzen T = 17,1934 kg/jam
T = 30 oC
P = 1 atm
A = 893,2554 kg/jam
AS = 4376,9515 kg/jam
B = 1702,1478 kg/jam
Tangki benzen T = 17,1934 kg/jam
T = 30 oC
P = 1 atm
A = 893,2554 kg/jam
AS = 4376,9515 kg/jam
B = 1702,1478 kg/jam
Tangki benzen T = 17,1934 kg/jam
T = 30 oC
P = 1 atm
A = 893,2554 kg/jam
AS = 4376,9515 kg/jam
AGUSTRIYANTO, R., SAPEI, L., ROSALINE, G. & SETIAWAN, R. 2017. The Effect of Temperature
on the Production of Nitrobenzene. IOP Conference Science: Materials Science and
Engineering, 172, 5.
DEAN, J. A. 1999. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, New York, McGraw-Hill, Inc.
KUZNETSOVA, T. G., IONE, K. G. & NALYSHEVA, L. V. 1998. Gas Phase Nitration of Benzene by
Nitric Acid on ZSM-5 Zeolite. Elsevier Science B.V, 63, 61-66.
ROSS, D. V. 1956. Nitrating Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Only Nitric Acid. United State patent
application 245,736.
II-15
B = 1702,1478 kg/jam
Tangki benzen T = 17,1934 kg/jam
T = 30 oC
P = 1 atm
A = 893,2554 kg/jam
AS = 4376,9515 kg/jam