PROPOSAL TESIS
Disusun untuk memenuhi sebagian persyaratan mencapai derajat Magister Program Studi
Ilmu Manajemen
Oleh:
MAULANA AKBAR
G2D1 19 139
PASCASARJANA
KENDARI
2020
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur kehadirat Allah ta’ala atas karunia-Nya sehingga karya tulis
ilmiah ini dapat diselesaikan. Teriring sholawat dan salam semoga tercurahkan
kepada pemimpin kami, Rasulullah Muhammad ﷺ.
MAULANA AKBAR
ii
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
A. LATAR BELAKANG
Kinerja tim sebagaimana batu bata bangunan meru[pakan hal penting dari
suatu organisasi, aspek-aspek yang membuat tim bekerja menuju pencapaian tujuan
harus dianalisis oleh organisasi. Selanjutnya setiap organisasi berkembang dengan
upaya tim dan bukan dengan upaya satu atau dua individu (Gyanchandani, 2017).
Paradigma multidimensi adalah kinerja yang bertujuan untuk mencapai hasil yang
diinginkan dan memiliki hubungan yang kuat dengan tujuan penting organisasi
(Mwita, 2000) dan untuk pencapaian tujuan ini gaya kepemimpinan pemimpin tim
adalah salah satu faktor yang paling penting. Selanjutnya, telah diterima secara luas
bahwa kinerja tim mana pun sebagian besar tergantung pada gaya kepemimpinan
pemimpinnya (Jones dan Rudd, 2008). Kepemimpinan adalah variabel organisasi
yang diteliti paling komprehensif yang memiliki efek potensial pada kinerja
karyawan, dan keputusan yang dibuat pemimpin dapat mengarah pada keberhasilan
atau kegagalan bisnis (Gyanchandani, 2017).
1
Dalam dua dekade terakhir, banyak penelitian telah dilakukan pada gaya
kepemimpinan transaksional dan transformasional (Bass, 1985). Ada hubungan
antara gaya kepemimpinan transformasional dan berbagai hasil yang diukur pada
tingkat individu atau tim. Menurut Burns (1978), kepemimpinan transformasional
mewakili gaya kepemimpinan yang dicontohkan oleh magnetisme dan visi bersama
di antara para pemimpin dan pengikut. Energi para pemimpin transformasional
berasal dari kapasitas mereka untuk merangsang dan memotivasi orang lain untuk
menciptakan pekerjaan yang luar biasa. Menurut Bass (1990), kepemimpinan
transformasional “terjadi ketika para pemimpin memperluas dan meningkatkan
kepentingan karyawan mereka, ketika mereka menghasilkan kesadaran dan
penerimaan terhadap tujuan dan misi kelompok, dan ketika mereka menggerakkan
karyawan mereka untuk melihat melampaui diri mereka sendiri. minat untuk
kebaikan kelompok”.
Penelitian yang dilakukan Rivera dan Zapata (2019) juga membuktikan bahwa
kepemimpinan transformasional secara langsung mempengaruhi iklim organisasi
yang baik. Sangat penting bahwa organisasi mempertimbangkan transendensi faktor
2
manusia dalam pencapaian tujuan dan menerapkan praktik organisasi yang
menghasilkan iklim organisasi yang positif. Ini adalah tanggung jawab dan komitmen
para manajer karena, setelah menghasilkan kondisi lingkungan kerja yang sesuai,
mereka akan memiliki staf yang puas yang akan menghargai pekerjaan mereka secara
positif dan akan merasa senang karenanya. Kepemimpinan yang efektif adalah
kepemimpinan yang menciptakan dan mengembangkan iklim yang baik dalam
organisasi, membantu mencapai tujuan yang ditetapkan pada tingkat organisasi dan
kepuasan masing-masing anggotanya. Efisiensi tinggi dan kinerja tim kerja yang baik
dalam organisasi memiliki hubungan langsung dengan iklim kerja yang baik yang
dirasakan oleh karyawan, dan dengan kepuasan yang mereka miliki terhadap tempat
kerja mereka.
Jika seorang karyawan merasa bahwa dia memiliki kontak dekat dengan
majikan dan dapat berkomunikasi langsung dengan bosnya, maka meninggalkan
perusahaan akan kurang mungkin karena akan ada kerugian psikologis yang terlibat
3
dan di sisi yang lain, ada implikasi akan kinerja yang lebih tinggi dan pemimpin
transformasional membuat ini terjadi dalam organisasi.
Berangkat dari uraian di muka, maka melalui tulisan ini, peneliti mencoba
mengangkat diskursus mengenai topik kepemimpinan transformasional. Pemilihan
topik didasarkan pada penelitian sebelumnya di mana diketahui bahwa kepemimpinan
transformasional memiliki pengaruh terhadap kinerja.
4
B. Rumusan Masalah
C. Tujuan Penelitian
Adapun target penelitian yang hendak dicapai sesuai dengan rumusan masalah
yakni sebagai berikut:
5
1. Untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis pengaruh kepemimpinan
transformasional secara langsung pada iklim organisasi di instansi Kepolisian
Daerah Sulawesi Tenggara Resor Kendari
2. Untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis pengaruh kepemimpinan
transformasional secara langsung pada kepuasan kerja di instansi Kepolisian
Daerah Sulawesi Tenggara Resor Kendari
3. Untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis pengaruh iklim organisasi secara
langsung pada kepuasan kerja di instansi Kepolisian Daerah Sulawesi
Tenggara Resor Kendari
4. Untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis pengaruh iklim organisasi secara
langsung pada kinerja tim di instansi Kepolisian Daerah Sulawesi Tenggara
Resor Kendari
5. Untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis pengaruh kepuasan kerja secara
langsung pada kinerja tim di instansi Kepolisian Daerah Sulawesi Tenggara
Resor Kendari
6. Untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis pengaruh kepemimpinan
transformasional pada kinerja tim dengan di mediasi oleh variabel iklim
organisasi pada instansi Kepolisian Daerah Sulawesi Tenggara Resor Kendari
7. Untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis pengaruh kepemimpinan
transformasional pada kinerja tim dengan di mediasi oleh variabel kepuasan
kerja pada instansi Kepolisian Daerah Sulawesi Tenggara Resor Kendari
8. Untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis pengaruh kepemimpinan
transformasional secara langsung pada kinerja di instansi Kepolisian Daerah
Sulawesi Tenggara Resor Kendari
D. Manfaat penelitian
1. Manfaat Teoritis
Penelitian ini akan bermanfaat bagi perkembangan ilmu
pengetahuan, yang dapat dimanfaatkan oleh ilmuwan lain untuk
6
mengembangkan ilmu manajemen, serta manfaat untuk
program/institusi/pembangunan/ masyarakat
2. Manfaat Praktis
Dapat membantu dalam menyoroti kepemimpinan
transformasional sebagai gaya manajemen yang mendukung pencapaian
tujuan instansi dan pengembangan keunggulan kompetitif bagi organisasi
karena korelasi gaya kepemimpinan tersebut terhadap pencapaian kinerja
organisasi, di mana gaya kepemimpinan transformasional yang dianut
dalam organisasi membantu anggota tim melakukan pekerjaan mereka
atau membantu dalam pelaksanaan tugas yang diberikan kepada mereka.
Di mana pencapaian tersebut tidak pula terlepas dari faktor iklim
organisasi dan kepuasan kerja.
7
BAB II
LANDASAN TEORI
A. KAJIAN PUSTAKA
8
Berikut Komponen perilaku dari Transformational Leadership:
9
sehingga mengembangkan, menyatukan, dan menginspirasi orang lain dengan visi
masa depan mereka (Podsakoff et al., 1990).
10
Pemimpin semacam itu bersedia mengambil risiko untuk mencapai visi mereka dan
menikmati peluang yang menantang (Carless et al., 2000). Kepemimpinan melalui
contoh/keteladanan adalah perilaku atau karakteristik lain dari kepemimpinan
transformasional. Perilaku pimpinan dapat menjadi contoh bagi karyawan untuk
diikuti, dan konsisten dengan nilai-nilai yang dianjurkan pemimpin (Podsakoff et al.,
1990).
Adapun hasil yang diperoleh oleh Rivera dan Zapata (2019) dalam
penelitiannya menunjukkan hubungan yang kuat dan positif antara gaya
kepemimpinan transformasional. Iklim organisasi, kepuasan kerja dan kinerja.
Pertama, adalah mungkin untuk membuktikan bagaimana kepemimpinan
transformasional merupakan faktor penentu bagi anggota tim untuk merasa puas
dengan pekerjaan mereka. Seorang penyelia atau manajer dengan gaya
kepemimpinan ini akan menciptakan lingkungan kepercayaan dan dukungan
individual, membantu kolaborator merasa puas dengan pekerjaan yang mereka
lakukan. Untuk mencapai ini, penting bahwa dalam proses rekrutmen dan seleksi
karyawan yang akan bertanggung jawab atas staf, maka atribut-atribut gaya
kepemimpinan ini dianggap penting. Demikian pula, dianjurkan untuk melatih bos
11
dan manajer yang sudah ada di perusahaan dan memberi mereka alat yang diperlukan
untuk mengembangkan perilaku ini.
2. Kinerja Tim
Kinerja tim menyangkut sejauh mana tim bertemu untuk menetapkan tujuan
terhadap kualitas, biaya, dan waktu (Hoegl, 2001). Kinerja tim telah diakui sebagai
multidimensi dalam literatur. Jung dan Avolio (2000) dan Burke (2007) mengakui
tiga pengukuran kinerja tim: kuantitas, kualitas, dan kepuasan. Burke (2007) telah
mengusulkan bahwa kinerja tim adalah variabel hasil distal kepercayaan dalam
kepemimpinan. Kinerja tim yang sukses datang dari beberapa kualitas penting
(Zaccaro dan Klimoski, 2002). Awalnya, anggota tim perlu mengoordinasikan
kegiatan masing-masing secara efektif. Anggota tim harus memutuskan peran mereka
yang khusus dan yang baik, di mana kinerja setiap bagian berkontribusi pada
pencapaian secara keseluruhan. Ini menyiratkan alasan bahwa jika anggota tim tidak
mengidentifikasi peran anggota tim, hal itu dapat menyebabkan kekecewaan tim, juga
ketidakmampuan agregat mereka untuk mengatur dan menyinkronkan komitmen
masing-masing. Proses tim berubah menjadi penentu dasar kinerja tim, dan seringkali
mengintervensi dampak dari berbagai faktor eksogen yang berbeda.
12
Kedua, tim secara progresif dituntut untuk tampil dalam kondisi yang
membingungkan dan dinamis. Ini berlaku terutama untuk tim organisasi, dan
terutama untuk tim administrasi terbaik.
Shanker dan Sayeed (2012) dalam Rivera dan Zapata (2019), mendefinisikan
iklim organisasi sebagai kesan menyeluruh atas organisasi dan dampak personal dari
lingkungan kerja. Iklim organisasi cenderung mempengaruhi perilaku dan persepsi
kerja karyawan terhadap organisasi. Randhawa dan Kaur (2014) dalam Rivera dan
Zapata (2019) mendefinisikan iklim organisasi sebagai kualitas yang relatif tahan
lama dalam lingkungan internal organisasi, yang dialami oleh semua anggotanya,
13
yang memengaruhi perilaku mereka dan dapat dideskripsikan sebagai seperangkat
nilai-nilai tertentu dari karakteristik atau atribut organisasi.
Iklim organisasi memiliki efek nyata pada motivasi karyawan. Iklim kerja
yang baik meningkatkan moral, loyalitas, dan produktivitas karyawan. Mengingat
pentingnya iklim organisasi yang pas untuk kinerja karyawan yang baik, Anderson
dan West (1998) merancang skala dalam mengukur iklim tersebut berdasarkan empat
dimensi—visi, keselamatan partisipatif, orientasi tugas, dan dukungan untuk inovasi.
Dimensi visi mengacu pada tingkat kesepakatan dan pemahaman yang dimiliki
individu tentang tujuan organisasi. Keselamatan partisipatif tercermin pada cara
anggota tim merasa diterima oleh orang lain dan bersedia berbagi informasi tentang
masalah tim. Orientasi tugas dibuktikan dalam niat kolaborator untuk
menyumbangkan ide-ide berguna dan untuk mendukung ide-ide orang lain yang
memungkinkan hasil terbaik yang mungkin diperoleh. Pada gilirannya, dukungan
untuk inovasi mengacu pada persepsi karyawan tentang kerja sama tim dalam
pengembangan dan penerapan ide-ide baru (Anderson dan west, 1998).
Secara khusus, gaya kepemimpinan adalah salah satu elemen yang dapat
mempengaruhi iklim organisasi secara lebih substansial. Iklim positif dan afektif
dalam suatu organisasi muncul dari perasaan positif orang-orang melalui mekanisme
penularan afektif dan emosional dalam kebersamaan (Walter dan Bruch, 2010;
Menges et al., 2011; dalam Rivera dan Zapata, 2019). Pemimpin transformasional
dapat menjadi peristiwa afektif penting yang meningkatkan perasaan positif dari
pengikut mereka dan usaha pemenuhan kebutuhan emosional mereka (Menges et al.,
2011; dalam Rivera dan Zapata, 2019). Gaya kepemimpinan transformasional juga
telah diidentifikasi dalam studi sebelumnya sebagai faktor penentu dalam
pembangunan iklim sosial yang tepat dalam perubahan (Gil et al., 2005; De Poel et
al., 2012; dalam Rivera dan Zapata, 2019).
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4. Kepemimpinan Transformasional dan Kepuasan Kerja
Kepuasan kerja adalah variabel yang ditentukan oleh kualitas kondisi kerja
suatu organisasi dan yang pada gilirannya, menentukan serangkaian konsekuensi
pada tingkat perilaku karyawan, seperti di antaranya: absensi, keterlibatan kerja,
kesetiaan terhadap perusahaan (Mihalcea, 2013). Kepuasan kerja mewakili sikap
karyawan terhadap apa yang mereka sukai dan tidak sukai dari pekerjaan mereka—itu
adalah salah satu perasaan dan pemikiran tentang pekerjaan yang diekspresikan
secara efektif atau kognitif.
Oleh karena itu, kepuasan kerja merupakan pemikiran dan persepsi karyawan
terhadap tempat kerja mereka dalam banyak perspektif (Munir dan Rahman, 2016).
Macdonald dan Maclntyre (1997) dalam Rivera dan Zapata (2019) merancang skala
untuk mengukur kepuasan di dalam dan di luar tempat kerja, mencari jawaban
tentang bagaimana perasaan karyawan tentang karakteristik pekerjaan, pengaruh
tempat kerja, reaksi mereka terhadap kasih sayang seperti itu, dan masalah pribadi
mereka.
15
5. Iklim Organisasi dan Kepuasan Kerja
16
mendukung kinerja tinggi. Dengan cara ini, iklim kelompok kerja merupakan
kontributor penting untuk efektivitas, kohesi, dan saling ketergantungan kelompok
kerja (McMurray et al., 2012 dalam Rivera dan Zapata, 2019)
Kepuasan kerja adalah orientasi emosi yang dimiliki karyawan terhadap peran
yang mereka lakukan di tempat kerja. Kepuasan kerja adalah komponen penting
untuk motivasi dan dorongan karyawan menuju kinerja yang lebih baik. Faktor-faktor
motivasi (sifat pekerjaan, rasa pencapaian dari pekerjaan mereka, pengakuan,
tanggung jawab yang diberikan kepada mereka dan peluang untuk pertumbuhan dan
kemajuan pribadi) membantu karyawan untuk menemukan nilai pada diri mereka
sehubungan dengan nilai yang diberikan kepada mereka oleh organisasi,
meningkatkan kebahagiaan internal karyawan, yang pada gilirannya, akan
menimbulkan kepuasan (Raziq dan Maulabakhsh, 2015).
Karyawan yang puas mungkin lebih produktif daripada karyawan yang tidak
puas. Karyawan dapat memanfaatkan potensi mereka sebaik mungkin,
mempertahankan perasaan dan sikap positif tentang pekerjaan mereka. Selain itu,
upaya kolaboratif lebih mungkin terjadi ketika semua orang mengalami sikap positif,
17
dan upaya kolaboratif tersebut dapat meningkatkan efektivitas organisasi (Gregory et
al., 2009; dalam Rivera dan Zapata, 2019).
B. Kerangka Berpikir
18
lebih rendah dan tingkat produktivitas yang lebih tinggi, kepuasan karyawan,
kreativitas, pencapaian tujuan, kesejahteraan pengikut, dan kewirausahaan
perusahaan, terutama di perusahaan start-up (Robbins dan Coulter, 2016).
19
ini sekaligus dapat diperantarai atau secara tidak langsung—dapat dipengaruhi
melalui iklim organisasi maupun kepuasan kerja. Hal ini menjadi penting untuk
didisukusikan, sekaligus kian mendukung hipotesa yang dianut selama ini maupun
sebagai referensi penelitian lanjutan bahwa kinerja pegawai yang dianggap penting
terkait erat dengan performa kepemimpinan transformasional, baiknya iklim
organisasi, sekaligus puasnya para pegawai. Hubungan ini integral, dan harus menjadi
perhatian pengambil kebijakan (decision maker), terutama para manajer maupun
pimpinan organisasi lainnya.
Visi • Visi
• Keamanan
Pengembangan Iklim Partisipatif
Staf Organisasi
Anderson dan West (1998)
Pemimpin Upaya Ekstra
suportif
Memberi contoh
Gyanchandani
Kepuasan (2017)
Kharisma
Kerja
• Menerima Pengakuan
• Merasa dekat dengan rekan
• Merasa aman
• Percaya bahwa manajemen
peduli
• Pekerjaan baik untuk kesehatan
20
Macdonald dan Maclntyre (1997)
C. HIPOTESIS
organisasi.
kerja.
21
BAB III
METODOLOGI PENELITIAN
Penelitian merupakan suatu proses yang berawal dari kemauan atau minat untuk
mengetahui permasalahan tertentu dan memberi jawabannya yang selanjutnya berkembang
menjadi gagasan, teori, dan konseptualisme. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode
penelitian deskriptif dan verifikatif. Melalui penelitian deskriptif maka dapat diperoleh deskripsi
mengenai tanggapan personil atas gaya kepemimpinan transformasional, kepuasan kerja, iklim
organisasi dan kinerja personil di instansi Kepolisian Daerah Sulawesi Tenggara Resor Kendari.
Seperti teori menurut Sugiyono (2016:53), menyatakan bahwa penelitian deskriptif adalah
penelitian yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui nilai variable mandiri, baik satu variabel atau lebih
(independen) tanpa membuat perbandingan atau menghubungkan variabel yang lain”
Selain secara deskriptif, penelitian ini pun menggunakan metode verifikatif. Melalui
metode tersebut ingin diketahui seberapa besar pengaruh atas gaya kepemimpinan
transformasional, kepuasan kerja, iklim organisasi terhadap kinerja secara parsial maupun secara
simultan maupun dengan pertimbangan lain, di mana kepuasan kerja dan iklim organisasi
dijadikan sebagai variabel mediasi. Mengacu pada teori Sugiyono (2016:36), yang menyatakan
bahwa penelitian verifikatif adalah suatu penelitian yang ditunjukan untuk menguji teori, dan
Untuk mengukur setiap konstruk, skala Likert 5 poin digunakan (1: sangat tidak setuju, 5:
sangat setuju), seperti yang digunakan oleh Rivera dan Zapata (2019). Secara spesifik lebih
lanjut akan dijelaskan per variabel sebagai berikut:
22
Kepemimpinan Transformasional
Kepuasan Kerja
Kepuasan Kerja adalah ukuran kepuasan pekerja dengan pekerjaan mereka, apakah
mereka menyukai pekerjaan atau aspek individu atau aspek pekerjaan, seperti sifat pekerjaan
atau pengawasan (Spector, 1997)
23
Untuk Mengukur kepuasan kerja digunakan skala yang dikembangkan oleh Macdonald
dan Maclntyre (1997) sebagaimana yang diadaptasi oleh Rivera dan Zapata (2019):
Iklim Organisasi
Schneider (1990: 22) dalam Anderson dan West (1998) mendefinisikan iklim organisasi sebagai
... persepsi yang sama tentang berbagai hal di sekitar sini. Lebih tepatnya, iklim adalah persepsi
bersama tentang kebijakan, praktik, dan prosedur organisasi.
Dalam pengukuran digunakan skala yang dikembangkan oleh Anderson dan West (1998)
sebagaimana yang diadaptasi oleh Rivera dan Zapata (2019):
Beberapa item yang dapat digunakan sebagaimana dalam Rivera dan Zapata (2019) untuk
dimensi di atas adalah sebagai berikut: “Saya pikir anggota tim yang lain memahami tujuan tim
dengan jelas”, atau “anggota tim merasa dipahami dan diterima satu sama lain”, atau “anggota
tim membangun ide satu sama lain untuk mencapai yang hasil terbaik ", atau "orang-orang
dalam tim bekerja sama untuk membantu mengembangkan dan menerapkan ide-ide baru ".
24
Kinerja Tim
Kinerja tim menunjukkan sejauh mana tim memenuhi tujuan yang ditetapkan untuk kualitas,
biaya, dan waktu (Hoegl dan Gemuenden, 2001).
Pengukuran dengan tiga dimensi yang digunakan oleh Gyanchandani (2017) mengenai
ukuran tim, yaitu, upaya ekstra, efektifitas dan kepuasan.
Sampel adalah bagian dari jumlah dan karakteristik yang dimiliki oleh populasi tersebut.
Jika populasi yang diteliti sangat besar dan tidak mungkin semua individu/objek pada populasi
tersebut diteliti satu persatu, maka cukup diambil sampel dari populasi tersebut. Hasil
pengamatan terhadap sampel, kesimpulannya akan diberlakukan untuk populasi, untuk itu
sampel yang diambil dari populasi diharapkan mewakili populasi (Sugiyono 2016:116).
Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh personil di instansi Kepolisian Daerah
Sulawesi Tenggara Resor Kendari. Karena jumlah populasi dalam penelitian ini kurang dari 100
orang, maka seluruh populasi dijadikan sebagai sampel penelitian. Penentuan responden dipilih
dengan menggunakan teknik nonprobabilty sampling yang tidak memberi peluang atau
kesempatan yang sama bagi setiap unsur atau anggota populasi untuk dipilih menjadi sampel
dengan metode sampling jenuh. Sampling jenuh atau istilah lain dari sensus adalah adalah
dimana semua semua anggota populasi dijadikan sampel (Sugiyono 2016:126).
Dilihat dari segi cara atau teknik pengumpulan data, maka teknik pengumpulan data yang
akan dipergunakan dalam penelitian ini diantaranya:
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1. Data Primer
Data primer merupakan data yang diambil secara langsung, data ini diperoleh melalui
kegiatan observasi yaitu pengamatan langsung diperusahaan yang menjadi objek penelitian dan
mengadakan wawancara dengan pihak personil serta penyebaran kuesioner kepada responden
pada instansi Kepolisian Daerah Sulawesi Tenggara Resor Kendari. Tujuan penelitian lapangan
ini adalah memperoleh data akurat. Dalam penelitian ini penulis melakukan penelitian langsung
pada objek yang akan diteliti yaitu instansi Kepolisian Daerah Sulawesi Tenggara Resor
Kendari. dengan cara:
a. Wawancara
b. Angket (Kuesioner)
Pengumpulan data dengan cara membuat daftar pertanyaan yang kemudian disebarkan
pada para responden secara langsung sehingga hasil pengisiannya akan lebih jelas dan akurat.
Daftar pertanyaan mengenai gambaran umum, perhatian dan pendapat responden mengenai
variabel di instansi Kepolisian Daerah Sulawesi Tenggara Resor Kendari.
26
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Carless, S.A., Wearing, A.J. and Mann, L. (2000). A short measure of transformational
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29
LAMPIRAN
REVIEW JURNAL 1
Alat Analisis
Pengukuran Gaya Kepemimpinan Digunakan Multifactor Leadership Rater
Questionnaire (21 items MLQ) yang
dikembangkan oleh Bass (2000), Mind
Garden, digunakan untuk mengukur gaya
kepemimpinan transformasional. Gaya
kepemimpinan transformasional terdiri dari
21 item dan aspek-aspek di antaranya
adalah, idealized influence/pengaruh yang
diidealkan (dikaitkan), pengaruh yang
diidealkan (perilaku), motivasi
inspirasional/inspirational motivation,
stimulasi intelektual/intellectual
stimulation, dan pertimbangan
individual/individualized consideration.
Item gaya kepemimpinan transformasional
dinilai dengan skala Likert 5 poin.
Kinerja Tim nine-item leadership outcome questionnaire
digunakan untuk mengukur kinerja tim.
Kuesioner terdiri dari tiga dimensi ukuran
tim, yaitu, upaya ekstra, efektifitas, dan
kepuasan. Item kinerja tim dinilai mirip
dengan gaya kepemimpinan
transformasional.
Validitas Hipotesis Analisis Regresi
Hasil Penelitian
Ada hubungan positif yang signifikan antara skala kepemimpinan transformasional dan
kinerja tim. Ini menunjukkan bahwa perilaku kepemimpinan yang melibatkan menginspirasi visi
bersama, mempromosikan kreativitas, pengembangan, membangun kepercayaan, mengenali upaya tim
membantu anggota untuk tampil dalam tim dan jika semua faktor ini ada, tim dapat bekerja lebih keras
untuk pencapaian tujuan organisasi.
Studi ini menguji pengaruh praktik gaya kepemimpinan transformasional seperti pengaruh
ideal, motivasi inspirasional, stimulus intelektual, dan pertimbangan individual pada variabel kinerja tim
seperti efektivitas, upaya ekstra, dan kepuasan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel seperti
pengaruh ideal, motivasi inspirasional, stimulus intelektual, dan pertimbangan individual sangat terkait
dengan kinerja tim. Hipotesis kepemimpinan transformasional memberikan satu pendekatan untuk
meningkatkan pemahaman kita tentang kinerja tim. Terlepas dari kenyataan bahwa kepemimpinan
transformasional mengarah pada kinerja tim dan pengembangan tim beberapa derajat rumit, ini dapat
membuat pemimpin bersemangat untuk melakukan upayanya dengan hasil yang luas—ada banyak kasus
bagaimana kepemimpinan transformasional telah mempromosikan kinerja di luar harapan (Bass, 1985;
dan Avolio, 2002). Seperti yang disebutkan oleh Griffith (2004), kepemimpinan dan turnover
berhubungan langsung. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis telah mengidentifikasi bahwa kepuasan karyawan
berasal dari lingkungan kerja, termasuk kepuasan dengan pemimpin (Peachey, 2010). Jika seorang
karyawan merasa bahwa dia memiliki kontak dekat dengan majikan dan dapat berkomunikasi langsung
dengan bosnya, meninggalkan perusahaan akan kurang mungkin karena akan ada kerugian psikologis
yang terlibat dan kinerja akan menjadi tinggi dan pemimpin transformasional membuat ini terjadi dalam
organisasi. Menerima perwujudan kepemimpinan transformasional, kepemimpinan dapat secara
komprehensif didefinisikan sebagai seni memobilisasi orang lain untuk berperang untuk keinginan
bersama dan jika pemimpin dapat memobilisasi tim untuk memperjuangkan visi bersama maka kinerja
tim akan tinggi. Bagaimanapun, dapat dikatakan bahwa pengaruh, mobilisasi, dan perjuangan ini berasal
sedikit nilai dalam konteks organisasi kecuali jika setidaknya menghasilkan hasil sesuai dengan tujuan
bersama agar inisiatif dianggap bermanfaat.
Rekomendasi/Keterbatasan Penelitian
Dalam penelitian ini, mayoritas responden adalah laki-laki dan hanya pada sektor IT India yang
dipertimbangkan. Penelitian di masa depan dapat mempertimbangkan sektor lain untuk
menggeneralisasi temuan ke organisasi lain dan juga ke negara lain. Keterbatasan lain adalah bahwa
penelitian ini hanya berfokus pada satu gaya kepemimpinan, yaitu kepemimpinan transformasional.
Keterbatasan lain adalah bahwa data yang diperoleh adalah dengan menggunakan kuesioner yang sama
dan prosedur ini mungkin menyebabkan bias metode umum yang mungkin telah meningkatkan
hubungan antara faktor-faktor. Juga, variabel kriteria telah dinilai dengan langkah-langkah laporan diri,
yang mungkin mencerminkan persepsi partisipan daripada realitas objektif.
REVIEW JURNAL 2
Judul Transformational Leadership, Organizational Climate and Job Satisfaction in Work Teams
Alat Analisis
Pengukuran Untuk mengukur setiap konstruk, skala Likert 5 poin digunakan (1:
sama sekali tidak setuju, 5: sepenuhnya setuju).
Untuk mengukur konstruk kepemimpinan transformasional, enam
item dipertimbangkan, berasal dari skala yang dikembangkan oleh
Carless et al. (2000), yang menilai dimensi: visi masa depan yang
jelas dan positif, pemberdayaan, dukungan dan pengakuan,
pengembangan staf, pemikiran inovatif, kepemimpinan melalui
contoh dan karisma. Beberapa item sampel untuk konstruk ini
adalah: "pemimpin tim memberikan dorongan dan pengakuan
kepada staf", "pemimpin menumbuhkan kepercayaan, keterlibatan
dan kerja sama di antara anggota tim", "pemimpin mendorong
pemikiran tentang masalah dengan cara baru dan mempertanyakan
asumsi".
Untuk mengukur konstruk iklim organisasi, sepuluh item
dimasukkan, diadaptasi dari skala yang diusulkan oleh Anderson
dan West (1998), yang mencakup penilaian dimensi: visi,
keselamatan partisipatif, orientasi tugas, dan dukungan untuk
inovasi. Ini adalah beberapa item sampel: “Saya pikir anggota tim
yang lain memahami tujuan tim dengan jelas”, “anggota tim merasa
dipahami dan diterima satu sama lain”, “anggota tim membangun
ide satu sama lain untuk mencapai yang terbaik hasil "," orang-
orang dalam tim bekerja sama untuk membantu mengembangkan
dan menerapkan ide-ide baru ".
Mengadopsi skala yang dikembangkan oleh Macdonald dan
Maclntyre (1997), lima item digunakan untuk mengukur konstruk
kepuasan kerja. Beberapa item sampel adalah: "Saya menerima
pengakuan untuk pekerjaan yang dilakukan dengan baik", "Saya
merasa senang bekerja di perusahaan ini", "Saya merasa senang
dengan pekerjaan saya".
Empat item dipertimbangkan untuk mengukur kinerja tim dari skala
yang dikembangkan oleh Sun et al. (2014). Ini adalah beberapa item
contoh: "tim saya melakukan pekerjaan berkualitas tinggi", "kinerja
keseluruhan tim saya sangat baik".
Validitas dan reliabilitas skala Analisis Faktor Konfirmatori dengan perangkat lunak EQS 6.1
menggunakan maximum likelihood method.
Validasi Hipotesis Dengan Structural Equation Model menggunakan metode maximum
likelihood method.
Hasil Penelitian
Investigasi ini dilakukan dengan tujuan menganalisis peran kepemimpinan transformasional
dan hubungannya dengan iklim organisasi, kepuasan kerja dan kinerja tim kerja. Penelitian menyoroti
pentingnya gaya kepemimpinan ini dalam mencapai tujuan perusahaan dan mencari keunggulan
kompetitif yang berkelanjutan.
Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan hubungan yang kuat dan positif antar semua variabel
yang masuk dalam penelitian ini. Pertama-tama, adalah membuktikan bagaimana kepemimpinan
transformasional merupakan faktor penentu bagi anggota tim untuk merasa puas dengan pekerjaan
mereka. Seorang penyelia atau manajer dengan gaya kepemimpinan ini akan menciptakan lingkungan
kepercayaan dan dukungan individual, membantu kolaborator merasa puas dengan pekerjaan yang
mereka lakukan. Untuk mencapai ini, penting bahwa dalam proses rekrutmen dan seleksi karyawan yang
akan bertanggung jawab atas staf atribut atribut gaya kepemimpinan ini dihargai. Demikian pula,
dianjurkan untuk melatih bos dan manajer yang sudah ada di perusahaan dan memberi mereka alat yang
diperlukan untuk mengembangkan perilaku ini.
Itu juga menunjukkan bagaimana kepemimpinan transformasional secara langsung
mempengaruhi iklim organisasi yang baik. Sangat penting bahwa organisasi mempertimbangkan
transendensi faktor manusia dalam pencapaian tujuan dan menerapkan praktik organisasi yang
menghasilkan iklim organisasi yang positif. Ini adalah tanggung jawab dan komitmen manajer karena,
setelah menghasilkan kondisi lingkungan kerja yang sesuai, mereka akan memiliki staf yang puas yang
akan menghargai pekerjaan mereka secara positif dan akan merasa senang dengan itu. Kepemimpinan
yang efektif adalah kepemimpinan yang menciptakan dan mengembangkan iklim yang baik dalam
organisasi, membantu mencapai tujuan yang ditetapkan pada tingkat organisasi dan kepuasan masing-
masing anggotanya.
Efisiensi tinggi dan kinerja tim kerja yang baik dalam organisasi memiliki hubungan
langsung dengan baiknya iklim kerja yang dirasakan oleh karyawan, dan dengan kepuasan yang mereka
miliki terhadap tempat kerja mereka. Hubungan ini terbukti dalam penelitian ini.
Oleh karena itu, tanggung jawab manajer untuk mendapatkan sumber daya fisik dan manusia bagi
organisasi untuk menjamin bahwa kolaborator bekerja di lingkungan yang sesuai untuk melakukan
tugasnya dengan benar. Kepemimpinan bos dan manajer yang baik adalah kunci bagi organisasi;
pengembangan faktor manusia dan organisasi sangat bergantung pada mereka. Dengan demikian,
penting untuk memberikan informasi dan pelatihan untuk mengembangkan keterampilan dan
kompetensi dalam kepemimpinan transformasional.
Rekomendasi/Keterbatasan Penelitian
Mengenai keterbatasan penelitian, sampel representativitas harus dipertimbangkan, karena hanya
perusahaan Kolombia dari sektor konstruksi yang dimasukkan. Penelitian di masa depan dapat
menganalisis hubungan kepemimpinan transformasional dalam perusahaan dari industri dan sektor lain.
Untuk investigasi di masa mendatang, penting untuk mempertimbangkan variabel
pengukuran seperti motivasi kolaborator; penting bagi pemimpin transformasional untuk dapat
mengidentifikasi apa yang benar-benar memotivasi mereka; setiap individu berbeda dan membutuhkan
perhatian khusus. Ini akan menjadi penting agar dapat menyusun program kesejahteraan yang lebih
cocok untuk kolaborator.
LAMPIRAN
JURNAL
PENELITIAN
The Effect of Transformational Leadership Style
on Team Performance in IT Sector
Rajni Gyanchandani*
Leaders are the role models who influence the values, system, culture
and action of the people working in an organization. The leadership
style affects the productivity and outcome of teams in an organization.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the leadership styles practiced
in IT sector and their effect on team performance. This paper analyzes
transformational leadership style as an important predictor of team
performance. The data was collected from 262 employees working in IT
sector in Pune. The results reveal that transformational leaders make
employees work in a more creative way which makes the environment
creative (i.e., report more growth opportunities and leader support). This
creative workplace, thus, encourages work involvement and team
performance.
Introduction
Leadership style is the key determinant for the growth or breakdown of an organization.
A leader is someone who inspires, influences and guides an individual or team for
efficient performance towards achievement of specified objectives of the organization.
Leadership style is an approach of guiding, executing plans and motivating people and
this approach influences people in such a way that the members of the teams contribute
voluntarily to achievement of the goals. As team performance is an imperative building
block of an organization, the aspects which make teams work towards achievement of
goal must be analyzed by the organization. Subsequently every organization progresses
with the effort of team and not by one or two individuals’ effort. The multidimensional
paradigm is performance which aims to achieve the desired results and has a strong
connection with the important goals of the organization (Mwita, 2000) and for
achievement of these goals team leader’s leadership style is one of the most important
factors. Further, it has been widely accepted that the performance of any team is largely
dependent on the leadership style of its leader (Jones and Rudd, 2008). Leadership is
the most comprehensively researched organizational variable that has a potential effect
on employee performance, and the decision which the leader makes can lead to the
success or failure of the business. So to survive in this competitive environment and
* Assistant Professor, Sinhgad Institute of Management and Computer Application, Narhe, Pune 411041,
Maharashtra, India. E-mail: rajni.gyanchandani@gmail.com
© 2017
The IUP.ofAll
Effect Rights Reserved.
Transformational Leadership Style on Team Performance in IT Sector 29
for effective team performance, organization plays an important role. The demand for
effective leader increases with the growth of the organization. In the last two decades,
considerable research has been conducted on transactional and transformational
leadership styles (Bass, 1985). There exists a relationship between transformational
leadership style and various results measured at individual or team level. According
to Burns (1978), transformational leadership represents a leadership style that is
exemplified by magnetism and shared vision amongst leaders and followers. The energy
of transformational leaders originates from their capacity to stimulate and motivate others
to create remarkable work. According to Bass (1990), transformational leadership “occurs
when leaders broaden and elevate the interests of their employees, when they generate
awareness and acceptance of the purposes and mission of the group, and when they
stir their employees to look beyond their own self-interest for the good of the group”.
Whereas, according to Bromley and Kirschner-Bromley (2007), in transactional
leadership, leaders “specify explicit requirements and conditions of the task, and
provide rewards for fulfilling those requirements,” and that “fulfilling the requirement
is completing the transaction”. So we can say that there is a strong association between
leadership style and team performance in an organization.
This study makes an attempt to answer the question as to how transformational
leadership style improves team performance in IT sector and to what extent the
transformational leadership style followed in the organization helps team members in
performing their jobs or helps in execution of the duties assigned to them. The major
objective of this study is to identify the best leadership style which leaders can adopt
in order to improve team performance, i.e., to identify the effect of leadership style on
team performance. The implication of this study would be to help leaders in IT
organization to know the style of leadership preferred by their subordinates to enhance
their team performance.
Literature Review
Leadership is “the capacity of a person to persuade, inspire, and empower others to
contribute towards the viability and success of the organizations” (House, 2004).
Different authors have explained leadership differently. Senge (1990) defines leadership
as related to stimulants and incentives that impetus individuals to achieve common
goals. Hersey (2001) states that the essence of leadership includes accomplishing goals
with and through people. Stogdill (1957) defines leadership as the individual conduct
to direct a group to achieve the normal target. Fry (2003) explains leadership as utilization
of driving system to offer inspiring motive and to improve the staff’s potential for
development and advancement.
Transformational Leadership
In today’s dynamic business environment, knowledge is very important and the
environment is changing so fast that it affects organizational functioning and to cope
with that changeable environment, transformational leadership is becoming more
Idealized Influence
It is the quality of a leader that motivates followers to consider their leader as the role
model. Idealized influence makes values that motivate, set up sense, and incite a feeling
of reason among individuals. Idealized influence is rousing in nature. It builds attitudes
about what is noteworthy in life. It is connected with charismatic leadership (Shamir
et al., 1993; and Yukl, 1999). Charismatic leaders inculcate self-confidence in others.
It is their exhibition of trust in a follower’s readiness to make self-sacrifices and a bent
to embrace extraordinary objectives which is a persuasive energizing power of idealized
influence and role-modeling behavior (House, 1993). Leaders who trust their employees
can be assured of awesome achievements. Leaders with idealized influence are invested
with a valuable feeling of self-assurance.
Inspirational Motivation
Inspirational motivation is normally a companion of charisma and is related with a leader
who sets higher standards, in this way turning into an indication of growth in the
organization. Bass (1985) makes their followers glance at their inspirational leader as one
giving enthusiastic interest to build mindfulness and comprehension of commonly
attractive objectives. This is by setting exclusive standards, utilizing images to center
endeavors, and communicating essential reason in straightforward ways. The leader
dependably acts, speaking hopefully about what is to come, articulating a convincing
vision for the future and giving an energizing picture of organizational change (Bass, 1993).
Individualized Consideration
Individualized consideration is thoughtfulness regarding individual differences of
followers and correspondence with them independently and empowering them through
consigning duties regarding learning and supervision and strong practices (Fernet, 2015).
Individualized consideration happens when the leader serves his followers for
accomplishing their ideal needs and endeavors for creating potential capacity of people
(Horwitz, 2008). The aim of individualized consideration is deciding needs and qualities
of people, and utilizing such acknowledgment, transformational leaders help the
subordinates and colleagues to accomplish high potential levels effectively and assume
liability of their self-improvement (Hoy, 2008).
Team Performance
Team performance alludes to the degree to which a team meets to set up objectives for
quality, cost, and time (Hoegl, 2001). The team performance has been recognized as
multidimensional in literature. Jung and Avolio (2000) and Burke (2007) acknowledged
three measurements of team performance: quantity, quality, and satisfaction. Burke (2007)
had proposed that team performance is the distal result variable of trust in leadership.
Successful team performance comes from a few essential qualities (Zaccaro and
Klimoski, 2002). Initially, team members need to effectively coordinate their individual
activities. The team members have to decide their particular and one of kind role, where
the performance of every part contributes to aggregate achievement. This implies the
reasons that if team members do not identify the team members roles it can lead to team
disappointment and may dwell not just in part powerlessness, additionally in their
aggregate inability to organize and synchronize their individual commitments. Team
processes turn into a basic determinant of team performance, and frequently intervene
the impacts of most different exogenous factors.
Second, teams are progressively required to perform in mind-boggling and dynamic
conditions. This applies especially to organizational teams, and particularly to best
administration teams.
Team leadership represents a third characteristic for viable team performance. Most
teams contain certain people who are principally in charge of characterizing team objectives
Research Model
Leadership Style
Team Performance
Transformational Leadership
Measures
Leadership Styles
The Multifactor Leadership Rater Questionnaire (21 items MLQ) developed by
Bass (2000), Mind Garden, was used to measure the transformational leadership style.
Transformational leadership style consisted of 21 items and the aspects of which are
idealized influence (attributed), idealized influence (behavior), inspirational motivation,
intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. The items of transformational
leadership style were rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all, 2 = once in a while,
3 = sometimes, 4 = fairly often, and 5 = frequently, if not always).
Team Performance
A nine-item leadership outcome questionnaire (see Appendix) was used to measure the
team performance. The questionnaire consists of three dimensions of team measures,
i.e., extra effort, effectiveness and satisfaction. The items of team performance were rated
similar to transformational leadership style.
Results
For the purpose of this study, correlation analysis was conducted to measure the
relationship between dependent and independent variables. The dependent variables
Effectiveness
Idealized Influence
Intellectual Stimulation
Validation of Hypotheses
For testing hypotheses H1, H2 and H3, regression has been employed. The results support
the hypthesis that there is a significant relationship between transformational leadership
and team performance variables. Table 3 shows that transformational leadership style
and team effectiveness are positively associated (R2 = 0.72, = 0.83, p < 0.001). The
Transformational Extra
Effectiveness Satisfaction
Leadership Effort
Discussion
The results of this study are similar to those of Judge (2004) and Stewart (2006). A
particular interesting finding of this study is that the teams who work under
transformational leader are more effective, have higher level of satisfaction and are ready
to put extra effort for the leader. The IT industry is considered to be as one of the most
dynamic and complex industrial environment by researchers and practitioners. The
present study identified some critical outcomes having suggestions for both researchers
and practitioners.
On the other side, the literature shows that successful team leaders are individuals
who can help their team members work strongly and obtain the fundamental support
toward fulfilling their own necessities to perform capably. The literature additionally
shows that the industry exhibits a challenging domain for powerful administration and
leadership accordingly of the dynamic and quick changing organizational, venture, and
expertise prerequisites. Hence, it appears that team leaders will have the capacity to
enhance the level of collaboration accomplishments by implementing a pertinent
leadership style. In this study, transformational leadership has observed to be a powerful
tool used to advance effectiveness in a teamwork environment. As laid out by situational
theory, different team conditions may likely call for fluctuating leadership behaviors from
team leaders; along these lines, the condition or the circumstance in which a team is
performing may well influence the nature of the leadership style—particularly, the
transformational leadership behavior of the leader. In addition, adequate performance
and surprising work results from team members are always desired, yet frequently
neglect to happen. People commonly respond well just to the most appropriate
leadership styles and behavior. The best style, which should be outlined based on the
condition whereby a leader manages the team, would lead the members toward being
productive.
Conclusion
This study examines the effect of transformational leadership style practices such as
idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulus, and individualized
consideration on team performance variables like effectiveness, extra effort and
satisfaction. The results show that variables like idealized influence, inspirational
motivation, intellectual stimulus, and individualized consideration are strongly linked
with team performance. Transformational leadership hypothesis gives one approach to
improve our comprehension of team performance. Despite the fact that the
transformational leadership leads to team performance and the development of team to
some degree is complex, this can make leader energized to put his effort by expansive
result—there are numerous cases of how transformational leadership has promoted
performance beyond expectations (Bass, 1985; and Avolio, 2002). As mentioned by
Griffith (2004), leadership and turnover are directly related. In this study, the author
has identified that employee satisfaction stems from the work environment, including
satisfaction with the leader (Peachey, 2010). If an employee feels that he has close contact
with the employer and can communicate directly to his boss, leaving the company would
be less likely as there would be a psychological loss involved and performance will
be high and transformational leader makes this happen in the organization. Accepting
the embodiment of transformational leadership, leadership could comprehensively be
defined as the art of mobilizing others to need to battle for shared desires and if the
leader can mobilize team to battle for shared vision then team performance will be high.
In any case, it could be contended that this influence, mobilization and struggle is of
little value in an organizational context unless it at least yields a result in accordance
with shared goals for initiative to be regarded fruitful.
Transformational leaders urge subordinates to put in additional endeavors and to
go past what the subordinates are relied upon to do. Transformational leaders
accomplish the greatest performance levels from the work drive since they can move
their work constrain to raise their capacities for accomplishment; of course, social
investigation found that all transformational initiative practices have a solid positive
connection with team performance.
The findings of this paper will have several implications for researchers and
practitioners. They can be helpful to the managers to understand how transformational
leadership style will be more suitable in terms of its output.
References
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Psychological Review, Vol. 84, pp. 191-215.
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Transactional Leadership”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 88, No. 2,
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3. Bass B M (1985), Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations, Free Press,
New York.
4. Bass B M (1990), “From Transactional to Transformational Leadership: Learning
to Share the Vision”, Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 19-31.
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Culture”, Public Administration Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 112-121.
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National Differences and Similarities”, Leadership and Organization Development
Journal, Vol. 24, Nos. 1&2, pp. 5-17.
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Reference # 50J-2017-09-02-01
Abstract:
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of transformational leadership and
its relationship with organizational climate, job satisfaction and work team performance.
Design/Methodology/Approach: An empirical study was conducted with questionnaires
applied to a sample of 185 leaders and work team collaborators from Colombian companies
belonging to the construction sector. The hypotheses were tested using Structural Equation
Modeling (SEM).
Findings: The results showed that transformational leadership positively influences job
satisfaction and organizational climate in work teams. It was also found that job satisfaction
has a positive influence on organizational climate, and that both constructs positively
influence teamwork performance.
Practical Implications: This study analyzes the strategic role transformational leadership
plays in organizational results stemming from work teams, to the extent that such leadership
style promotes a positive organizational climate and high employee satisfaction levels.
Organizations could enhance their performance through practices that promote this
leadership style in their managers.
Originality/Value: This research expands the literature on transformational leadership by
presenting empirical evidences on the relationship between this leadership style,
organizational climate, job satisfaction, and team performance in the particular context of an
emerging economy such as Colombia.
1
Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Departamento de Ciencias
Administrativas, Colombia, imer.gaviria@udea.edu.co
2
Corresponding autor. Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas,
Departamento de Ciencias Administrativas, Colombia, esteban.lopez@udea.edu.co
J.I. Gaviria-Rivera, E. López-Zapata
69
1. Introduction
Transformational leadership is one of the most researched topics of the past few
decades, attracting such attention due to its importance to organizational productivity
(Ng, 2017). This style of leadership is evidenced by behaviors such as identifying and
articulating a vision, providing an appropriate model, fostering acceptance of group
goals, demonstrating high performance expectations, providing individualized
support to staff, and intellectual stimulation (Podsakoff et al., 1990). The interest for
understanding the impact of transformational leadership on team performance has
increased given the significance that work teams have acquired as a type of organized
units within companies. Both academics and managers recognize that the way work
is carried out in organizations is increasingly focused on relationships, particularly on
the relationship between the leader and their work team (Nader et al., 2014; Suwanti,
et al., 2018).
This research study intends to analyze the role of transformational leadership and its
relation to outcome variables such as organizational climate, job satisfaction, and
work team performance. To that end, the background and main contributions from the
concepts of transformational leadership are presented, and based on the existing
literature, a series of hypotheses is supported upon the relationship among these
variables. Subsequently, empirical work is carried out using a sample of leaders and
collaborators from companies pertaining to the construction sector in Colombia to
contrast the hypotheses. Finally, the results, discussion, conclusions and future lines
of research are presented.
2. Transformational Leadership
Leadership is a process of social influence in which a person can gain the help and
support of others when carrying out a common task. Due to its strong influence on
both followers and organizational processes, leadership is said to play a critical role
in achieving organizational goals and efficiency (Nielsen et al., 2016; Rizki et al.,
2019.). At the beginning of the twentieth century, the phenomenon of leadership
began to be studied and the first theories were born: some focused on the attributes
that are characteristic of leaders (traits theory), others focused on the specific
behaviors that the leader has with the members of their team (behavioral theories),
and others analyze the correspondence between leadership styles and contingencies
that make these styles more or less effective (contingency theories) (Robbins, 2004).
Transformational Leadership, Organizational Climate and Job Satisfaction in Work Teams
70
Transformational leaders are visionary – they develop an image of the future for their
organization and communicate this vision to their subordinates (Carless et al., 2000).
This leadership behavior helps identify new opportunities for their unit, department
or company, thus developing, bringing together and inspiring others with their vision
of the future (Podsakoff et al., 1990).
J.I. Gaviria-Rivera, E. López-Zapata
71
Transformational leaders also coach their staff – a behavior which shows respect for
their followers as individuals and their concern about employees’ personal feelings
and needs (Podsakoff et al., 1990). The transformation in the leader’s behavior and its
impact on others is first observed through their individualized consideration of
employees. A leader’s approach is not simply reduced to satisfying needs and bringing
a task to completion; rather, it is recognizing individual differences and needs, as well
as cultural issues (Suryanto and Thalassinos, 2017), developing the maximum
potential in each one of their collaborators so that increasingly higher levels of
performance are reached (Avolio and Bass, 1995).
72
In particular, leadership style is one of the elements that can influence the climate
more substantially. Positive, affective climates in an organization arise from people’s
positive feelings through shared affective and emotional contagion mechanisms
(Walter and Bruch, 2010; Menges et al., 2011). Transformational leaders can
constitute important affective events which heighten the positive feelings of their
followers and seek to meet their emotional needs (Menges et al., 2011).
Transformational leadership styles have also been identified in previous studies as a
determining factor in the construction of an appropriate social climate for change (Gil
et al., 2005; De Poel et al., 2012). Based on such notions, the first hypothesis is
proposed as follows:
73
Transformational leaders who actively promote the progress of their followers, their
participation, their leadership capacity, as well as their benevolence and integrity, lead
to higher levels of trust. Followers who trust their supervisor will feel more satisfied
in their jobs (Yang and Mossholder, 2010; Braun et al., 2013). Previous research has
indicated that an employee’s direct manager has the greatest influence on employee’s
job satisfaction levels (Mancheno-Smoak et al., 2009). Therefore, leadership practices
employed by immediate managers play an important role in determining whether an
employee is satisfied with their job or not (Mancheno-Smoak et al., 2009). Based on
these ideas, the second hypothesis is proposed as follows:
Tsai (2014) found that the organizational climate has a significant effect on job
satisfaction. Employees with clearer and more effective incentives and rewards for
job performance have better job satisfaction, and feel higher job security. On the other
hand, Belias et al. (2015) found a direct relationship between organizational climate
and employee job satisfaction and suggested that, since the dimensions of job
satisfaction are components of an organization, job satisfaction is an evaluation of
organizational culture. Other research studies such as the one by Avram et al. (2015)
found significant relationships between job satisfaction and organizational culture. In
addition, they argue that the perception of a good organizational climate entails a high
degree of job satisfaction, which makes the employee feel grateful towards the
organization, establishing long-term relationships based on mutual trust. For Rusu and
Avasilcai (2014), the conditions of their company, the machines and equipment used
in their daily activities, the physical ambience from the workplace, the rules and
procedures imposed by the company, and the support offered by the managers to the
employees in performing their work, are motivational factors that influence job
satisfaction, which show the influence that the organizational climate has on the level
of motivation. The third hypothesis, based on such propositions, thus arises as:
Rusu and Avasilcai (2014) consider that culture has a direct effect on factors such as
morale, employee’s work engagement and work satisfaction, and that these
"intermediate" factors have a direct impact on organizational effectiveness. The
Transformational Leadership, Organizational Climate and Job Satisfaction in Work Teams
74
interaction between the leader and the team climate may have an important effect on
the organization's performance or lack of performance to achieve its mission. By
fostering motivation and collective orientation towards group performance,
transformational leaders build a work group environment supporting high
performance. In this way, the workgroup climate is an essential contributor to the
effectiveness, cohesion, and interdependence of work groups (McMurray et al., 2012)
Several research studies confirmed that the relationship between employees and the
organizational climate are key to success (Iljins et al., 2015). Rusu and Avasilcai
(2014) argue that the trend in new project management focuses on technical matters,
but issues such as organizational climate and culture are also recognized as essential
for analysis. At the team level, the climate provides a shared representation of work
team that enables team members to assign shared meaning to events that are important
to the team, and determine the actions that will lead to desired outcomes. These ideas
have led researchers to posit that team climate is related to team performance
(González‐Romá et al., 2009). Based on these ideas, the fourth hypothesis is proposed:
Job satisfaction is an orientation of emotions that employees possess towards the role
they are performing at the workplace. Job satisfaction is the essential component for
employee motivation and encouragement towards better performance. Motivational
factors (the nature of the job, the sense of achievement from their work, the
recognition, the responsibility that is granted to them and opportunities for personal
growth and advancement) help employees to find their worth with regards to the value
given to them by the organization, raising the internal happiness of the employees
which, in turn, will cause satisfaction (Raziq and Maulabakhsh, 2015). Satisfied
employees may be more productive than dissatisfied employees. Employees can make
the most of their potential, maintaining positive feelings and attitudes about their job.
Additionally, collaborative effort is more likely to occur when everyone is
experiencing positive attitudes, and that collaborative effort can increase
organizational effectiveness (Gregory et al., 2009).
75
3. Methodology
3.2 Measurements
To measure each construct, a 5-point Likert scale was used (1: totally disagree, 5:
totally agree). To measure the transformational leadership construct, six items were
considered, derived from the scale developed by Carless et al. (2000), which assesses
the dimensions: clear and positive vision of the future, empowerment, support and
recognition, staff development, innovative thinking, leadership through example and
charisma. Some sample items for this construct are: “the team leader gives
Transformational Leadership, Organizational Climate and Job Satisfaction in Work Teams
76
encouragement and recognition to staff”, “the leader fosters trust, involvement and
cooperation among team members”, “the leader encourages thinking about problems
in new ways and questions assumptions”.
To measure the organizational climate construct, ten items were included, adapted
from the scale proposed by Anderson and West (1998), which includes assessment of
the following climate dimensions: vision, participative safety, task orientation and
support for innovation. These are some sample items: “I think that the other members
of the team clearly understand the team’s objectives”, “team members feel understood
and accepted by each other”, “team members build on each other’s ideas in order to
achieve the best possible outcome”, “people in the team cooperate in order to help
develop and apply new ideas”.
Drawing on the scale developed by Macdonald and Maclntyre (1997), five items were
used to measure the job satisfaction construct. Some sample items are: “I receive
recognition for a job well done”, “I feel good about working at this company”, “I feel
good about my job”.
Finally, four items were considered to measure team performance from the scale
developed by Sun et al. (2014). These are some example items: “my team does high
quality work”, “my team’s overall performance is excellent”.
4. Results
The scales’ validity and reliability were proven through a Confirmatory Factorial
Analysis with EQS 6.1 software using the robust maximum likelihood method. These
results are presented in Table 3. The standardized factor loadings are above 0.7 for all
items, which guarantees a suitable convergent validity (Hair et al., 1999). Likewise,
Cronbach Alpha and the composite reliability index are above 0.7 for each construct,
and the average variance extracted is greater than 0.5 for each case, which permits to
verify an adequate reliability of the scales (Fornell and Larcker, 1981). Results also
yielded suitable goodness-of-fit indexes (χ2 = 340.57, df = 269, p<0.01, NFI = 0.84;
NNFI = 0.96; CFI = 0.96; IFI = 0.96; RMSEA = 0.038). Regarding the common
method bias, the Harman single factor test showed a very poor fit for the single factor
model (χ2 = 714.22, df = 252, p<0.01, NFI = 0.65; NNFI = 0.71; CFI = 0.74; IFI =
0.74; RMSEA = 0.10).
Table 4 presents the descriptive statistics and the correlations between constructs. In
general, the results show significant correlations between all factors. Discriminant
validity was assessed by verifying that value “1” was not in the confidence interval of
the correlations between the different constructs (Anderson and Gerbing, 1988) and
that the square root of the average variance extracted for each factor was greater than
the estimated correlation between each pair of factors (Fornell and Larcker, 1981).
This last criterion is not met only between factor 2 and 4, but taking into account that
J.I. Gaviria-Rivera, E. López-Zapata
77
this difference is not significant and that the first criterion is met, it can be considered
that the scales have sufficient discriminant validity.
78
Below the diagonal: confidence interval for the correlation between factors. Diagonal: square
root of the average variance extracted. Above the diagonal: estimated correlation between
factors
Source: Own Elaboration
To validate the hypotheses, a Structural Equation Model was analyzed using the robust
maximum likelihood method. This model allowed to confirm the statements described
in the five hypotheses (Figure 1). In order to assess the model, the goodness-of-fit
indexes and the respective standardized beta coefficients were evaluated for each one
of the relationships (Table 5).
Organizational
Climate 0.314***
0.466***
0.827***
0.629***
Job
Satisfaction
Note: ***p<0.01
On the one hand, it can be observed that the goodness-of-fit index NFI (0.843) presents
a value below 0.9. Even so, the other indexes, NNFI, CFI and IFI present values above
0.95 and RMSEA is lower than 0.05; therefore, it can be considered that the model
J.I. Gaviria-Rivera, E. López-Zapata
79
presents a suitable goodness-of-fit. On the other hand, the results show a significant
positive coefficient between the transformational leadership and organizational
climate constructs (β =0.466, p <0.01), which corroborates hypothesis 1, suggesting a
significant relationship between both factors. Furthermore, a direct and significant
influence was found between transformational leadership and job satisfaction
(β=0.827, p <0.01), which corroborates hypothesis 2. In the same manner, the results
show that, just as stated in hypothesis 3, organizational climate positively influences
job satisfaction (β =0.419, p <0.01). Also, a direct relationship between organizational
climate and team performance is evidenced (β =0.314, p <0.01), as was stated in
hypothesis 4. Finally, it is observed that teamwork members’ job satisfaction is
positively related with their team’s performance (β =0.629, p <0.01), such as was
stated in hypothesis 5 that links both constructs.
This investigation was conducted with the aim of analyzing the role of
transformational leadership and its relationship with organizational climate, job
satisfaction and work team performance. It highlights the importance of this
leadership style in achieving corporate objectives and searching sustainable
competitive advantage.
The obtained results show strong and positive relationships between all the variables
included in this study. In the first place, it was possible to prove how transformational
leadership is a determining factor for team members to feel satisfied with their job. A
supervisor or manager with this leadership style will create an environment of trust
and individualized support, helping the collaborators to feel satisfied with the job they
are doing. To achieve this, it is important that in the recruitment and selection
processes of employees who will be in charge of staff the attributes of this leadership
style are valued. Similarly, it is recommended to train bosses and managers who are
already in the company and provide them with the necessary tools to develop these
behaviors.
High efficiency and good performance of work teams in organizations has a direct
relationship with a good work climate perceived by employees, and with the
Transformational Leadership, Organizational Climate and Job Satisfaction in Work Teams
80
satisfaction they have towards their workplaces. This relationship was proven in this
study.
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