Pemodelan Proses Bisnis

I Made Ardwi Pradnyana

SIFORS – Undiksha 2020
Sumber Materi
• Slide Presentasi “Quick Guide BUSINESS PROCESS MODEL AND NOTATION
(BPMN)” oleh Biro Hukum dan Organisasi Kementerian Riset, Teknologi,
dan Pendidikan Tinggi tahun 2017.
• Slide Presentasi “Business Process Modelling” oleh Prof. Marcello La Rosa.
BPM Discipline. Queensland University of Technology tahun 2015.
• Slide “Process Modeling” oleh Marlon Dumas yang disarikan dari Buku
Business Process Management tahun 2018.
• Slide “Modeling Business Processes with BPMN” oleh Andrea Marrella.
• Slide “An Introduction to BPMN 2.0 - A guide to the core elements within
the business process modelling notation” diunduh dari www.bpmn.co.uk
tahun 2011.
Sub Topik
• Recall Konsep Proses Bisnis
• Pemodelan Proses Bisnis
• BPMN: Apa, Mengapa dan Bagaimana
• Model: Apa saja yang dibutuhkan
Konsep Proses Bisnis
Proses Bisnis
• Proses bisnis adalah koleksi dari aktifitas yang terstruktur pada
suatu organisasi, yang menghasilkan produk atau layanan, untuk
kebutuhan internal organisasi atau pelanggan
• Tiga jenis proses bisnis dalam organisasi:
• Proses Manajemen: proses yang mengelola pengoperasian dari organisasi,
misalnya evaluasi kinerja pegawai, kepatuhan internal, pengelolaan renstra,
dsb
• Proses Operasional: proses yang menjalankan fungsi utama dan
menghasilkan nilai tambah untuk organisasi, misalnya pengadaan barang,
produksi, pemasaran, dsb
• Proses Pendukung: proses yang mendukung proses utama, misalnya
akuntansi, rekrutmen, pendukung teknis, pengelolaan infrastruktur, dsb
Mengapa Perlu Proses Bisnis
• Peraturan Presiden Nomor 81 Tahun 2010 tentang Grand Design
Reformasi Birokrasi 2010-2025:
• Salah satu sasaran dalam reformasi birokrasi adalah perubahan proses
bisnis/tata laksana, yang didalamya termasuk prosedur operasi standar baik
untuk kementerian/lembaga di pemerintah pusat dan pemerintah daerah
• Peraturan Presiden Nomor 7 Tahun 2015 tentang Organisasi
Kementerian Negara, Pasal 79:
• Kementerian harus menyusun peta bisnis proses yang menggambarkan tata
hubungan kerja yang efektif dan efisien antar unit organisasi di lingkungan
Kementerian masing-masing
• Permen Pan RB no 11 Tahun 2015 tentang Road Map Reformasi
Birokrasi 2015-2019
Masalah Pada Pemodelan Proses Bisnis
• Tidak ada organisasi yang menstandardkan Flowchart, sehingga
berbeda-beda pada setiap organisasi dan aplikasi yang
digunakan
• Perlu pemodelan proses bisnis yang standard

• Konsep pemodelan proses bisnis yang ada karakternya melebar dan

membesar, sesuai dengan kompleksitas alur kegiatan yang ingin
dimodelkan, sehingga sulit dibuat dan dipahami
• Perlu pemodelan proses bisnis yang sifatkan leveling dan divergen, sehingga
mudah dipahami
Pemodelan Proses Bisnis
Siklus Hidup Proses Bisnis
 Purposes of process modeling
• Communication
• Documentation Process
• Analysis (e.g. simulation) identification
Conceptual
Process
Process architecture
architecture

Conformance
Conformance and
and Process As-is
As-is process
process
performance
performance insights
insights discovery model
model

Process
Process
Executable monitoring and
analysis
controlling

Executable
Executable Insights
Insights on
on
process
process weaknesses
weaknesses and
and
model
model their
their impact
impact

Process Process
• Automation implementation To-be
To-be process
process redesign
model
model
• Testing

Conceptual
 The purpose of Process

The Process Life-Cycle Discovery is to capture the main

components of a process (how
the things have to be done) and
to document a process with
manuals, policies, procedures.

1. Process identification Process

2. Process discovery (as-is) Modeling
Tools
3. Process analysis
4. Process redesign (to-be)
5. Process implementation
Process
6. Process monitoring Management
Systems
After having documented the process,
there is the need to capture its essence, in
the form a business process diagram
(process model), and this can be done
through the Process Modeling activity.
 Purposes of Process High-level Models
including

Modeling Organizational
Communication,
simulation, activity-
Process models are Analysis
based costing…
important in various
AS IS
stages of the process life Process
cycle. Models

Process TO BE Detailed Models

Analysis & Design Process Models including
Measures for
Improvement

Data types, conditions, data

mappings, fault handling…
Integration, testing,
deployment…
Target Values
Process Process
Evaluation Implementation

Process Models
Executable
Process The models produced will look
Process
Metrics Enactment & quite differently depending on
Monitoring
the reason for modeling them in
the first place.
7
The Importance of Process Modeling
• To model a process leads to a number of questions :
– Which steps are really necessary?
– Who should do them?
– Should they be kept in house or outsourced?
– How they should be done?
– What capabilities are needed?
– What results do we expect and how will they be monitored?
• While the answers to these questions are always situation-
specific…
• …without the backdrop of a commonly agreed description of the
business process in question, such answers are often vague and
wooly.
 Process Modelling Viewpoints
Organization
Who?
Lanes &
Pools
What?
Tasks When?
Events
Flows
Gateways

Which?
Data Objects,
Data / Materials Stores
BPMN: Apa, Mengapa dan Bagaimana
Apa Itu BPMN?
• Object Management Group (OMG) menyusun bahasa standard
internasional untuk pemodelan proses bisnis pada suatu organisasi,
yang dimulai tahun 2004 (BPMN 1.0) dan 2010 (BPMN 2.0)
• Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) adalah notasi grafis
standard, yang digunakan untuk memodelkan logika dari alur pada
proses bisnis secara hirarkis dan divergen
• Diadopsi sebagai bahasa pemodelan untuk proses bisnis oleh
perusahaan-perusahaan besar seperti IBM, Oracle, berbagai
perusahaan telekomunikasi, perminyakan, dsb.
Mengapa BPMN?
• Satu-satunya pemodelan
proses bisnis yang
mendapatkan standard
dejure dari Object
Management Group (OMG)
• Memungkinkan proses bisnis
dimodelkan secara leveling
• Menjadi standard defacto karena
banyak digunakan perusahaan di
dunia
(Paul Harmon and Celia Wolf, The State
of Business Process Management 2014,
2014)
Regulasi BPMN di Indonesia
• Permenpan No 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pedoman Penataan Tata
Laksana (Business Process) yang merekomendasikan BPMN
sebagai notasi untuk pemodelan business process
• PMK 131/PMK.01/2015 tentang Pedoman Penyusunan Proses
Bisnis, Kerangka Pengambilan Keputusan dan Standard Operation
Procedure di Lingkungan Kementrian Keuangan, yang juga
mengatur penggunaan BPMN untuk proses bisnis
• Surat Edaran Kementrian Keuangan No 7 tahun 2016 tentang Panduan
Penyusunan Peta Proses Bisnis di Lingkungan Kementrian Keuangan
yang merekomendasikan BPMN
Pemanfaatan BPMN di Berbagai Bidang

(Jan Recker, “Opportunities and constraints: the current struggle with BPMN”,
Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 16 (1), 2010)
Mengapa Bizagi?
• Software untuk pemodelan BPMN yang mudah dipahami, cepat dikuasai,
dan terbukti efektif dan efisien digunakan di berbagai industri yang
menggunakan BPMN untuk menggambarkan proses bisnisnya
• Bizagi adalah software opensource, yang bisa didapatkan dengan
tanpa membayar lisensi
• Proses bisnis yang dibuat dapat dipublikasikan dengan cepat ke
dalam berbagai format
• (web, pdf, docx, sharepoint, wiki, dsb)
• Software terbaik di berbagai survey khususnya untuk software pemodelan
proses bisnis
21
Elemen BPMN
1. Swimlane

4. Flow Object 2. Connecting

Object

3. Artifact
Core BPMN Elements
Core BPMN Elements

Message Flow Data Object

Task
Association

Pool

Intermediate
Start Event Sequence Flow Event
End Event

Gateway

Lane Sub Process

Elemen dan Notasi BPMN
ELEMEN DESKRIPSI NAMA NOTASI
Mekanisme untuk mengatur dan Pool
Swimlane memisahkan peran atau
Lane
penanggungjawab dari suatu proses
Sequence Flow
Connecting Konektor dari obyek yang mengalir Message Flow
Object pada suatu proses
Association
Annotation
Informasi tambahan dalam suatu Group
Artifact Data Object
proses
Data Store
Event
Obyek yang mengalir pada suatu Activity
Flow Object proses
Gateway
Proses Pengajuan Kredit
1. Swimlane

ü Pool
ü Lane

27
Pools Lanes
A pool is used to define either a group of participants such as an area within an A lane is used to define a specific
organisation or an external entity that collaborates within a process. participant or role within a process.

A process model is normally created from the perspective of a single participant – A lane may be contained within a
the white box pool, and contains the detail of that process. Black box pools are pool..
considered external to the scope of the process (although not necessarily outside of
the organisation), and do not show flow and activities. Black box pools may be
collapsed and rotated, but do not have to be.

Black
Box
..or may itself be broken down into
other lanes:
White
Box
Swimlane
NAMA NOTASI DESKRIPSI NOTASI
Pool Kontainer dari satu proses

Lane Partisi dari suatu proses, yang

menunjukkan sub organisasi,
jabatan, peran atau
penanggungjawab
Milestone Tahapan pada suatu proses
Proses Pengajuan Kredit dengan Lane
Lane

Pool
Proses Pengajuan Kredit dengan Milestone
Milestone
2. Connecting Object

ü Sequence Flow
ü Message Flow
ü Association
Sequence Flow, Message Flow andAssociations

Association
Used to attach artefacts
Message Flow (such as data objects)
The flow of to activities.
information as
Messages
between
Participants

Sequence Flow
The sequential flow of the process between events that
occur, activities performed by the lanes and decisions
that are made (gateways).
Connecting Object
NAMA NOTASI DESKRIPSI NOTASI
Sequence Flow
Konektor yang menghubungkan antar
obyek yang mengalir dalam satu
proses (satu pool)
Message Flow Konektor yang menghubungkan antar
obyek yang mengalir antar proses
(beda pool)

Association Konektor yang menghubungkan obyek

yang mengalir ke artifact
Sequence Flow (Dalam 1 Pool atau Proses)

Sequence Flow
Message Flow (Beda Pool atau Proses)
Association (Konektor ke Artifact)

Association
3. Artifact
ü Annotation
ü Group
ü Data Object
ü Data Store
Artefacts allow additional information to be provided on a process model.

Data Object Data Store Group

Data objects are A data store is somewhere that A visual way of informally
inputs to and outputs the process can read or write grouping items on a diagram,
from activities. Data data, that persists beyond the for example to highlight an area
objects could be scope of the process. that requires further analysis.
used to represent
documents, data or
other objects that
are passed between
the activities in a
process.

Annotation
Annotations allow additional
information relevant in
documenting the process to be
shown on the diagram
Artifact
NAMA NOTASI DESKRIPSI NOTASI
Penjelasan dari suatu obyek yang
Annotation mengalir

Pengelompokan dari beberapa obyek

Group
yang mengalir

File dan dokumen yang digunakan dan

Data Object
dihasilkan oleh suatu aktifitas
Sistem dan aplikasi yang digunakan
Data Store dan dihasilkan oleh suatu aktifitas
Annotation, Data Object dan Data Store

Data Object

Data Store Annotation

Group

Group
4. Flow Object

ü Event
ü Activity
ü Gateway
Flow Object
NAMA NOTASI DESKRIPSI NOTASI

Suatu kejadian dan sifatnya

Event pasif
(Something that happened)

Kegiatan yang secara aktif

Activities dilakukan
(Something to do)

Pemecah dari beberapa

Gateway aktifitas
4.1 Event

ü Start Event
ü Intermediate Event
ü End Event
An event is an indicator that something has happened within a process.

Start Event Intermediate Events End Event

A process commences because
something has happened, such
as a message received or a
date is reached.
Intermediate events happen
within the flow of the process
(between the start and end
events).
A process finishes when an end
is reached. Because a process
may have several outcomes,
there may be multiple end
events.
Event (Start – Intermediate – End)

Intermediate
Event

End Event
Start Event
Timer Start Event

Timer Start Event

Message Start Event

Message
Start Event
4.2 Activity

ü Task
ü Subprocess
Within the flow of a process, one or more lanes (roles) will perform a number of activities.

Collapsed
Task Sub Process
A task is something that a lane A sub process summarises
(role) does during the process. a group of activities, and can
A task is a granular (atomic) be expanded out into further
Expanded
activity that cannot or does not detail. Sub processes can
need to be broken down any be shown as collapsed (with
further. the [+] symbol), or
expanded.
Task vs Subprocess

Task Subprocess
Jenis Task
ELEMEN DESKRIPSI NOTASI
Kegiatan (task) yang sifatnya tunggal. Bila tidak perlu ada
Task
penekanan informasi, sebaiknya menggunakan jenis task ini

User Task Kegiatan yang memerlukan bantuan software

Kegiatan bersifat otomatis dan menggunakan service yang
Service Task berhubungan dengan sistem lain, contohnya web service

Kegiatan bersifat otomatis tapi tidak berhubungan dengan

Script Task
sistem lain, contohnya mengirimkan email notifikasi

Manual Task Kegiatan yang dilakukan secara manual

Business Kegiatan analisis, kalkulasi, persetujuan yang memerlukan

Rule tinjauan peraturan dan dokumen dalam penentuan keputusan
Task
Embedded Subprocess
Reusable Subprocess
Reusable Subprocess (Expanded)

Expanded
Subprocess
Adhoc Subprocess

Adhoc Subprocess
Multiple Subprocess

Multiple
Subprocess
4.3 Gateway

ü Exclusive Gateway ü Event-based Gateway

ü Parallel Gateway ü Parallel Event-based Gateway
ü Inclusive Gateway ü Complex Gateway
Gateways Inclusive
Gateways represent decisions Follow one or more paths
within the process, and control the
splitting and merging of sequence
flow.

The simplest examples are shown:

Exclusive Parallel
Follow only one path Follow all paths
Gateway
NAMA NOTASI DESKRIPSI NOTASI

Exclusive Gateway Pilih salah satu

Kegiatan bersamaan (paralel) dalam
Paralel Gateway
satu waktu

Inclusive Gateway Boleh pilih salah satu atau lebih

Pilih salah satu dari event yang
Event-based Gateway
terjadi
Event yang terjadi secara
Parallel Event-based
bersamaan (paralel) dalam satu
Gateway waktu
Gateway untuk mengatur selain di
Complex Gateway
atas
Exclusive Gateway

Exclusive Gateway
Parallel Gateway
Parallel Event Based Gateway
Inclusive Gateway
Event-Based Gateway
Complex Gateway
What’s needed to create a model?
What’s needed to create a model?

Modelling Language

Vocabulary

Syntax Semantics Notation

Model

Modelling Conventions

Modelling Tool
Modelling Language: Syntax
• from Ancient Greek συν- (syn-), "together", and τάξις (táxis),
"arrangement”
• Provides the constructs and the set of rules to combine these constructs
• E.g. in English grammar: “The present perfect of any verb is composed of
two elements: the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb to have (present
tense), plus the past participle of the main verb.”

• “I have enrolled in a unit.”

• “I has enrolled in a unit”.

• Aim: Syntactical correctness

Modelling Language: Semantics
• from ancient Greek σημαντικός (semantikos), "significant", from
σημαίνω (semaino), "to signify, to indicate" and that from σήμα
(sema), "sign, mark, token".

• The study of meaning, and the study of relations between different

elements.

• Aim: semantical correctness

=
Modelling Language: Notation
• Defines a set of symbols for the visualisation of the constructs and
their relationships
• Textual symbols: E E E E E E E E E E E E
• Graphical symbols:

• Alternative symbols can refer to the same construct

(redundancy)
• The same symbol sometimes refers to different constructs (overload)
Example: Chess
In BPMN?
Vocabulary
Activities, Events, Gateways, Sequence Flow…

Structural correctness
1. individual rules for each element are complied with:
• activities must have at least one incoming and one outgoing sequence flow
• start events must not have incoming arcs, end events must not have outgoing arcs
• gateways must have exactly one incoming and at least two outgoing arcs (splits) or at
least two incoming and exactly one outgoing arcs (joins)
2. all nodes are on a path from a start to an end event (i.e. no dangling arcs or disconnected
nodes)
• implies that a model should have at least one start and one end event
Example: structural correctness
In BPMN?
Behavioral correctness (a.k.a. soundness)
1. option to complete: any running process instance must eventually
complete, i.e. there are no deadlocks or livelocks
2. proper completion: at the moment of completion, each token of the
process instance should be in a different end event, i.e. there is no
lack of synchronization, and
3. no dead activities: any activity can be executed in at least one
process instance.
Behavioral correctness: cheat sheet
No option to complete

No option to complete

No proper completion

No proper completion/
No option to complete
Example: no option to complete
If condition_1 is true, the instance cannot complete and activity B will be repeated
forever (livelock)
Example: no option to complete
If c1 is true after executing A, or c2 is true after executing B, the instance cannot
complete (deadlock)

Note: this model also suffers from a dead activity (D)

Example: no proper completion
At the moment of completion, there will be two tokens in the end event
(lack of synchronization)
Example: dead activity
Even if this model can always complete, Activity D will never be executed

Note: this model also suffers from lack of synchronization, as a token will be left behind
(stuck before the AND-join) when the end event is reached
Example: behavioral correctness
Fulfilment of special orders
Find the bugs…
Trivial
No Start Event F11 What?? Gateway
F1 F2 F9 F12

Split or Join? F10 May

deadlock

F6 No End Event

F3 F4 F7 F8

F5
Lack of
synchronization
Disconnected
node
In BPMN?
Semantics
Meaning of the various elements
• Activities model something actively performed during the process
• Events model something instantaneous during the process
• AND gateways model parallelism
• XOR gateways model exclusive decisions and simple merging points
• OR gateways model inclusive decisions and synchronizing merging points
Meaning of the whole business process model
• This model captures an order fulfilment process that takes place at a
seller. The model starts with the receipt of an order…
Notation
In BPMN?
Semantics
Meaning of the various elements
• Activities model something actively performed during the process
• Events model something instantaneous during the process
• AND gateways model parallelism
• XOR gateways model exclusive decisions and simple merging points
• OR gateways model inclusive decisions and synchronizing merging points
Meaning of the whole business process model
• This model captures an order fulfilment process that takes place at a
seller. The model starts with the receipt of an order…

Notation
Example: semantic correctness
Order distribution process
Invalid

It is not possible that products are neither in the Amsterdam

nor in the Hamburg warehouse.
What’s needed to create a model?
Modelling Language

Vocabulary

Syntax Semantics Notation

Model

Modelling Conventions

Modelling Tool
Modeling conventions
Labeling
1. Activities as imperative verb + noun
2. Events as noun + past-participle verb
3. Conditions on outgoing arcs of (X)OR-splits with reference to object

Layout
1. From top-left to bottom-right
2. Use direct arcs with no crossing where possible
Is this process model of good quality?
Different labeling styles
What’s needed to create a model?
Modelling Language

Vocabulary

Syntax Semantics Notation

Model

Modelling Conventions

Modelling Tool
Process Modelling Tools
General-purpose graphical design tools
• E.g Visio, Powerpoint
Software Engineering tools (CASE)
• E.g. Rational Rose
Enterprise Architecture tools
• E.g. System Architect
Dedicated business process modeling tools
• E.g. ARIS, Signavio
Design tools as part of a BPMS
• E.g. IBM Process Designer, Oracle JDeveloper, Bizagi Modeler