Archivetemp03 Modul A + Kimia Tg5 - Bab 3

Bab
3 Termokimia
Thermochemistry
3.1 Perubahan Haba dalam Tindak Balas

Heat Change in Reaction
1. Menurut Hukum keabadian tenaga, tenaga tidak boleh dicipta atau dimusnahkan . Tenaga hanya
boleh ditukar daripada satu bentuk kepada bentuk yang lain.
According to the Law of conservation of energy, energy can neither be created nor destroyed . It can only be
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converted from one form to the other form.
2. Bahan kimia menyimpan tenaganya sebagai tenaga kimia .
Chemical substances store their energy as chemical energy .
3. Bahan kimia membebaskan tenaga kimia dalam bentuk haba atau cahaya semasa tindak balas
dan membentuk hasil yang lebih stabil.
Chemical substances release its chemical energy in the form of
AS heat or light when they undergo reactions
and form more stable products .
4. Perubahan tenaga dalam suatu tindak balas kimia merupakan pengaliran tenaga dari sistem ke persekitaran
atau pengaliran tenaga dari persekitaran ke sistem.
The energy change in a chemical reaction is the energy flows from the system to the surroundings or the energy
flows from the surroundings to the system.
Tenaga mengalir keluar dari sistem
Persekitaran ke persekitaran
Surroundings Energy flows out the system
to surroundings
Bahan tindak
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Tenaga mengalir masuk ke
balas dan hasil dalam sistem dari persekitaran
tindak balas Energy flows in to the system
Sistem Reactants from surroundings
System and products
Rajah/ Diagra
Diagram 3.1
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5. Termokimia ialah satu kajian tentang perubahan tenaga haba yang berlaku dalam suatu tindak balas kimia.
Thermochemistry is the study of changes in heat energy during chemical reactions.
6. Dua jenis tindak balas kimia berdasarkan perubahan tenaga:
Two types of chemical reactions based on the energy changes:
(a) Tindak balas eksotermik/ Exothermic reactions
(b) Tindak balas endotermik/ Endothermic reactions
A Tindak Balas Eksotermik dan Endotermik

Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
I Tindak Balas Eksotermik/ Exothermic Reaction
1. Eksotermik ialah tindak balas kimia yang membebaskan haba ke persekitaran.

Exothermic is a chemical reaction that gives out heat to the surroundings.
2. Dalam tindak balas eksotermik, tenaga kimia ditukarkan kepada tenaga haba .
In exothermic reaction, chemical energy is converted to heat energy .
3. Persekitaran memperoleh tenaga haba dan akibatnya suhu persekitaran meningkat .
The surroundings gain heat energy and as a result the temperature of the surroundings increases .
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Contoh/Example 1
Serbuk natrium hidroksida
Sodium hydroxide powder
Air
Water
Tenaga haba dibebaskan
Heat energy releases
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Rajah/ Diagram 3.2
Semasa tindak balas eksotermik:/ During exothermic reactions:
(a) Tenaga haba yang dibebaskan dipindahkan ke persekitaran.
Heat energy that given out is transferred to the surroundings.
(b) Bacaan termometer meningkat ./ Thermometer reading increases .
(c) Bekas menjadi panas ./ Container becomes hot .
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4. Contoh lain bagi tindak balas eksotermik:/ Other examples of exothermic reactions:
(a) Tindak balas antara kalsium klorida kontang dan air/ Reaction of anhydrous calcium chloride and water
(b) Peneutralan antara asid dan alkali/ Neutralisation between acid and alkaline
(c) Respirasi/ Respiration
(d) Pembakaran/ Combustion
(e) Pengaratan/ Rusting
(f) Tindak balas penyesaran logam/ Displacement reaction of metals
II Tindak Balas Endotermik/ Endothermic reaction

1. Endotermik ialah tindak balas kimia yang menyerap haba dari persekitaran.
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Endothermic is a chemical reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings.
Contoh/Example 2
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Serbuk ammonium nitrat

Ammonium nitrate powder
Air
Water
Tenaga haba diserap

Heat energy absorbed
Rajah/ Diagram 3.3

Semasa tindak balas endotermik:/ During endothermic reactions:
(a) Tenaga haba diserap dari persekitaran/ Heat energy is absorbed from the surroundings.
(b) Bacaan termometer menurun ./ Thermometer reading decreases .
(c) Bekas menjadi sejuk ./ Container becomes cold .
2. Contoh lain bagi tindak balas endotermik/ Other examples of endothermic reactions:
(a) Tindak balas antara natrium hidrogen karbonat dengan asid cair
Reaction between sodium hydrogen carbonate and dilute acid
(b) Penguraian garam karbonat/ Decomposition of carbonate salts
(c) Fotosintesis/ Photosynthesis
(d) Penguraian garam nitrat/ Decomposition of nitrate salts
(e) Penguraian garam terhidrat/ Decomposition of hydrated salt
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AKTIVITI 3.1
Tujuan/ Aim:
Menentukan jenis tindak balas kimia berdasarkan perubahan haba dan bacaan termometer.
Eksperimen Wajib
To identify the types of reaction based on heat change and thermometer readings
Bahan/ Materials:
Serbuk natrium hidroksida, NaOH serbuk kalsium klorida kontang, CaCl2 serbuk ammonium nitrat, NH4NO3,
serbuk natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3, air
Sodium hydroxide, NaOH powder, anhydrous calcium chloride, CaCl2 power, ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 powder,
sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 powder, water
Radas/ Apparatus:
Silinder penyukat, cawan polistirena, termometer, spatula/ Measuring cylinder, polystyrene cup, thermometer,
spatula
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Prosedur/ Procedure:
Termometer Serbuk natrium hidroksida
Thermometer Sodium hydroxide, NaOH powder
Air
Water
AS Rajah/ Diagra
1. 10 cm3 air disukat dan dituang ke dalam cawan polistirena.
Diagram
10 cm3 of water is measured and poured into a polystyrene cup.

m 3.4
2. Suhu awal air direkodkan./ Initial temperature of water is recorded.

3. Setengah spatula serbuk natrium hidroksida, NaOH dimasukkan ke dalam air.
Half spatula of sodium hydroxide, NaOH powder is added into the water.
4. Campuran dikacau dan suhu tertinggi atau terendah direkodkan.
The mixture is stirred and the highest or lowest temperature is recorded.
5. Langkah 1 hingga 4 diulang dengan menggantikan serbuk natrium hidroksida, NaOH dengan serbuk
kalsium klorida kontang, CaCl2, serbuk ammonium nitrat, NH4NO3 dan serbuk natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3.
Steps 1 to 4 are repeated by replacing sodium hydroxide, NaO4 powder with anhydrous calcium chloride, CaCl2,
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ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 powder and sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 powder.
Mentafsir data/ Interpreting data:
Suhu awal Suhu tertinggi/ terendah
Tindak balas dengan air Jenis tindak balas
Initial Highest/Lowest
Reaction with water Types of reaction
temperature (oC) temperature (oC)
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Natrium hidroksida, 29.0 31.0

Eksotermik
Sodium hydroxide Exothermic
Kalsium klorida kontang, 29.0 30.5

Eksotermik
Anhydrous calcium chloride Exothermic
Ammonium nitrat, 29.0 27.0

Endotermik
Ammonium nitrate Endothermic
Natrium tiosulfat, 29.0 23.0

Endotermik
Sodium thiosulphate Endothermic
Perbincangan/ Discussion:
Nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi yang berikut: / State definition operation of the following:
1. Tindak balas eksotermik/ Exothermic reaction
Tindak balas eksotermik membebaskan tenaga haba ke persekitaran dan suhu larutan campuran meningkat.
Exothermic reaction gives out heat to the surroundings and the temperature of the mixed solution increases.
2. Tindak balas endotermik/ Endothermic reaction

Tindak balas endotermik menyerap tenaga haba dari persekitaran dan suhu larutan campuran menurun.
Endothermic reactions absorbs heat from the surroundings and the temperature of the mixed solution decreases.
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B Mentafsir Gambar Rajah Aras Tenaga
Interpret Energy Level Diagram
1. Haba tindak balas, ΔH ditakrifkan sebagai perubahan haba yang berlaku apabila bilangan mol bahan tindak
balas yang ditunjukkan dalam persamaan kimia bertindak balas bersama .
The heat of reaction, ΔH is defined as the heat change which occurs when the numbers of moles of reactants indicated by the
equation react together .
∆H = (Kandungan tenaga hasil tindak balas) – (Kandungan tenaga bahan tindak balas)
Energy content of products Energy content of reactants
= Hhasil/products – Hbahan/reactants
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2. Unit bagi ΔH ialah kilojoule, kJ./ The unit of ΔH is kilojoules, kJ
3. Persamaan kimia bersama-sama dengan ΔH dipanggil persamaan termokimia .
A chemical equation together with ∆H is called the thermochemical equation.
4. Perubahan tenaga haba dalam tindak balas eksotermik dan endotermik dapat ditunjukkan dengan gambar rajah aras
tenaga./ The heat energy changes in an exothermic and endothermic reactions can be shown with an energy level diagram
diagram.
hasil tindak balas adalah lebih

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5. Tindak balas eksotermik:/ Exothermic reaction:
(a) Apabila tindak balas eksotermik berlaku, tenaga haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran. Jadi, jumlah kandungan tenaga
rendah daripada bahan tindak balas.
When an exothermic reactions occurs, heat energy is given out to the surroundings. Thus, the total energy content of the
products is lower than the reactants.
(b) ΔH bagi tindak balas eksotermik diberikan tanda negatif .
∆H of an exothermic reaction is given a negative sign.
Tenaga/ Energy
Bahan tindak balas/

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Reactants
H = negatif/ negative
Hasil tindak balas/ Products

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Rajah/ Diagram 3.5
Tip SPM
Dalam suatu tindak balas kimia, jika tenaga haba yang diserap semasa pemecahan ikatan adalah kurang daripada
tenaga haba yang dibebas semasa pembentukan ikatan baharu, tindak balas itu ialah tindak balas eksotermik.
Tip SPM
In a chemical reaction, if the heat energy absorbed in bond breaking is lless than the heat energy given out in bonds formation, the
reaction is an exothermic reaction.
6. Tindak balas endotermik:/ Endothermic reaction:

(a) Apabila tindak balas endotermik berlaku, tenaga haba diserap dari persekitaran. Jadi, jumlah kandungan tenaga
hasil tindak balas adalah lebih tinggi daripada bahan tindak balas.
When an endothermic reaction occurs, heat energy is absorbed from the surroundings. Thus, the total energy content of the
products is higher than the reactants.
(a) ΔH bagi tindak balas endotermik diberikan tanda positif .
∆H of an endothermic reaction given a positive sign.
Tenaga/ Energy
Hasil tindak balas/ Products
Bahan H = positif/ positive

tindak balas/
Reactants
Rajah/ Diagram 3.6
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Tip SPM
Dalam suatu tindak balas kimia, jika tenaga haba yang diserap semasa pemecahan ikatan adalah lebih daripada
tenaga haba yang dibebas semasa pembentukan ikatan baharu, tindak balas itu ialah tindak balas endotermik.
Tip SPM
In a chemical reaction, if the heat energy absorbed in bond breaking is more than the heat energy given out in bonds formation, the
reaction is an endothermic reaction.
7. Nyatakan maklumat yang boleh diperoleh daripada gambar rajah aras tenaga.
State the information that can be obtained from the energy level diagram.
(a) Jenis tindak balas sama ada eksotermik atau endotermik (berdasarkan tanda + atau tanda – bagi Δ
ΔH).
Type of reactions either exothermic or endothermic (from the + or – sign of ΔH)
(b) Perubahan haba dalam tindak balas (berdasarkan nilai ΔH)./ Heat change in the reaction (based on the value of ΔH)
(c) Peningkatan atau penurunan suhu persekitaran./ The rise or fall of the temperature of the surroundings.
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balas.
(d) Perbezaaan antara kandungan tenaga bagi bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas.
The difference between the energy contents of the reactants and the products.
Contoh/Example 3
Rajah 3.7 menunjukkan gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas antara kalium klorida, KCl dan argentum nitrat, AgNO3.
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Diagram 3.7 shows the energy level diagram for the reaction between potassium chloride, KCl and silver nitrate, AgNO3.
Tenaga/ Energy
KCl + AgNO3
H = – 50.4 kJ mol–1
AgCl + KNO3
Rajah/ Diagra
Diagramm 3.7
(a) Tindak balas antara kalium klorida, KCl dan argentum nitrat, AgNO3 ialah tindak balas eksotermik .
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The reaction between potassium chloride, KCl and silver nitrate, AgNO3 is an exothermic reaction.
(b) Suhu persekitaran meningkat./ The temperature of the surroundings .
increases
(c) Jumlah kandungan tenaga bagi 1 mol kalium klorida, KCl bertindak balas dengan 1 mol argentum nitrat, AgNO3 adalah
lebih tinggi berbanding jumlah kandungan tenaga bagi 1 mol argentum klorida, AgCl dan 1 mol kalium
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nitrat, KNO3.
The total energy contents of 1 mole of potassium chloride, KCl react with 1 mole of silver nitrate, AgNO3 is higher than
the total energy contents of 1 mole of silver chloride, AgCl and 1 mole of potassium nitrate, KNO3.
(d) Haba yang dibebaskan semasa tindak balas ialah 50.4 kJ mol-1.
The heat given out during the reaction is 50.4 kJ mol-1.
Contoh/Example 4
Rajah 3.8 menunjukkan gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas antara gas nitrogen, N2 dan oksigen, O2.
Diagram 3.8 shows the energy level diagram for the reaction between nitrogen, N2 and oxygen, O2 gases.
Tenaga/ Energy
2NO2
H = + 66 kJ mol–1
N2 + 2O2
Rajah/ Diagram 3.8
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(a) Tindak balas antara gas nitrogen, N2 dan oksigen, O2 ialah tindak balas endotermik .
The reaction between nitrogen, N2 and oxygen, O2 gases is an endothermic reaction.
(b) Suhu persekitaran menurun ./ The temperature of the surroundings decreases .
(c) Jumlah kandungan tenaga bagi 1 mol nitrogen, N2 bertindak balas dengan 2 mol oksigen, O2 adalah lebih
rendah berbanding jumlah kandungan tenaga bagi 2 mol nitrogen dioksida, NO2.
The total energy content of 1 mole of nitrogen, N2 react with 2 moles of oxygen, O2 is lower than the total energy content
of 2 moles of nitrogen dioxide, NO2.
(d) Haba yang diserap semasa tindak balas ialah 66.0 kJ mol-1.
The heat absorbed during the reaction is 66.0 kJ mol-1.
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Uji Kendiri 3.1
1. Nyatakan jenis tindak balas bagi persamaan termokimia di bawah. Jelaskan jawapan anda.
State the types of reaction for the thermochemistry equation below. Explain your answer. TP 2
AS CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 ∆H = + 560 kJ mol–1

∆H
Tindak balas endotermik. Endotermik ialah tindak balas kimia yang menyerap haba dari persekitaran.
Endothermic reaction. Endothermic is a chemical reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings.
2. Kelaskan tindak balas yang berikut./ Classify the following reactions. TP 3
Tindak balas antara ammonium klorida dan air

KBAT Mengaplikasi
Melarutkan bedak talkum dalam air

Reaction between ammonium chloride and water Dissolving talcum powder in water
Melarutkan serbuk detergen dalam air Pembakaran etanol
Dissolving detergent powder in water Combustion of ethanol
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Eksotermik/ Exothermic Endotermik/ Endothermic
Melarutkan serbuk detergen dalam air Melarutkan bedak talkum di dalam air
Dissolving detergent powder in water Dissolving talcum powder in water
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Pembakaran etanol Tindak balas antara ammonium klorida dan air

Combustion of ethanol Reaction between ammonium chloride and water
3. Tafsirkan gambar rajah aras tenaga yang berikut./ Interpret the following energy level diagrams.
TP 4 KBAT Menganalisis
(a) Tenaga/ Energy
Zn + CuSO4
H = – 210 kJ mol–1
ZnSO4 + Cu
Rajah/ Diagram 3.9

(i) Tindak balas antara Zn dan CuSO4 menghasilkan ZnSO4 dan Cu ialah tindak balas eksotermik .
The reaction between Zn and CuSO4 producing ZnSO4 and Cu is an exothermic reaction.
(ii) Suhu persekitaran meningkat ./ Temperature of the surrounding increases .
(iii) Jumlah kandungan tenaga bagi 1 mol Zn bertindak balas dengan 1 mol CuSO4 adalah lebih
tinggi berbanding jumlah kandungan tenaga bagi 1 mol Cu dan 1 mol ZnSO4.
The total energy content of 1 mole of Zn react with 1 mole of CuSO4 is higher than the total energy content of
1 mole of Cu and 1 mole of ZnSO4.
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(iv) Haba yang dibebaskan semasa tindak balas ialah 210 kJ mol-1.
The heat given out during the reaction is 210 kJ mol-1.
(b) Tenaga/ Energy
CaCO3 + 2KNO3
H = +12.6 kJ mol–1
Ca(NO3)2 + K2CO3
Rajah/ Diagram 3.10

(i) Tindak balas antara Ca(NO3)2 dan K2CO3 menghasilkan CaCO3 dan KNO3 ialah tindak balas
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endotermik .
The reaction between Ca(NO3)2 and K2CO3 producing CaCO3 and KNO3 is an endothermic reaction.
(ii) Suhu persekitaran menurun ./ Temperature of the surrounding decreases .

(iii) Jumlah kandungan tenaga bagi 1 mol Ca(NO3)2 bertindak balas dengan 1 mol K2CO3 adalah lebih
rendah berbanding jumlah kandungan tenaga bagi 1 mol CaCO3 dan 2 mol KNO3.
The total energy content of 1 mole of Ca(NO3)2 react with 1 mole of K2CO3 is
AS lower than the total energy
content of 1 mole of CaCO3 dan 2 moles of KNO3.
(iv) Haba yang diserap semasa tindak balas ialah 12.6 kJ mol-1.
The heat absorbed during the reaction is 12.6 kJ mol-1.
3.2 Haba Tindak Balas

Heat of Reaction
1. Haba tindak balas ditakrifkan sebagai perubahan haba apabila satu mol bahan tindak balas bertindak balas atau
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satu mol hasil tindak balas terbentuk .
The heat of combustion is defined as the heat change when one mole of reactant reacts or one mole of product is formed .
2. Unit bagi haba tindak balas ialah kJ mol−1.
The unit for the heat of combustion is kJ mol–1.
3. Bagi tindak balas yang melibatkan larutan akueus atau air, jika tenaga haba diserap oleh larutan akueus atau air ialah
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Q kJ dan bilangan mol, n bahan tindak balas atau hasil tindak balas dapat ditentukan, maka nilai ΔH
Δ dapat dihitung.
For reactions involved aqueous solution or water, if the heat energy absorbs by the aqueous solution or water is Q kJ and the
number of moles, n of reactant or product can be determined, then the value of ΔH
Δ can be calculated.
Q
ΔH = +/– n kJ mol–1
4. Haba yang diserap oleh larutan akueus dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan formula mcθ, di mana:
The heat absorbed by an aqueous solution can be calculated by using formula mcθ, where:
m = jisim larutan/ mass of the solution (g)

c = muatan haba tentu larutan/ specific heat capacity of the solution (J g–1 oC–1)
θ = perubahan suhu larutan/ temperature change of the solution (oC)
5. Anggapan yang dibuat semasa menghitung haba tindak balas yang melibatkan larutan akueus:
Assumptions made during the calculation of the heat absorbed by an aqueous solution:
(a) Ketumpatan larutan Ketumpatan air
The density of solution = The density of water = 1.0 g cm
–3
(b) Muatan haba tentu larutan Muatan haba tentu air

Specific heat capacity of the solution (c) = Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g C
–1 o –1
(c) Tidak ada haba yang hilang ke persekitaran atau diserap oleh radas eksperimen
No heat is lost to or absorbed from the surroundings or the apparatus of the experiment
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Contoh/Example 5
Rajah 3.11 menunjukkan perubahan suhu apabila serbuk zink, Zn ditambah kepada larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4.
Diagram 3.11 shows the temperature change when zinc powder, Zn is added to copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution.
Termometer Serbuk zink

Thermometer Zinc powder
Larutan
kuprum(II)
sulfat
Copper(II) Suhu tertinggi = 50°C
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sulphate Isi padu larutan = 100 cm3
solution The highest temperature = 50°C
Suhu awal = 30°C Volume of solution = 100 cm3
Initial temperature = 30°C
Rajah/ Diagra
Diagram 3.11
Hitungkan perubahan haba dalam larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4.

Calculate the heat change in the copper(II) sulphate, CuSo4 solution.
m = 100 cm3 × 1 g cm–3 = 100 g
c = 4.2 J g–1 oC-1
θ = (50 – 30) oC
Perubahan haba/ Heat change, Q = mcθ
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= 100 g × 4.2 J g−1 oC–1 × (50 – 30) oC
= 8 400 J
= 8.4 kJ
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Contoh/Example 6
10 g serbuk magnesium, Mg ditambahkan kepada 50 cm3 larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4. Suhu awal larutan kuprum(II)
sulfat, CuSO4 ialah 29 °C. Suhu tertinggi larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 ialah 34 °C. Diberikan muatan haba tentu larutan
kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 ialah 4.2 J g–1 °C–1. Hitungkan perubahan haba dalam larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4.
10 g of magnesium powder, Mg is added to 50 cm3 of copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution. Initial temperature of copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4
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solution, CuSO4 is 29 oC. The highest temperature of copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution is 34oC. Given that specific heat capacity of
copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 is 4.2 J g–1 oC–1. Calculate the heat change in copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution.
m = 50 cm3 × 1 g cm–3 = 50 g
c = 4.2 J g–1 oC-1
θ = (34 – 29) oC
Perubahan haba/ Heat change, Q = mcθ

= 50 g × 4.2 J g−1 oC–1 × (34 – 29) oC
= 1 050 J
= 1.05 kJ
A Haba Pemendakan
Heat of Precipitation
1. Tindak balas pemendakan berlaku apabila dua larutan dicampurkan bersama untuk membentuk suatu mendakan.
Precipitation reaction occurs when two solutions is added together to form a precipitate.
2. Haba pemendakan ialah perubahan haba apabila satu mol mendakan terbentuk daripada ion-ionnya
dalam larutan akueusnya .
The heat of precipitation is the heat change when one mole of a precipitate is formed from their ions in aqueous solution .
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Contoh/Example 7 TP 2
Larutan plumbum(II) nitrat Larutan natrium sulfat

Lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 solution Sodium sulphate, Na2SO4 solution
Larutan natrium nitrat

Sodium nitrate, NaNO3 solution
NO3– Na+ NO3– Mendakan putih

Pb2+
plumbum(II) sulfat
Na+ SO42– PbSO4 Lead(II) sulphate, PbSO4
white precipitate
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Rajah/ Diagram 3.12
(a) Persamaan termokimia:/ Thermochemical equation:
Pb(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 → PbSO4 + 2NaNO3 ∆H = – 50.4 kJ mol-1
∆
Daripada persamaan termokimia, 50.4 kJ haba telah dibebaskan apabila 1 mol mendakan PbSO4 terbentuk.
From the thermochemical equation, 50.4 kJ of heat is given out when 1 mole of PbSO4 precipitate formed.
(b) Gambar rajah aras tenaga:/ Energy level diagram:

AS
Tenaga/ Energy
Pb(NO3)2 + Na2SO4
H = – 50.4 kJ mol–1
PbSO4 + 2NaNO3
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AKTIVITI 3.2
Tujuan/Aim:
Menentukan haba pemendakan argentum klorida dan magnesium karbonat
Eksperimen Wajib
To determine the heat of precipitation of silver chloride and magnesium carbonate

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Bahan/ Materials:
Larutan argentum nitrat, AgNO3 0.5 mol dm−3, larutan natrium klorida, NaCl 0.5 mol dm−3, larutan magnesium
nitrat, Mg(NO3)2 2.0 mol dm−3, larutan natrium karbonat, Na2CO3 0.5 mol dm−3
0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate, AgNO3 solution, 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium chloride, NaCl solution, 2.0 mol dm-3 magnesium nitrate,
Mg(NO3)2 solution, 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 solution
Radas/ Apparatus:
Cawan polistirena, silinder penyukat 50 cm3, jam randik, termometer
Polystyrene cups, 50 cm3 measuring cylinders, stopwatch, thermometer
Prosedur/Procedure:
Termometer
Thermometer
Larutan Larutan natrium

argentum klorida
nitrat Sodium chloride,
Silver nitrate, NaCl solution
AgNO3 solution
Rajah/ Diagram 3.13
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1. 25.0 cm3 larutan argentum nitrat, AgNO3 0.5 mol dm−3 dituang ke dalam sebuah cawan polistirena.
25.0 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm− 3 silver nitrate, AgNO3 solution is poured into a polystyrene cup.
2. Termometer dimasukkan ke dalam cawan polistirena dan dibiarkan selama 2 minit. Suhu awal larutan
argentum nitrat, AgNO3 direkodkan.
A thermometer is placed into the polystyrene cup and left for 2 minutes. Initial temperature of silver nitrate solution,
AgNO3 is recorded.
3. 25.0 cm3 larutan natrium klorida, NaCl 0.5 mol dm−3 dituang ke dalam cawan polistirena yang satu lain.
25.0 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm− 3 sodium chloride, NaCl solution is poured into another polystyrene cup.
4. Termometer dimasukkan ke dalam cawan polistirena yang mengandungi larutan natrium klorida, NaCl
dan dibiarkan selama 2 minit. Suhu awal larutan direkodkan.
A thermometer is placed into the polystyrene cup containing sodium chloride, NaCl solution and left for 2 minutes.
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The initial temperature of the solution is recorded.
5. Larutan natrium klorida, NaCl dituang dengan berhati-hati dan cepat ke dalam cawan polistirena yang
mengandungi larutan argentum nitrat, AgNO3.
Sodium chloride NaCl, solution is poured carefully and quickly into the polystyrene cup containing silver nitrate,
AgNO3 solution.
6. Campuran dikacau dengan menggunakan termometer dan suhu tertinggi atau terendah campuran
direkodkan.
The mixture is stirred using a thermometer and the highest or lowest temperature of the mixture is recorded.
7. Langkah 1 hingga 6 diulang dengan menggantikan larutan argentum nitrat, AgNO3 0.5 mol dm−3 dan
AS
natrium klorida, NaCl 0.5 mol dm−3 masing-masing dengan larutan magnesium nitrat, Mg(NO3)2 2.0 mol
dm−3 dan larutan natrium karbonat, Na2CO3 2.0 mol dm−3.
Steps 1 to 6 are repeated by replacing 0.5 mol dm−3 silver nitrate , AgNO3 solution and 0.5 mol dm−3 sodium chloride,
NaCl solution with 2.0 mol dm−3 magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2 solution and 2.0 mol dm−3 sodium carbonate, Na2CO3
solution.
Keputusan/ Results:
1. AgNO3 0.5 mol dm−3 + NaCl 0.5 mol dm−3 Suhu/ Temperature (0C)
Suhu awal larutan argentum nitrat, 28.0
Initial temperature of silver nitrate solution
N
Suhu awal larutan natrium klorida, 28.0
Initial temperature of sodium chloride solution
Purata suhu awal campuran, 28.0 + 28.0

= 28.0
Average initial temperature of mixture 2
Suhu tertinggi/terendah campuran
PA
31.0
Highest/lowest temperature of mixture
Perbezaan suhu, θ 31.0 – 28.0 = 3.0

Temperature difference, θ
2. Mg(NO3)2 2.0 mol dm−3 + Na2CO3 2.0 mol dm−3 Suhu/ Temperature (0C)
Suhu awal larutan magnesium nitrat, 28.0
Initial temperature of magnesium sulphate solution
Suhu awal larutan natrium karbonat, 28.0

Initial temperature of sodium carbonate solution

= 28.0
Suhu tertinggi/terendah campuran 22.0
Highest/lowest temperature of mixture


1. Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas pertama.
Write the chemical equation for the first reaction.
AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3
99
(a) Hitung bilangan mol argentum klorida, AgCl yang terbentuk. TP 3 KBAT Mengaplikasi
Calculate the number of moles of AgCl formed.
Bilangan mol AgNO3 yang digunakan
Number of moles of AgNO3 used
= MV
1 000
(0.5) (25)
=
1 000
= 0.0125 mol
(b) Bilangan mol NaCl yang digunakan

Number of moles of NaCl used
IA
= MV
1 000
(0.5) (25)
=
1 000
= 0.0125 mol
(c) Daripada persamaan kimia:/ From the chemical equation:

AS
AgNO3 + NaCl  AgCl + NaNO3
1 mol 1 mol 1 mol 1 mol
Daripada tindak balas:/ From the reaction:
AgNO3 + NaCl  AgCl + NaNO3

0.0125 mol 0.0125 mol 0.0125 mol 0.0125 mol
Bilangan mol AgCl/ Number of moles of AgCl, n = 0.0125 mol
(d) Hitung haba dibebaskan.

N
released.
Calculate the heat released.
Haba tindak balas/ Heat of reaction, Q = mc

mcθ
= (25 + 25)(4.2)(3.0)
= 630 J
PA
(e) Hitung haba pemendakan.

Calculate the heat of precipitation.
Q
Haba pemendakan/ Heat of precipitation, ∆H = –
n
630 J
=–
0.0125 mol
50 400 J mol–1
=–
1 000
= –50.4 kJ mol–1
(f) Tuliskan persamaan termokimia bagi tindak balas.

Write the thermochemistry equation for the reaction.
AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3 ∆H = –50.4 kJ mol–1
2. Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas kedua.

Write the chemical equation for the second reaction.
Mg(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 → MgCO3 + 2NaNO3
100
(a) Hitung bilangan mol MgCO3 yang terbentuk. TP 3 KBAT Mengaplikasi
Calculate the number of moles of MgCO3 formed.
Bilangan mol Mg(NO3)2 yang digunakan
Number of moles of Mg(NO3)2 used
= MV
1 000
(2.0) (25)
=
1 000
= 0.05 mol
IA
(b) Bilangan mol Na2CO3 yang digunakan
Number of moles of Na2CO3 used
= MV
1 000
(2.0) (25)
=
1 000
= 0.05 mol
AS
(c) Daripada persamaan:/ From the equation:
Mg(NO3)2 + Na2CO3  MgCO3 + 2NaNO3
1 mol 1 mol
Daripada tindak balas:/ From the reaction:
1 mol 2 mol
Mg(NO3)2 + Na2CO3  MgCO3 + 2NaNO3

0.005 mol 0.005 mol 0.005 mol 0.010 mol
N
Bilangan mol MgCO3/ Number of moles of MgCO3, n = 0.005 mol
(d) Hitung haba dibebaskan.

PA
Haba tindak balas/ Heat of reaction, Q = mcθ

mc
= (25 + 25)(4.2)(6.0)
= 1260 J
(e) Hitung haba pemendakan. TP 4 KBAT Mengaplikasi

Calculate the heat of precipitation
Q
Haba pemendakan/ Heat of precipitation, ∆H = +
n
1 260 J
=+
0.05 mol
25 200 J mol–1
=+
1 000
= + 25.2 kJ mol-1
(f) Tuliskan persamaan termokimia bagi tindak balas.

Mg(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 → MgCO3 + 2NaNO3 ∆H = + 25.2 kJ mol–1
101
3. Lukiskan gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi kedua-dua tindak balas.
Draw the energy level diagram for both reactions.
(a) AgNO3 0.5 mol dm−3 + NaCl 0.5 mol dm−3 (b) Mg(NO3)2 2.0 mol dm−3 + Na2CO3 2.0 mol dm−3
Tenaga/ Energy Tenaga/ Energy
AgNO3 + NaCl MgCO3 + 2NaNO3
H = – 50.4 kJ mol–1 H = + 25.2 kJ mol–1
AgCl + NaNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + Na2CO3
4. Mengapakah cawan polistirena digunakan dalam aktiviti ini?
IA
Why a polystyrene cup is used in this activity?
Mengurangkan haba hilang ke persekitaran/ To reduce heat lost to the surroundings
5. Mengapakah haba pemendakan yang diperoleh dalam aktiviti lebih rendah daripada teori?
Why the heat of precipitation obtained in the activity lower than theory? TP 2
Sebahagian haba hilang ke persekitaran / Haba diserap oleh cawan polistirena
Some heat lost to the surroundings / Heat absorbed by the polystyrene cup
AS
Pautan Interaktif
Prosedur menentukan haba pemendakan argentum klorida, AgCl.
Procedure to determine the heat of precipitation of silver chloride, AgCl.
B Haba Penyesaran
N
Heat of Displacement
1. Tindak balas penyesaran berlaku apabila logam yang lebih elektropositif menyesarkan logam yang kurang
elektropositif daripada larutan garamnya.
Displacement reaction occurs when a more electropositive metal displace a less electropositive metal from its salt solution.
2. Haba penyesaran ialah perubahan haba apabila satu mol logam disesarkan daripada larutan garamnya oleh
PA
logam yang lebih elektropositif .

The heat of displacement is the heat change when one mole of a metal is displaced from its salt solution by a more
electropositive metal .
Contoh/Example 8
Termometer Serbuk magnesium

Thermometer Magnesium powder, Mg
Larutan
ferum(II)
sulfat
Iron(II) sulphate,
FeSO4 solution
Rajah/ Diagram 3.14
102
Mg + FeSO4 → MgSO4 + Fe ∆H = – 200 kJ mol-1
Daripada persamaan termokimia, 200 kJ haba telah dibebaskan apabila 1 mol ferum, Fe disesarkan
daripada larutan ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO4 oleh magnesium, Mg.
From the thermochemical equation, 200 kJ of heat is given out when 1 mole of iron, Fe is displaced from iron(II)
sulphate, FeSO4 solution by magnesium, Mg.
Tenaga/ Energy
IA
Mg + FeSO4
H = – 200 kJ mol–1
MgSO4 + Fe
Tujuan/Aim:
AS AKTIVITI 3.3
Eksperimen Wajib
Membandingkan haba penyesaran suatu logam daripada larutan garamnya oleh logam yang berlainan
keelektropositifan
Comparing the heat of displacement of a metal from its salt solution by metals of different electropositivity
Bahan/ Materials:
Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 0.5 mol dm-3, serbuk zink, Zn serbuk magnesium, Mg
N
0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution , zinc powder, Zn magnesium powder, Mg
Radas/ Apparatus:
Cawan polistirena, silinder penyukat, termometer, spatula
Polystyrene cup, measuring cylinder, thermometer, spatula
Prosedur/Procedure:
PA
Termometer Serbuk zink

Thermometer Zinc powder, Zn
Larutan
kuprum(II)
sulfat
Copper(II)
sulphate, CuSO4
solution
Rajah/ Diagram 3.15

1. 25 cm larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 0.5 mol dm-3 disukat dengan silinder penyukat dan dituang ke
3
dalam cawan polistirena.

25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution, is measured using a measuring cylinder and pour into a
polystyrene cup.
2. Larutan dikacau dengan termometer dan suhu awal larutan direkodkan.
The solution is stirred using a thermometer and initial temperature of the solution is recorded.
3. Satu spatula serbuk zink, Zn (berlebihan) dimasukkan dengan cepat ke dalam larutan kuprum(II) sulfat,
CuSO4 yang berada di dalam cawan polistirena.
One spatula of zinc powder, Zn (in excess) is added quickly into copper(II) suphate, CuSO4 solution in the polystyrene
cup.
103
4. Campuran dikacau dengan termometer dan suhu tertinggi campuran direkodkan.
The mixture is stirred with a thermometer and the highest temperature of the mixture is recorded.
5. Langkah 1 hingga 4 dengan menggantikan serbuk zink, Zn dengan serbuk magnesium, Mg.
Steps 1 to 4 are repeated by replacing zinc powder, Zn with magnesium powder, Mg.
Keputusan/ Results:
1. Zn + CuSO4 0.5 mol dm–3 Suhu/ Temperature (0C)
Suhu awal larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, 28.0

Initial temperature of copper(II) sulphate solution
Suhu tertinggi campuran, 33.0

Highest temperature of mixture
IA
2. Mg + CuSO4 0.5 mol dm–3 Suhu/ Temperature (0C)
Suhu awal larutan kuprum(II) sulfat,

AS 28.0
Initial temperature of copper(II) sulphate solution
Suhu tertinggi campuran, 39.0

Perbezaan suhu θ 39.0 – 28.0 = 11.0


1. Tuliskan persamaan kimia dan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas pertama
Write the chemical equation and ionic equation for the first reaction
reaction.
N
Persamaan kimia/ Chemical equation:
CuSO4 + Zn → ZnSO4 + Cu
Persamaan ion/ Ionic equation:

PA
Cu2+ + Zn → Zn2+ + Cu
(a) Hitung bilangan mol CuSO4 yang terbentuk.

Calculate the number of moles of CuSO4 formed
formed.
Bilangan mol CuSO4/ Number of moles of CuSO4 = MV

1 000
(0.5) (25)
=
1 000
= 0.0125 mol
(b) Hitung haba dibebaskan

Calculate the heat released
released.

= (25)(4.2)(5)
= 525 J
104
(c) Hitung haba penyesaran.
Calculate the heat of displacement.
Q
Haba penyesaran/ Heat of displacement, ∆H = –
n
525 J
=–
0.0125 mol
42 000 J mol–1
=–
1 000
= – 42.0 kJ mol–1
IA
(d) Tuliskan persamaan termokimia bagi tindak balas.
CuSO4 + Zn → ZnSO4 + Cu ∆H = – 42.0 kJ mol––1
(e) Lukiskan gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas.

Draw energy level diagram for the reaction.
AS Tenaga/ Energy
Zn + CuSO4
H = – 42.0 kJ mol–1
ZnSO4 + Cu
N
2. Tuliskan persamaan kimia dan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas kedua.
Write the chemical equation and the ionic equation for the second reaction.
CuSO4 + Mg → MgSO4 + Cu
PA

Cu2+ + Mg → Mg2+ + Cu
(a) Hitung bilangan mol CuSO4 yang digunakan.

Calculate the number of moles of CuSO4 used.
Bilangan mol CuSO4/ Number of moles of CuSO4 = MV

1 000
(0.5) (25)
=
1 000
= 0.0125 mol
(b) Hitung haba dibebaskan.


= (25)(4.2)(11)
= 1 155 J
105
(c) Hitung haba penyesaran.
Calculate the heat of displacement.
Q
Haba penyesaran/ Heat of displacement, ∆H = –
n
1 155 J
=–
0.0125 mol
92 400 J mol–1
=–
1 000
= – 92.4 kJ mol–1
(d) Tuliskan persamaan termokimia bagi tindak balas.
IA
CuSO4 + Mg → MgSO4 + Cu ∆H = – 92.4 kJ mol–1

Draw energy level diagram for the reaction.
Tenaga/ Energy
AS Mg + CuSO4
H = – 92.4 kJ mol–1
MgSO4 + Cu
3. Mengapakah cawan polistirena digunakan dalam aktiviti ini?

N
Why a polystyrene cup is used in this activity?
Untuk mengurangkan haba hilang ke persekitaran.
To reduce heat lost to the surroundings.
PA
4. Mengapakah nilai haba penyesaran yang diperoleh lebih rendah daripada teori?
Why the value of the heat of displacement obtained lower than theoretical?
Sebahagian haba hilang ke persekitaran/ Haba diserap oleh cawan polistirena
Some heat lost to the surroundings / Heat absorbed by polystyrene cup.
5. Mengapakah serbuk zink digunakan secara berlebihan?

Why the zinc powder is used in excess
excess?
Untuk memastikan semua ion Cu2+ disesarkan daripada larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4.
To ensure all Cu2+ ion is displaced from copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution.
Kesimpulan/ Conclusion:
Nilai haba penyesaran kuprum bergantung kepada keelektropositifan logam yang digunakan.
Jika logam yang lebih elektropositif seperti magnesium digunakan untuk menggantikan zink, maka nilai haba
penyesaran kuprum menjadi lebih besar .
electropositivity
The value of the heat of displacement of copper is depended on the of the metal used. If a more
electropositive metal such as magnesium is used to replace zinc, then the value of the heat of displacement of copper
greater
becomes .
106
C Haba Peneutralan
Heat of Neutralisation
1. Haba peneutralan ialah perubahan haba apabila satu mol air terbentuk daripada tindak balas antara asid dengan
alkali .
The heat of neutralisation is the heat change when one mole of water is formed from the reaction between an acid and
an alkali .
Contoh/Example 9
IA
Termometer
Thermometer
Larutan Asid nitrik

natrium Nitric acid, HNO3
AS hidroksida
Sodium
hydroxide, NaOH
solution

NaOH + HNO3 → NaNO3 + H2O
Rajah/ Diagra
Diagramm 3.16
∆H = –57.0 kJ mol-1
∆
Daripada persamaan termokimia, sebanyak 57.0 kJ haba telah dibebaskan apabila 1 mol air
terbentuk daripada tindak balas antara asid nitrik, HNO3 dan larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH.
N
From the thermochemical equation, 57.0 kJ of heat is given out when 1 mole of water formed from reaction
between nitric acid, HNO3 and sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution.
Tenaga/ Energy
PA
HNO3 + NaOH
H = – 57.0 kJ mol–1
NaNO3 + H2O
I Haba Peneutralan bagi Tindak Balas antara Asid Kuat dengan Alkali Kuat
The Heat of Neutralisation for Reaction between a Strong Acid and a Strong Alkali
1. Asid hidroklorik, HCl dan asid nitrik, HNO3 ialah asid monoprotik . Satu mol asid hidroklorik, HCl
atau asid nitrik, HNO menghasilkan satu mol ion hidrogen, H+ apabila mengion dalam air.
3
Haba peneutralan bagi tindak balas antara asid kuat dan alkali kuat ialah
–57.3 kJ mol–1.
Hydrochloric acid, HCl and nitric acid, HNO3 are monoprotic acids. One mole of hydrochloric acid, HCl or nitric
acid, HNO3 produces one mole of hydrogen ions, H when ionised in water. The heat of neutralisation for
+
reaction between a strong acid and a strong alkali is equal to –57.3 kJ mol–1.
107
2. Asid sulfurik, H2SO4 ialah asid diprotik . Satu mol asid sulfurik menghasilkan dua mol ion
hidrogen, H+ apabila mengion dalam air. Kepekatan ion hidrogen, H+ dalam asid sulfurik adalah dua kali ganda
lebih
tinggi daripada kepekatan ion hidrogen, H+ dalam asid hidroklorik, HCl dan asid nitrik, HNO3 pada kepekatan yang sama.
Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 is a diprotic acid. One mole of sulphuric acid, produces two moles of hydrogen ions,
H+ when ionised in water. The concentration of hydrogen ions, H+ of sulphuric acid is double the concentration of hydrogen ions, H+ of
the hydrochloric acid, HCl and nitric acid, HNO3 of the same concentration.
3. Apabila satu mol asid sulfurik, H2SO4 dineutralkan oleh larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH, 114.6 kJ tenaga haba dibebaskan
kerana dua mol air terbentuk. Walau bagaimanapun, haba yang dibebaskan oleh satu mol air yang terbentuk
masih 57.3 kJ .
When one mole of sulphuric acid, H2SO4 is neutralised by sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution, 114.6 kJ of heat energy is given out because
there are two moles of water formed. However, the heat given out by one mole of water formed is still 57.3 kJ .
IA
Eksperimen 3.1
Tujuan/ Aim:
Eksperimen
Menentukan haba peneutralan asid yang berlainan kekuatan dengan alkali kuat
Eksperimen Wajib
To determine the heat of neutralisation of acids of different strengths with strong alkalis
Penyataan masalah/ Problem statement:

Adakah tindak balas antara asid kuat dan alkali kuat menghasilkan haba peneutralan yang lebih tinggi daripada tindak
balas antara asid lemah dan alkali kuat?
AS
Does reaction between strong acid and strong alkali produce higher heat of neuralisation than reaction between weak acid and strong
alkali?
Hipotesis/ Hypothesis:
Tindak balas antara asid kuat dan alkali kuat menghasilkan haba peneutralan yang lebih tinggi berbanding tindak
balas antara asid lemah dan asid kuat.
Reaction between a strong acid and a strong alkali produce a higher heat of neutralisation as compared to the reaction between a weak
acid and a strong alkali.
N
Pemboleh ubah/ Variables:
(a) Dimanipulasikan/ Manipulated: Jenis asid/ Types of acid
(b) Bergerak balas/ Responding: Haba peneutralan/ Heat of neutralisation
PA
(c) Dimalarkan/ Fixed: Isi padu dan kepekatan alkali/ Volume and concentration of alkali
Bahan/ Materials:
Asid hidroklorik, HCl 1.0 mol dm-3, asid etanoik, CH3COOH 1.0 mol dm-3, larutan natrium hidroksida,
NaOH 1.0 mol dm-3
1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl, 1.0 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution
Radas/ Apparatus:
Cawan polistirena, silinder penyukat, termometer
Polystyrene cup, measuring cylinder, thermometer
Termometer
Thermometer
Larutan Asid hidroklorik

natrium Hydrochloric acid, HCl
hidroksida
Sodium
hydroxide, NaOH
solution
Rajah/ Diagram 3.17
108
1. 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik, HCl 1.0 mol dm-3 disukat dengan silinder penyukat dan dituang ke dalam cawan
polistirena.
50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl is measured using a measuring cylinder and poured into a polystyrene cup.
2. Suhu awal asid diukur dengan termometer selepas beberapa minit dan direkodkan.
The initial temperature of the acid is measured after a few minutes and is recorded.
3. 50 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH 1.0 mol dm-3 disukat dengan silinder penyukat dan dituangkan ke
dalam cawan polistirena lain.
50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution is measured using a measuring cylinder and poured into another polystyrene
cup.
4. Suhu awal alkali diukur dengan termometer selepas beberapa minit dan direkodkan.
The initial temperature of the alkali is measured after a few minutes and is recorded.
IA
5. Asid hidroklorik, HCl kemudian dituang dengan cepat dan cermat ke dalam larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH.
The hydrochloric acid, HCl is then poured quickly and carefully into the sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution.
6. Campuran dikacau dengan termometer dan suhu tertinggi direkodkan.
The mixture is stirred using a thermometer and the highest temperature is recorded.
7. Langkah 1 hingga 6 diulang dengan menggunakan asid etanoik, CH3COOH bagi menggantikan asid hidroklorik,
HCl.
Steps 1 to 6 are repeated using ethanoic acid, CH3COOH to replace hydrochloric acid, HCl .
Keputusan/ Result:
1. NaOH + HCl
Suhu awal asid hidroklorik,
Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid
Suhu awal larutan natrium hidroksida,
AS
Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide solution
Suhu/ Temperature (0C)
29.0
29.0

Average initial temperature of mixture = 29.0
2
Suhu tertinggi campuran,
N
Highest temperature of mixture 35.5
Perbezaan suhu, θ
35.5 – 29.0 = 6.5
PA
2. NaOH + CH3COOH Suhu/ Temperature (0C)

Suhu awal asid etanoik,
Initial temperature of ethanoic acid 29.0
Suhu awal larutan natrium hidroksida,

Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide solution 29.0

Average initial temperature of mixture = 29.0
2
Highest temperature of mixture 34.0
Perbezaan suhu, θ
34.0 – 29.0 = 5.0

1. Tuliskan persamaan kimia dan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas.
Write the chemical equation and the ionic equation for the reactions.
(a) Persamaan kimia tindak balas pertama./ Chemical equation for the first reaction.
HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O
(b) Persamaan kimia tindak balas kedua./ Chemical equation for the second reaction.
CH3COOH + NaOH  CH3COONa + H2O
109
2. Hitung haba peneutralan bagi tindak balas. TP 3 KBAT Mengaplikasi
Calculate the heat of neutralisation for the reactions.
(a) Tindak balas pertama:/ First reaction:
(i) Hitung bilangan mol air yang terbentuk./ Calculate the number of moles of water formed.
Daripada/ From HCl Daripada/ From NaOH
H+ + OH– H2O
MV MV
n= n=
1 000 1 000
(1.0)(50) (1.0)(50)
n= n=
1 000 1 000
n = 0.05 mol n = 0.05 mol
Berdasarkan persamaan ion,/ Based on the ionic equation,
IA
1 mol ion H+ bertindak balas dengan 1 mol ion OH– untuk membentuk 1 mol H2O.
1 mole of H+ ion react with 1 mole of OH- ion to form 1 mole of H2O.
Jadi, 0.05 mol ion H+ bertindak balas dengan 0.05 mol ion OH– untuk membentuk
0.05 mol H O.
2
Thus, 0.05 mole of H+ ion reacts with 0.05 mole of OH- ion to form 0.05 mole of H2O.
(ii) Haba tindak balas/ Heat of reaction, Q = mcθ
AS = (100)(4.2)(6.5) = 2 730 J
(iii) Haba peneutralan/ Heat of neutralisation, ∆H

∆H = –
Q
n
2 730 J
=–
0.05 mol
54 600 J mol–1
=–
1 000
= – 54.6 kJ mol-1
(c) Tindak balas kedua:/ Second reaction:
N
(i) Hitung bilangan mol air yang terbentuk./ Calculate the number of moles of water formed.
Daripada/ From CH3COOH Daripada/ From NaOH
H +
+ OH– H2O
MV MV
n= n=
1 000 1 000
PA
(1.0)(50) (1.0)(50)
n= n=
1 000 1 000
n = 0.05 mol n = 0.05 mol
1 mol ion H+ bertindak balas dengan 1 mol ion OH– menghasilkan 1 mol H2O.
1 mol of H+ ion react with 1 mol of OH- ion to produce 1 mol of H2O.
Jadi, 0.05 mol ion H+ bertindak balas dengan 0.05 mol ion OH- menghasilkan 0.05 mol
H2O.
Thus, 0.05 mol of H+ ion react with 0.05 mol of OH- ion to produce 0.05 mol of H2O.
= (100)(4.2)(6.5) = 2 730 J
Q
(iii) Haba peneutralan/ Heat of neutralisation, ∆H = –
n
2 100 J
=–
0.05
42 000 J mol–1
=–
1 000
= – 42.0 kJ mol-1
110
3. Persamaan termokimia bagi kedua-dua tindak balas. TP 3 KBAT Mengaplikasi
Thermochemistry equation for both reactions.
(a) HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O ∆H = – 54.6 kJ mol-1
(b) CH3COOH + NaOH  CH3COONa + H2O ∆H = – 42.0 kJ mol–1
4. Lukiskan gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas.

Draw the energy level diagram for reactions.
(a) HCl + NaOH (b) CH3COOH + NaOH
IA
HCl + NaOH CH3COOH + NaOH
H = – 46.2 kJ mol–1 H = – 29.4 kJ mol–1
NaCl + H2O CH3COONa + H20
AS
5. Mengapakah cawan polistirena digunakan dalam eksperimen ini? TP 2
Why a polystyrene cup is used in this experiment?
Untuk mengurangkan haba hilang ke persekitaran./ To reduce heat lost to the surroundings.
6. Mengapakah nilai haba peneutralan yang diperoleh lebih rendah daripada teori? TP 4 KBAT Menganalisis
Why the value of the heat of neutralisation obtained lower than theoretical?
N
Some heat lost to the surroundings / Heat is absorbed by the polystyrene cup
7. Bandingkan haba peneutralan antara kedua-dua tindak balas. Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Compare the heat of neutralisation of both reaction. Explain your answer.
Tindak balas antara asid hidroklorik dengan natrium hidroksida mempunyai haba peneutralan yang lebih tinggi
PA
berbanding tindak balas antara asid etanoik dengan natrium hidroksida. Asid hidroklorik ialah asid kuat yang
mengion sepenuhnya di dalam air manakala asid etanoik ialah asid lemah mengion separa di dalam air. Molekul
asid etanoik menyerap sebahagian haba yang dibebaskan dalam tindak balas untuk mengion sepenuhnya.
Reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide has a higher heat of neutralisation compared to the reaction between
ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid that ionises completely in water while ethanoic acid is a weak
acid that ionises partially in water. Molecules of ethanoic acid absorb some of the heat given out in the reaction to ionises completely.
Tindak balas antara asid kuat dengan alkali kuat mempunyai haba peneutralan yang lebih tinggi berbanding tindak
balas antara asid lemah dengan alkali kuat. .
Reaction between a strong acid and a strong alkali has a higher heat of neutralisation compared to the reaction between a weak
acid and a strong alkali .
Pautan Interaktif
Prosedur menentukan haba peneutralan bagi tindak balas antara asid hidroklorik, HCl dan larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH.
Procedure to determine the heat of neutralisation for a reaction between hydrochloric acid, HCl and sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution.
111
II Haba Peneutralan bagi Tindak Balas antara Asid Lemah dengan Alkali Lemah
The Heat of Neutralisation for Reaction between a Weak Acid and a Weak Alkali
1. Haba peneutralan antara asid lemah dengan alkali kuat adalah kurang daripada –57.3 kJ mol–1.
The heat of neutralisation between a weak acid and a strong alkali is less than –57.3 kJ mol–1.
2. Ini disebabkan kebanyakan asid lemah masih wujud sebagai molekul apabila larut dalam air.
Asid lemah mengion separa dalam air untuk menghasilkan kepekatan ion hidrogen, H+ yang
rendah .
This is because most of the weak acids exist as molecules when dissolve in water. They ionise partially
in water to produce low concentration of hydrogen ions, H+.
3. Sebahagian haba yang dibebaskan semasa tindak balas peneutralan diserap oleh molekul
memutuskan
IA
asid lemah untuk ikatan supaya dapat mengion dengan lengkap untuk menghasilkan
ion hidrogen, H . Maka, nilai ΔH akan
+
kurang daripada –57.3 kJ mol–1.
Some of the heat given out during neutralisation reaction is absorbed by the weak acid molecules to
break the bond so that it can completely ionises to produce hydrogen ions, H+ . Thus, the value of ΔH is
less than –57.3 kJ mol–1.
4. Haba peneutralan bagi tindak balas antara asid lemah dengan alkali lemah adalah lebih rendah
memecahkan
AS
kerana lebih banyak tenaga diperlukan untuk
lemah supaya dapat mengion dengan lengkap.
ikatan dalam molekul asid lemah dan alkali
The heat of neutralisation for reaction between a weak acid and a weak alkali is much
break
lower because more
energy is required to the bonds in both weak acid and weak alkali molecules in order to ionises
completely.
Eksperimen 3.2
Tujuan/ Aim:
Eksperimen
Eksperimen Wajib
Menentukan haba peneutralan asid yang berlainan kekuatan dengan alkali lemah
N
To determine the heat of neutralisation of acids of different strengths with weak alkalis
Adakah tindak balas antara asid kuat dan alkali lemah menghasilkan haba peneutralan yang lebih tinggi daripada
tindak balas antara asid lemah dan alkali lemah?
Does reaction between strong acid and weak alkali produce higher heat of neuralisation than reaction between weak acid and weak
PA
alkali?
Tindak balas antara asid kuat dengan alkali lemah menghasilkan haba peneutralan yang lebih tinggi berbanding tindak
balas antara asid lemah dengan alkali lemah. .
Reaction between a strong acid and a weak alkalis produce a higher heat of neutralisation compared to the reaction between a weak
acid and a weak alkali. .

(a) Dimanipulasikan/ Manipulated: Jenis asid/ Types of acid
(b) Bergerak balas/ Responding: Haba peneutralan/ Heat of neutralisation
(c) Dimalarkan/ Fixed: Isi padu dan kepekatan alkali/ Volume and concentration of alkali
Bahan/ Materials:
Asid hidroklorik, HCl 2.0 mol dm-3, larutan ammonia, NH3 2.0 mol dm-3, asid etanoik, CH3COOH 2.0 mol dm-3
2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl, 2.0 mol dm-3 ammonia, NH3, 2.0 solution mol dm-3 ethanoic acid, CH3COOH
Radas/ Apparatus:
Cawan polistirena, silinder penyukat, termometer
Polystyrene cup, measuring cylinder, thermometer
112
Termometer
Thermometer
Larutan Asid hidroklorik

ammonia Hydrochloric acid, HCl
Ammonia,
NH3 solution
Rajah/ Diagram 3.18
IA
1. 50 cm asid hidroklorik, HCl 2.0 mol dm disukat dengan silinder penyukat dan dituang ke dalam cawan
3 -3
polistirena.
50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl is measured using a measuring cylinder and poured into a polystyrene cup.
2. Suhu awal asid diukur dengan termometer selepas beberapa minit dan direkodkan.
The initial temperature of the acid is measured after a few minutes and is recorded.
3. 50 cm3 larutan ammonia, NH3 2.0 mol dm-3 disukat dengan silinder penyukat dan dituang ke dalam cawan
polistirena lain.
50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 ammonia, NH3 solution is measured using a measuring cylinder and poured into another polystyrene cup.
AS
4. Suhu awal alkali diukur dengan termometer selepas beberapa minit dan direkodkan.
The initial temperature of the alkali is measured after a few minutes and is recorded.
5. Asid hidroklorik, HCl kemudian dituang dengan cepat dan cermat ke dalam larutan ammonia, NH3.
The hydrochloric acid, HCl is then poured quickly and carefully into the ammonia
6. Campuran dikacau dengan termometer dan suhu tertinggi direkodkan.
ammonia,, NH3 solution.
The mixture is stirred using a thermometer and measured the highest temperature is recorded.
7. Langkah 1 hingga 6 diulang dengan menggunakan asid etanoik, CH3COOH bagi menggantikan asid hidroklorik,
HCl.
Steps 1 to 6 are repeated using ethanoic acid
acid,, CH3COOH to replace hydrochloric acid
acid, HCl.
N
Keputusan/ Result:
1. HCl + NH3 Suhu/ Temperature (0C)
Suhu awal asid hidroklorik,
28.0
Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid
PA
Suhu awal larutan ammonia,

28.0
Initial temperature of ammonia solution
Purata suhu awal campuran, 28.0 + 28.0 = 28.0
34.0
Perbezaan suhu, θ
34.0 – 28.0 = 6.0
2. CH3COOH + NH3 Suhu/ Temperature (0C)

Suhu awal asid etanoik,
28.0
Initial temperature of ethanoic acid
Suhu awal larutan ammonia,
28.0
Initial temperature of ammonia solution
Purata suhu awal campuran, 28.0 + 28.0 = 28.0
30.0
Perbezaan suhu, θ
30.0 – 28.0 = 2.0
113
1. Hitung haba peneutralan tindak balas./ Calculate the heat of neutralisation of the reactions.
(a) Tindak balas pertama:/ First reaction:
(i) Hitung bilangan mol air yang terbentuk. TP 3 KBAT Mengaplikasi
Calculate the number of moles of water formed.
Daripada/ From HCl Daripada/ From NH3
H+ + OH– H2O
MV MV
n= n=
1 000 1 000
(2.0)(50) (2.0)(50)
n= n=
1 000 1 000
n = 0.1 mol n = 0.1 mol
IA
1 mole of H+ ion react with 1 mole of OH– ion to produce 1 mole of H2O.
Jadi, 0.1 mol ion H+ bertindak balas dengan 0.1 mol ion OH– menghasilkan 0.1 mol H2O.
Thus, 0.1 mole of H+ ion react with 0.1 mole of OH–ion to produce 0.1 mole of H2O.
AS
= (100)(4.2)(6)
= 2 520 J
Q
(iii) Haba peneutralan/ Heat of neutralisation, ∆H
∆H = –
n
2 520 J
=–
0.1 mol
25 200 J mol–1
=–
1 000
N
= – 25.2 kJ mol–1
(b) Tindak balas kedua/ Second reaction:

(i) Hitung bilangan mol air yang terbentuk. TP 3 KBAT Mengaplikasi
Calculate the number of moles of water formed.
PA
Daripada/ From CH3COOH Daripada/ From NH3

H+ + OH– H2O
MV MV
n= n=
1 000 1 000
(2.0)(50) (2.0)(50)
n= n=
1 000 1 000
n = 0.1 mol n = 0.1 mol

1 moel of H+ ion react with 1 mole of OH- ion to produce 1 mole of H2O.
Jadi, 0.1 mol ion H+ bertindak balas dengan 0.1 mol ion OH– menghasilkan 0.1 mol H2O.
Thus, 0.1 mole of H+ ion react with 0.1 mole of OH– ion to produce 0.1 mole of H2O.

= (100)(4.2)(2)
= 840 J
114
Q
(iii) Haba peneutralan/ Heat of neutralisation, ∆H = –
n
840 J
=–
0.1 mol
8 400 J mol–1
=–
1 000
= – 8.4 kJ mol–1
2. Mengapakah cawan polistirena digunakan dalam eksperimen ini?
Why a polystyrene cup is used in this experiment?
Untuk mengurangkan haba hilang ke persekitaran/ To reduce heat lost to the surroundings.
IA
3. Mengapakah nilai haba peneutralan yang diperoleh lebih rendah daripada teori?
Why the value of heat of neutralisation obtained lower than theoretical?
Some heat lost to the surroundings / Heat is absorbed by the polystyrene cup
4. Bandingkan haba peneutralan bagi kedua-dua tindak balas. Terangkan jawapan anda.
AS
Compare the heat of neutralisation for both reactions. Explain your answer.
Tindak balas antara asid hidroklorik dengan ammonia mempunyai haba peneutralan yang lebih tinggi berbanding
tindak balas antara asid etanoik dengan ammonia. Asid hidroklorik ialah asid kuat yang mengion sepenuhnya di
dalam air manakala asid etanoik ialah asid lemah yang mengion separa di dalam air. Ammonia ialah alkali lemah
yang mengion separa di dalam air. Molekul asid etanoik dan ammonia menyerap sebahagian haba yang dibebaskan
dalam tindak balas untuk mengion sepenuhnya.
Reaction between hydrochloric acid with ammonia has a higher heat of neutralisation compared to the reaction between ethanoic
acid with ammonia. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid that ionises completely in water while ethanoic acid is a weak acid that ionises
N
partially in water. Ammonia is weak acid that ionises partially in water. Some heat released in the reaction is absorbed by molecules
of ethanoic and ammonia to ionises completely.
PA
Tindak balas antara asid kuat dengan alkali lemah mempunyai haba peneutralan yang lebih tinggi berbanding tindak
balas antara asid lemah dengan alkali lemah .
Reaction between a strong acid and a weak alkali has a higher heat of neutralisation compared to the reaction between a weak
acid with a weak alkali .
D Haba Pembakaran
Heat of Combustion
1. Haba pembakaran ialah perubahan haba apabila satu mol bahan dibakar dengan lengkap dalam
oksigen pada keadaan piawai untuk menghasilkan air, H2O dan karbon dioksida, CO2 .
The heat of combustion is the heat change when one mole of a substance is completely burnt in oxygen under standard
condition to produce water, H2O and carbon dioxide, CO2 .
2. Alkohol ialah bahan api yang baik. Pembakaran alkohol yang lengkap menghasilkan karbon dioksida ,
air dan membebaskan banyak tenaga haba .
Alcohol is a good fuel. The complete combustion of alcohol produces carbon dioxide , water and releases a lot
of heat energy.
115
Contoh/Example 10
Termometer
Thermometer
Penghadang
angin Bekas kuprum
Windshield Copper can
Tungku Air
kaki tiga Water
Tripod stand
Pelita Metanol
Spirit lamp Methanol, CH3OH
Bongkah kayu
Wooden block
Rajah/ Diagram 3.19
IA
(a) Persamaan termokimia:/ Thermochemical equation: TP 2
3
CH3OH + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2H2O ∆H = –504 kJ mol–1
∆
Daripada persamaan termokimia, sebanyak 504 kJ haba telah dibebaskan apabila 1 mol metanol, CH3OH
terbakar lengkap dalam oksigen berlebihan untuk membentuk air dan
gas karbon dioksida .
excess oxygen to produce

AS
From the equation, 504 kJ mol-1 heat is
water

given out
and
TP2
when 1 mole of methanol, CH3OH burnt completely in
carbon dioxide .
Tenaga/ Energy
3
CH3OH + O
2 2
H = – 504.0 kJ mol–1
N
CO2 + H2O
3. Hubungan antara haba pembakaran alkohol dengan bilangan atom karbon per molekul alkohol atau jisim molekul
relatif alkohol:
Relationship between the heat of combustion of alcohol and the number of carbon atoms per alcohol molecule or relative molecular
PA
mass of alcohol:
(a) Apabila bilangan atom karbon dan atom hidrogen per molekul alkohol bertambah, haba pembakaran akan
bertambah .
When the number of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms per molecule of alcohol increases, the heat of combustion will
increases .
(b) Ini disebabkan, apabila lebih banyak atom karbon dan atom hidrogen terbakar , lebih banyak gas
karbon dioksida dan air terbentuk.
This is because when more carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms are burnt , more carbon dioxide gas and
water are formed.
(c) Pembentukan ikatan kimia dalam karbon dioksida dan air membebaskan tenaga haba . Lebih
banyak karbon dioksida dan air terbentuk, lebih banyak tenaga haba dibebaskan .
The formation of chemical bonds in carbon dioxide and water gives out heat energy. The more carbon dioxide
and water formed, the more heat to be given out .
(d) Ini menjelaskan mengapa haba pembakaran alkohol bertambah apabila bilangan atom karbon dan atom
hidrogen per molekul alkohol bertambah .
This explains why the heat of combustion of alcohol increases when the number of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms
per molecule of alcohol increases .
116
Eksperimen 3.3
Tujuan/ Aim:
Eksperimen Wajib
Eksperimen
Membandingkan haba pembakaran pelbagai alkohol
To compare the heat of combustion of various alcohols
Adakah bilangan atom karbon per molekul alkohol mempengaruhi haba pembakaran?
Does the number of carbon atoms per molecule of alcohol affect the heat of combustion?
Semakin banyak bilangan atom karbon per molekul alhohol, semakin tinggi haba pembakaran
IA
The higher the number of carbon atoms per alcohol molecule, the higher is the heat of combustion

(a) dimanipulasikan/ manipulated: Jenis alkolhol/ Types of alcohol
(b) bergerak balas/ responding: Haba pembakaran/ Heat of combustion
(c) dimalarkan/ fixed: Isi padu air, bekas kuprum/ Volume of water, copper can
Bahan/ Materials:
Metanol, etanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol, air / Methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol, water
Radas/ Apparatus:
AS
Bekas kuprum, tungku kaki tiga, termometer, silinder penyukat, pelita, penimbang, penghadang angin, bongkah kayu
Copper can, tripod stand, thermometer, measuring cylinder, spirit lamp, balance, wind shield, wooden block
Termometer
Thermometer
Penghadang
angin Bekas kuprum
Windshield Copper can
N
Tungku Air
kaki tiga Water
Tripod stand
Pelita Metanol
Spirit lamp Methanol, CH3OH
Bongkah kayu
Wooden block
PA
Rajah/ Diagra
Diagram 3.20
1. 100 cm air disukat dan dituang ke dalam bekas kuprum.
3
100 cm3 of water is measured and poured into a copper can.

2. Air dikacau dengan termometer dan suhu awal direkodkan.
The water is stirred using a thermometer and the initial temperature is recorded.
3. Bekas kuprum diletakkan di atas tungku kaki tiga.
The copper can is placed on a tripod stand.
4. Pelita diisi tiga per empat penuh dengan metanol. Pelita dan kandungannya ditimbang dan jisimnya direkodkan.
A lamp is three quarter filled with methanol. The lamp and its contents are weighed and the mass is recorded.
5. Kedudukan pelita dilaraskan dengan bongkah kayu dan sumbu pelita dinyalakan.
The position of the lamp is adjusted with a wooden block and the wick of the lamp is lighted.
6. Penghadang angin seperti ditunjukkan Rajah 3.20 diletakkan untuk mengurangkan kehilangan haba ke sekitaran.
A windshield is placed as shown in Diagram 3.20 to minimise the heat lost to the moving air in the surroundings.
7. Air dikacau dengan termometer sepanjang eksperimen.
The water is stirred using thermometer throughout the experiment.
8. Nyala pelita dipadamkan apabila suhu air meningkat sebanyak 30 °C. Suhu tertinggi direkodkan.
The flame is put off when the temperature of the water increases by 30°. The highest temperature is recorded.
9. Pelita bersama kandungannya ditimbang semula dengan serta merta dan jisimnya direkodkan.
The lamp and its contents are weighted immediately and the mass is recorded.
10. Langkah 1 hingga 9 diulang dengan menggunakan etanol, propan-1-ol dan butan-1-ol bagi menggantikan metanol.
Steps 1 to 9 are repeated using ethanol, propan-1-ol and butan-1-ol to replace methanol.
117
Keputusan/ Result:
Jenis alkohol Metanol Etanol Propan-1-ol Butan-1-ol
Types of alcohol Methanol Ethanol Propan-1-ol Butan-1-ol
Suhu awal, Jawapan murid Jawapan murid
28.0 28.0
Initial temperature (°C) Students answer Students answer
Suhu tertinggi, Jawapan murid Jawapan murid
58.0 58.0
Highest temperature (°C) Students answer Students answer
Perubahan suhu, Jawapan murid Jawapan murid
30.0 30.0
Temperature changes (°C) Students answer Students answer
Jisim awal pelita, Jawapan murid Jawapan murid
374.95 332.00
Initial mass of lamp (g) Students answer Students answer
IA
Jisim akhir pelita, Jawapan murid Jawapan murid
373.35 330.80
Final mass of lamp (g) Students answer Students answer
Jisim alkohol terbakar, Jawapan murid JJawapan
awapan murid
1.6 1.2
Mass of alcohol burnt (g) Students answer Students answer

1. Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi pembakaran alkohol.
(a) Metanol/ Methanol:

AS
Write the chemical equation for the combustion of alcohol.
3
CH3OH + 2 O2  CO2 + 2H2O
(b) Etanol/ Ethanol: C2H5OH + 3O2  2CO2 + 3H2O

9
(c) Propan-1-ol/ Propan-1-ol: C3H7OH + 2 O2  3CO2 + 4H2O
(d) Butan-1-ol/ Butan-1-ol: C4H9OH + 6O2  4CO2 + 5H2O
2. Hitungkan haba pembakaran bagi metanol and etanol.

N
Calculate the heat of combustion for methanol and ethanol.
Jenis alkohol Metanol Etanol
Types of alcohol Methanol Ethanol
(a) Bilangan mol Bilangan mol/ Number of moles Bilangan mol/ Number of moles
PA
alkohol yang Jisim/ Mass Jisim/ Mass

terbakar, = =
Jisim molar/ Molar mass Jisim molar/ Molar mass
Number of moles of 1.6 1.2
alcohol burnt = =
32 46
= 0.05 = 0.03
(b) Haba dibebaskan, Haba tindak balas/ Heat of reaction, Haba tindak balas/ Heat of reaction,
Heat given out Q = mcθ Q = mcθ
= (100)(4.2)(30) = (100)(4.2)(30)
= 12 600 J = 12 600 J
(c) Haba pembakaran, Haba pembakaran/ Heat of combustion, Haba pembakaran/ Heat of combustion,
Heat of combustion Q Q
∆H = – ∆H = –
n n
12 600 J 12 600 J
=– =–
0.05 mol 0.03 mol
252 000 J mol–1 420 000 J mol–1
=– =–
1 000 1 000
= –252 kJ mol–1 = – 420 kJ mol–1
118
3. Lukiskan gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas.
Draw the energy level diagram for the reactions.
(a) Metanol/ Methanol (b) Etanol/ Ethanol
3 C2H3OH + 3O2
CH3OH + O
2 2
H = – 252.0 kJ mol–1 H = – 420.0 kJ mol–1
IA
CO2 + H2O 2CO2 + 3H2O
4. Mengapakah bekas kuprum digunakan dalam eksperimen ini?

Why copper can is used in this experiment?
Logam kuprum ialah penyerap haba yang baik.
Copper metal is good heat absorber.
AS
5. Mengapakah kasa dawai tidak digunakan dalam eksperimen ini?
Why wire gauze is not used in this experiment?
Kasa dawai akan menyerap sebahagian haba yang dibebaskan dalam pembakaran alkohol
Wire gauze will absorb heat released in the combustion of alcohol.
6. Mengapakah penghadang angin digunakan dalam eksperimen ini?

Why the wind shield is used in this experiment?
Untuk mengurangkan haba hilang ke persekitaran akibat dibawa oleh angin.
To minimise the heat lost to the moving air in the surroundings.
N
7. Bandingkan haba pembakaran antara metanol dan etanol. Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Compare the heat of combustion between methanol and ethanol. Explain your answer.
Haba pembakaran etanol lebih tinggi daripada metanol. Semakin bertambah bilangan atom karbon dan hidrogen
per molekul alkohol, semakin tinggi haba pembakaran.
PA
Heat of combustion of ethanol is higher than methanol. The higher number of carbon and hydrogen atoms per methanol
molecule of alcohol, the higher is the heat of combustion.
Semakin bertambah bilangan atom karbon per molekul alkohol, semakin tinggi haba pembakaran.
The higher the number of carbon atoms per alcohol molecule, the higher is the heat of combustion.
Uji Kendiri 3.2

1. Rajah 3.21 menunjukkan suatu aktiviti untuk menentukan haba pemendakan argentum klorida, AgCl.
Diagram 3.21 shows an activity to determine the heat of precipitation of silver chloride, AgCl.
Termometer
Thermometer
25 cm3, larutan kalium

25 cm3 larutan argentum klorida, KCl 0.5 mol dm–3
nitrat, AgNO3 0.5 mol dm–3 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3
25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 potassium chloride,
silver nitrate, AgNO3 solution KCl solution
Rajah/ Diagram 3.21
119
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan keputusan aktiviti.
The table below shows the results of the activity.
Suhu awal larutan argentum nitrat/ Initial temperature of silver nitrate solution = 29.0 °C
Suhu awal larutan kalium klorida/ Initial temperature of potassium chloride solution = 29.0 °C
Suhu tertinggi campuran/ Highest temperature of the mixture = 32.0 °C
(a) Takrifan haba pemendakan berdasarkan aktiviti ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 3.21. TP 2
Define the heat of precipitation based on the activity shown in Diagram 3.21
Haba pemendakan ialah perubahan haba apabila 1 mol mendakan argentum klorida, AgCl terbentuk daripada
ion-ion Ag+ dan Cl– dalam larutan akueus argentum nitrat, AgNO3 dan kalium klorida, KCl.
Heat of precipitation is the heat change when 1 mole of silver chloride, AgCl precipitate is formed from Ag+ and Cl- ions
IA
in aqueous solution of silver nitrate, AgNO3 and potassium chloride, KCl.
(b) Nyatakan satu pemerhatian dalam aktiviti./ State one observation in the activity.
Mendakan putih terhasil/ Bacaan termometer meningkat/ Bekas menjadi panas
White precipitate formed/ Thermometer reading increases/ Container becomes hot
(c) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas.
AgNO3 + KCl → AgCl + KNO3

AS
Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
(d) Hitungkan yang berikut:/ Calculate the following:

(i) Haba tindak balas,/ Heat of reaction,
Q = mcθ
= (50)(4.2)(3)
= 630 J
(ii) Haba pemendakan/ Heat of precipitation

N
Bilangan mol Ag+/ Number of moles of Ag+ = Bilangan mol AgNO3 digunakan/ Number of moles of AgNO3 used
MV
=
1 000
(0.5)(25)
= = 0.0125 mol
PA
1 000
Bilangan mol Cl–/ Number of moles of Cl– = Bilangan mol NaCl digunakan/ Number of moles of NaCl used
MV
=
1 000
(0.5)(25)
= = 0.0125 mol
1 000
Berdasarkan persamaan kimia,/ Based on the chemical equation,

1 mol AgNO3 bertindak balas dengan 1 mol KCl untuk menghasilkan 1 mol AgCl.
1 mole of AgNO3 react with 1 mole of KCl to produce 1 mole of AgCl.
Maka, 0.0125 mol AgNO3 bertindak balas dengan 0.0125 mol KCl untuk menghasilkan 0.0125 mol AgCl.
Therefore, 0.0125 mole of AgNO3 react with 0.0125 mole of KCl to produce 0.0125 mole of AgCl.
Q
Haba pemendakan/Heat of precipitation, ∆H = –
n
630 J
=–
0.0125 mol
50 400 J mol–1
=–
1 000
= – 50.4 kJ mol–1
120
Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction.
Tenaga/ Energy
AgNO3 + KCl
H = – 50.4 kJ mol–1
AgCl + KNO3
IA
(f) Sekiranya larutan kalium klorida, KCl digantikan dengan larutan argentum klorida, AgCl, ramalkan nilai haba
pemendakan. Terangkan jawapan anda./ If the potassium chloride, KCl solution is replaced by silver chloride, AgCl,
solution, predict the value of the heat of precipitation. Explain your answer. TP 4 KBAT Menganalisis
Nilai haba pemendakan masih –50.4 kJ mol-1. Ini kerana ion yang terlibat dalam pemendakan agentum klorida,
AgCl masih sama, iaitu ion Ag+ dan Cl-./ Value of the heat of precipitation is still –50.4 kJ mol-1.This is because the ions
involved in precipitation of silver chloride, AgCl is still the same, ie Ag+ and Cl- ions.
AS
2. Apabila serbuk zink, Zn berlebihan ditambah kepada 25 cm3 larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 0.2 mol dm-3, haba
penyesarannya ialah –210 kJ mol–1. Berapakah suhu tertinggi campuran, jika suhu awal larutan kuprum(II) sulfat,
CuSO4 ialah 300C?
When excess zinc, Zn powder is added to 25 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution, the heat of displacement is
-210 kJ mol-1. What is the highest temperature of the mixture if the initial temperature of copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution is
30 0C?
Bilangan mol CuSO4/ Number of moles of CuSO4 =

MV
1 000
(0.2)(25)
= = 0.005 mol
1 000
1 mol Cu disesarkan  210 kJ haba dibebaskan/ 1 mole of Cu displaced  210 kJ of heat is given out
N
0.005 mol Cu disesarkan  1.05 kJ haba dibebaskan/ 0.005 mole of Cu displaced  1.05 kJ of heat is given out

mcθθ
1 050 J = (25)(4.2)(θ)
1 050
θ =
PA
105
= 10 °C
Suhu tertinggi/ Highest temperature = Perubahan suhu/ Temperature changes + Suhu awal/ Initial temperature
= (10 + 30) °C = 40 °C
3. Dalam satu eksperimen untuk menentukan haba peneutralan bagi tindak balas antara asid nitrik, HNO3 dan kalium
hidroksida, KOH, 50 cm3 asid nitrik, HNO3 1.0 mol dm-3 ditambah kepada 50 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida, KOH 1.0
mol dm-3 di dalam sebuah cawan polistirena. Suhu campuran meningkat dari 30.0 °C kepada 36.0 °C. Hitungkan haba
peneutralan.
In an experiment to determine the heat of neutralisation for the reaction between nitric acid, HNO3 and potassium hydroxide, KOH
solution, 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3 is added to 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide, KOH solution in a
polystyrene cup. The temperature of mixture increases from 30.0 °C to 36.0 °C. Calculate the heat of neutralisation.
[Muatan haba tentu larutan air/ Specific heat capacity of the solution = 4.2 J g–1 °C–1] TP 3 KBAT Mengaplikasi
HNO3 + KOH → KNO3 + H2O
Daripada/ From HNO3 Daripada/ From KOH
H+ + OH– H2O
MV MV
n = 1 000 n=
1 000
(1.0)(50) (1.0)(50)
n= n=
1 000 1 000
n = 0.05 mol n = 0.05 mol
121
1 mol ion H+ bertindak balas dengan 1 mol ion OH- menghasilkan 1 mol H2O
1 mole of H+ ion react with 1 mole of OH- ion to produce 1 mole of H2O.
Maka, 0.05 mol ion H+ bertindak balas dengan 0.05 mol ion OH- untuk menghasilkan 0.05 mol H2O.
Therefore, 0.05 mole of H+ ion react with 0.05 mole of OH- ion to produce 0.05 mole of H2O.

= (100)(4.2)(6)
= 2 520 J
Q
Haba peneutralan/ Heat of neutralisation, ∆H = –
n
2 520
IA
=–
0.05
= –50 400 J mol–1
= –50.4 kJ mol–1
8. 25.0 cm3 asid nitrik, HNO3 dan 25.0 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH telah dicampurkan di dalam satu cawan
polistirena. Suhu campuran meningkat dari 29 °C ke 39 °C. Hitungkan haba tidak balas. TP 3
25.0 cm3 of nitric acid, HNO3 and 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution were mixed together in a polystyrene cup. The
temperature of the mixture increased from 29 °C to 39 °C. Calculate the heat of reaction. KBAT Mengaplikasi
AS
[Muatan haba tentu larutan/ Specific heat capacity of the solution = 4.2 J g–1 °C–1]
Perubahan suhu/ Temperature changes, θ = (39 – 29) °C

= 10 °C
°C

mcθθ
= (50)(4.2)(10)
= 2 100 J
9. 100 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH 2.0 mol dm-3 yang ditambah ke dalam 100 cm3 asid hidroklorik,
HCl 2.0 mol dm-3 menghasilkan haba peneutralan sebanyak 50.7 kJ mol-1 . Hitungkan haba tindak balas. TP 3
N
100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution that added to 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl produce
50.7 kJ mol-1 heat of neutralisation. Calculate the heat of reaction. KBAT Mengaplikasi

HCl + NaOH  NaOH + H2O
PA
Daripada/ From HCl Daripada/ From NaOH

H+ + OH– H 2O
MV MV
n= n=
1 000 1 000
(2.0)(100) (2.0)(100)
n= n=
1 000 1 000
n = 0.2 mol n = 0.2 mol
1 mol ion H+ bertindak balas dengan 1 mol ion OH- menghasilkan 1 mol H2O.
1 mole of H+ ion react with 1 mole of OH- ion to produce 1 mole of H2O.
Maka, 0.2 mol ion H+ bertindak balas dengan 0.2 mol ion OH- menghasilkan 0.2 mol H2O
Therefore, 0.2 mole of H+ ion react with 0.2 mole of OH- ion to produce 0.2 mole of H2O.
1 mol air terbentuk, 50.7 kJ haba dibebaskan/ 1 mole of water formed, 50.7 kJ of heat given out
0.2 mol air terbentuk, 10.14 kJ haba dibebaskan/ 0.2 mole of water formed, 10.14 kJ of heat given out
Haba tindak balas/ Heat of reaction = Haba dibebaskan/ Heat given out, Q = 10 140 J
122
10. Pembakaran sejenis alkohol di udara diwakili oleh persamaan kimia yang berikut: TP 3
The combustion of a type of alcohol in the air is represented by the following chemical equation:
C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O ∆H = –1 260 kJ mol–1
(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan ‘∆H = –1 260 kJ mol-1’?/ What is meant by ‘∆H = –1 260 kJ mol–1’?
Sebanyak 1 260 kJ haba dibebaskan apabila 1 mol etanol terbakar lengkap dalam oksigen berlebihan untuk
menghasilkan air dan karbon dioksida .
1 260 kJ mol-1 of heat given out when 1 mole of ethanol burnt completely in excess oxygen to produce water and carbon
dioxide .
(b) 200 g air dipanaskan oleh pembakaran 0.23 g alkohol tersebut.
IA
200 g of water is heated by the combustion of 0.23 g of the alcohol.
(i) Hitung haba yang dibebaskan oleh pembakaran alkohol itu. TP 3 KBAT Mengaplikasi
Calculate the heat given out by the combustion of the alcohol.
[Jisim atom relatif/ Relative atomic mass: H=1 ; C=12 ; O=16 ]
Jisim/ Mass
Bilangan mol etanol/ Number of moles of ethanol, n =
Jisim molar/ Molar mass
0.23
AS =
46
= 0.005 mol
Berdasarkan persamaan kimia,/ Based on the chemical equation,

1 mol etanol terbakar membebaskan 1 260 kJ haba/ 1 mole of ethanol burned to give out 1 260 kJ of heat
0.005 mol etanol terbakar membebaskan 6.3 kJ haba/ 0.005 mole of ethanol burned to give out 6.3 kJ of heat
Maka, haba dibebaskan/ Therefore, the heat given out, Q = 6 300 J haba
(ii) Hitung perubahan suhu air./ Calculate the temperature change of the water.
[Muatan haba tentu larutan/ Specific heat capacity of the solution: 4.2 J g–1 °C–1 ]
N
Q = mcθ
6300 J = (200)(4.2)θ
6 300 J
θ =
(200)(4.2)
PA
= 7.5 0C
3.3 Tindak Balas Endotermik dan Eksotermik dalam Kehidupan Harian

Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions in Daily Life
A Contoh Aplikasi Tindak Balas Eksotermik dan Endotermik dalam Kehidupan Harian
Examples of Application of Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions in Daily Life
I Pek panas/ Hot pack
Rajah/ Diagram 3.22

1. Pek panas digunakan untuk menggalakkan pengaliran darah dan membantu melegakan otot. Biasanya pek panas
digunakan oleh pendaki di kawasan beriklim sejuk.
Hot pack is used to encourage the flow of blood and to relieve muscle pain. Normally, hot pack is used by climber at cold
climatic area.
123
2. Pek panas melibatkan tindak balas eksotermik . Bahan yang boleh digunakan dalam pek panas ialah
kalsium klorida dan magnesium sulfat .
Hot pack involved exothermic reaction . Substances that can be used in hot pack are calcium chloride and
magnesium sulphate .
II Pek sejuk/ Cold pack
IA
Rajah/ Diagram 3.23
1. Pek sejuk digunakan untuk meredakan kesakitan supaya alirah darah kurang dialirkan ke kawasan yang sakit.
The cold pack is used to relieve pain so that blood flow is less directed to the sicked area.
2. Pek sejuk melibatkan tindak balas endotermik . Bahan yang boleh digunakan dalam pek sejuk ialah
ammonium nitrat dan kalium nitrat .
Cold pack involved endothermic
AS reaction. Substances that can be used in cold pack are ammonium nitrate and
potassium nitrate .
Contoh/Example 11
Rajah 3.24 menunjukkan beberapa bahan yang telah disediakan. Menggunakan bahan-bahan tersebut, tuliskan prosedur untuk
mencipta satu pek panas dan satu pek sejuk. Nyatakan konsep bagi tindak balas dalam kedua-dua pek.
Diagram 3.24 shows some materials that have been prepared. Using these materials, write the procedure for creating a hot pack and a cold
pack. State the concept for the reaction in both packs.
N
PA
Dua beg plastik Dua beg plastik

nipis (saiz kecil) tebal (saiz besar) Air Kalsium klorida Ammonium nitrat Pencungkil gigi
Two thin plastic Two thick plastic Water Calcium chloride Ammonium nitrate Tooth pick
bags (small size) bags (large size)
Rajah/ Diagram 3.24

Prosedur menyediakan pek panas/ Procedure to prepare a hot pack:
1. Air dimasukkan ke dalam beg plastik nipis (saiz kecil). Beg plastik nipis ditutup.
The water is put in a thin plastic bag (small size). The thin plastic bag is closed.
2. Serbuk kalsium klorida dimasukkan ke dalam beg plastik tebal (saiz besar).
Calcium chloride powder is put in a thick plastic bag (large size).
3. Beg plastik nipis (saiz kecil) dimasukkan ke dalam beg plastik tebal. Beg plastik besar ditutup.
Thin plastic bag (small size) is put in the thick plastic bag. The large plastic bag is closed.
Konsep/ Concept:
Apabila beg plastik dipicit, campuran kalsium klorida dan air akan bertindak balas
membebaskan haba . Ini adalah tindak balas eksotermik .
When the plastic bag is squeezed, mixture of calcium chloride and water will react to give out heat . This is an
exothermic reaction.
124
Prosedur menyediakan pek sejuk/ Procedure to prepare a cold pack:
1. Air dimasukkan ke dalam beg plastik nipis (saiz kecil). Beg plastik nipis ditutup.
The water is put in a thin plastic bag (small size). The thin plastic bag is closed.
2. Serbuk ammonium nitrat dimasukkan ke dalam beg plastik tebal (saiz besar).
Ammonium nitrate powder is put in a thick plastic bag (large size).
3. Beg plastik nipis (saiz kecil) dimasukkan ke dalam beg plastik tebal. Beg plastik besar ditutup.
Thin plastic bag (small size) is put in the thick plastic bag. The large plastic bag is closed
Konsep/ Concept:
IA
Apabila beg plastik dipicit, campuran ammonium nitrat dan air akan bertindak balas menyerap haba .
Ini adalah tindak balas endotermik .
When the plastic bag is squeezed, ammonium nitrate and water will react to absorbs heat . This is an
endothermic reaction.
B Nilai Bahan Api

Fuel Value
The fuel value of a fuel is

oxygen
AS
1. Nilai bahan api bagi suatu bahan api ialah kuantiti tenaga haba yang dibebaskan apabila satu gram bahan api itu
dibakar dengan lengkap dalam oksigen berlebihan .
the amount of heat energy given out when one gram of the fuel is completely burnt in excess
.
2. Nilai bahan api adalah positif dan unit nilai bahan api ialah kJ g . −1
The fuel value is positive and the unit of fuel value is kJ g−1.
3. Bahan api boleh dibahagikan kepada 3 kumpulan seperti ditunjukkan dalam jadual di bawah.
N
Fuels can be divided into 3 groups as shown in the table below.
Jenis bahan api Contoh

Types of fuel Examples
Bahan api pepejal Gambut, arang batu, arang kayu, kok

PA
Solid fuel Peat, coal, charcoal, coke
Bahan api cecair Diesel, petrol, minyak bahan api, gasolin

Liquid fuel Diesel, petrol, fuel oil, gasoline
Bahan api gas Gas asli, gas arang batu, hidrogen

Gaseous fuel Natural gas, coal gas, hydrogen
4. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nilai bahan api bagi beberapa jenis bahan.
The table below shows the fuel values of several types of substances.
Bahan Nilai bahan api

Substance Fuel value (kJ g-1)
Kayu/ Wood 18
Arang kayu/ Charcoal 35
Arang batu/ Coal 30
Kerosine/ Kerosene 37
Gasolin/ Gasoline 34
Gas asli/ Natural gas 50
Hidrogen/ Hydrogen 142
125
5. Kebanyakan bahan api yang lazim mengandungi peratus karbon yang agak tinggi. Maka, adalah sangat penting untuk
membakar bahan api dengan cekap.
Most common fuel contains high percentages of carbon, so it is very important to burn the fuel efficiently.
6. Pembakaran bahan api yang tidak cekap akan mengakibatkan pembentukan karbon monoksida yang sangat
beracun dan karbon yang tidak terbakar akan membentuk jelaga yang boleh mencemarkan atmosfera.
Inefficient combustion of fuel will lead to the formation of extremely poisonous carbon monoxide and unburnt carbon will
form soot that can pollute the atmosphere.
7. Semakin tinggi nilai bahan api, semakin berkesan bahan api itu.
The higher the fuel value, the more effective the fuel.
Tip SPM
IA
× jisim molar/ × molar mass
Tip SPM
Nilai bahan api Haba pembakaran
Fuel value Heat of combustion
÷ jisim molar/ ÷ molar mass

AS
Uji Kendiri 3.2
1. Diberi nilai bahan api bagi metanol ialah 22.75 kJ g-1. Hitungkan haba pembakarannya.
Given that the fuel value of methanol is 22.75 kJ g-1.Calculate it’s heat of combustion.
[Jisim atom relatif/ Relative atomic mass: H = 1; C = 12; O = 16]
N
Haba pembakaran/ Heat of combustion
– 22.75
=
32
= – 0.711 kJ mol-1
PA
2. Rajah 3.25 menunjukkan dua kaedah untuk mendidihkan air. Pilih kaedah yang terbaik. Wajarkan pilihan anda.
Diagram 3.25 shows two method for boiling a water. Choose the best method. Justify your choice.
Bekas aluminium
Aluminium container
Air
Water
Kayu Gasolin
Wood Gasoline
Rajah/ Diagram 3.25

Pendidihan melalui pembakaran gasolin. Ini disebabkan nilai bahan api gasolin adalah lebih tinggi daripada kayu.
Semakin tinggi nilai bahan api, semakin banyak haba yang dibebaskan. Air di dalam bekas akan mendidih dengan
lebih cepat berbanding menggunakan kayu.
Boiling by combustion of gasoline. The fuel value of gasoline is higher than wood. The higher the fuel value, the more the heat
given out. Water in the container will boil faster by using gasoline compared to wood.
126

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3.1 Perubahan Haba dalam Tindak Balas

A Tindak Balas Eksotermik dan Endotermik

I Tindak Balas Eksotermik/ Exothermic Reaction

1. Eksotermik ialah tindak balas kimia yang membebaskan haba ke persekitaran.

II Tindak Balas Endotermik/ Endothermic reaction

Serbuk ammonium nitrat

Tenaga haba diserap

Rajah/ Diagram 3.3

10 cm3 of water is measured and poured into a polystyrene cup.

2. Suhu awal air direkodkan./ Initial temperature of water is recorded.

Natrium hidroksida, 29.0 31.0

Kalsium klorida kontang, 29.0 30.5

Ammonium nitrat, 29.0 27.0

Natrium tiosulfat, 29.0 23.0

2. Tindak balas endotermik/ Endothermic reaction

hasil tindak balas adalah lebih

Bahan tindak balas/

Hasil tindak balas/ Products

Rajah/ Diagram 3.5

6. Tindak balas endotermik:/ Endothermic reaction:

Hasil tindak balas/ Products

Bahan H = positif/ positive

Rajah/ Diagram 3.6

Rajah/ Diagram 3.8

AS CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 ∆H = + 560 kJ mol–1

2. Kelaskan tindak balas yang berikut./ Classify the following reactions. TP 3

Tindak balas antara ammonium klorida dan air

Melarutkan bedak talkum dalam air

Pembakaran etanol Tindak balas antara ammonium klorida dan air

Rajah/ Diagram 3.9

(b) Tenaga/ Energy

Rajah/ Diagram 3.10

(ii) Suhu persekitaran menurun ./ Temperature of the surrounding decreases .

3.2 Haba Tindak Balas

m = jisim larutan/ mass of the solution (g)

(b) Muatan haba tentu larutan Muatan haba tentu air

Termometer Serbuk zink

Hitungkan perubahan haba dalam larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4.

Perubahan haba/ Heat change, Q = mcθ

Larutan plumbum(II) nitrat Larutan natrium sulfat

Larutan natrium nitrat

NO3– Na+ NO3– Mendakan putih

(b) Gambar rajah aras tenaga:/ Energy level diagram:

To determine the heat of precipitation of silver chloride and magnesium carbonate

Larutan Larutan natrium

Rajah/ Diagram 3.13

Purata suhu awal campuran, 28.0 + 28.0

Perbezaan suhu, θ 31.0 – 28.0 = 3.0

Suhu awal larutan natrium karbonat, 28.0

Purata suhu awal campuran, 28.0 + 28.0

Perbezaan suhu, θ 28.0 – 22.0 = 6.0

Mentafsir data/ Interpreting data:

(b) Bilangan mol NaCl yang digunakan

(c) Daripada persamaan kimia:/ From the chemical equation:

AgNO3 + NaCl  AgCl + NaNO3

Bilangan mol AgCl/ Number of moles of AgCl, n = 0.0125 mol

(d) Hitung haba dibebaskan.

Haba tindak balas/ Heat of reaction, Q = mc

(e) Hitung haba pemendakan.

(f) Tuliskan persamaan termokimia bagi tindak balas.

2. Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas kedua.

Mg(NO3)2 + Na2CO3  MgCO3 + 2NaNO3