Geokimia Kuliah 1 2021 - Pendahuluan
Geokimia Kuliah 1 2021 - Pendahuluan
DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK GEOLOGI
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO
GEOKIMIA
(2 SKS)
Semester Genap 2020‐2021
Dosen Pengampu
Jenian Marin, ST, M.Eng
Reddy Setyawan, ST, MT
Kontrak Kuliah
1. Jumlah kehadiran: minimal 75% pada SIAP (JM: minimal kehadiran sebelum UTS= 5
Pertemuan)
2. Sistem perkuliahan daring: Ms Teams dan Kulon (Tatap muka, tugas, diskusi dan
presentasi, kuis, dan ujian)
3. JM: Selain kormat, pertanyaan di luar jadwal perkuliahan dan konfirmasi
tugas/presensi kepada Dosen Pengampu melalui pesan di Ms Teams atau email
4. Mute jika tidak sedang presentasi/bertanya, mengangkat tangan jika hendak
bertanya
5. Penilaian (berdasarkan komposisi SIAP semester lalu):
TUGAS : 50%
UTS : 25%
UAS : 25%
14/02/2021
GEOKIMIA (TGL21‐326)
DESKRIPSI SINGKAT
Geokimia membahas hubungan proses geologi dengan kelimpahan,
penyebaran, dan perpindahan unsur‐unsur kimia di dalam ruang dan
waktu.
CAPAIAN PEMBELAJARAN
Mahasiswa memahami hubungan kelimpahan dan distribusi unsur
kimia tertentu dengan proses geologi yang mengontrolnya
1. Pendahuluan 1. Aplikasi termodinamika
2. Konsep dasar termodinamika, dalam proses geologi
larutan dan termodinamika 2. Kimia air, reaksi fluida‐
multikomponen mineral
3. Metode analisis geokimia 3. Kosmokimia
4. Unsur oksida utama 4. Geokimia bumi
5. Geokimia organik
5. Unsur jejak
6. Geokimia hidrokarbon
6. Isotop radioaktif
7. Isotop stabil
14/02/2021
Referensi
• McDonough, W. F., 2001, The composition of the Earth. In
Earthquake Thermodynamics and Phase Transformations in the
Earth’s Interior, Academic Press, San Diego
• Rollinson, H., 1993, Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation,
Presentation, Interpretation Longman Singapore Publisher, 351p.
• Killops, S. dan Killops, V., 2005, Introduction to Organic
Geochemistry, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
• Waples, D.W, 1985, Geochemistry in Petroleum Exploration.
International Human Resources Development Co., Boston.
• White, WM, 2013, Geochemistry, Wiley‐Blackwell
What is Geochemistry?
Solar System:
– Sun
– Inner rocky planets
(Mercury, Venus, Earth,
Mars, asteroid belt)
– Outer gas‐giant planets
(Jupiter, Saturn)
– Outer ice‐giant planets
(Uranus, Neptune)
14/02/2021
Chemical reservoirs resulting from chemical
differentiation
• Sun: H, He
• Earth: Fe, O, Si, Mg (Ni, Ca, S, Al)
• Oceans: H, O (Cl, Na, Mg, S, Ca, K)
• Atmosphere: N, O (Ar, H2O, CO2)
• Life: H2O, C (N, P)
• This implies CHEMICAL DIFFERENTIATION.
Chemical Differentiation
• Large‐scale separation of chemical elements on the basis of their physical
and chemical properties, by a variety of processes
• EARTH is initially molten
• Iron, nickel and sulfur sank to the center due to their high density forming
the solid CORE
• Lighter elements like O, Si, Al, Mg, Ca, K and Naf loated to the surface
• As Earth began to cool the outer layer became the solid CRUST
• Between the crust and core lies the partially molten MANTLE rich in O, Si, Fe
and Mg with a density intermediate between the crust and the core
• Most of the Earth’s solid compounds are composed of silicate minerals (Si
and O)
14/02/2021
Internal Structure of Earth
• Earth:
– Atmosphere
– Oceans
– Lithosphere (cool, hard/rigid rock) crust,
lithospheric mantle
– Asthenosphere (weak, ‘soft’ rock) upper
mantle
– Mesosphere (dense, rigid rock) lower
mantle
– Outer core (liquid nickel and iron)
– Inner core (solid nickel and iron)
• (*How do we know? Meteorites, bulk
density, seismic waves, sampling)
14/02/2021
Bulk Composition of Earth
Eight most abundant elements account
for 98‐99% of total Earth mass:
• Fe 36.0 wt%
• O 28.7
• Si 14.8
• Mg 13.6
• Ni 2.0
• Ca 1.7
• S 1.7
• Al 1.3
Sun: 75% H and 23% He
Element Abundance in the Universe
Element Abundance in Solar System
14/02/2021
Summary of Earth Differentiation
(nucleosynthesis, mixing)
Solar Nebula
(volatiles) (gas-solid equilibria)
(refractories)
(late veneer)
Condensation and Accretion (continuing
cometary
(siderophile & (melting; gravity and geochemical affinity)
flux?)
chalcophile)
(lithophile) (atmophile)
(lost due to
Core Silicate Earth Primitive Atmosphere impacts)
(freezing)
(catastrophic
Primitive Mantle impact) Moon
Inner Outer
Core Core
(partial melting;
liquid-crystal partitioning)
degassing
Upper Mantle
Lower Mantle Continental Crust
(plate tectonics: partial
(hotspot plumes) melting, recycling) degassing
Modern Ocean &
Oceanic Crust Atmosphere