Disusun Oleh;
Sri Meliana Saragih
191201109
KSH-7
FAKULTAS KEHUTANAN
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN
2022
a. Klasifikasi
• Kerajaan : Plantae
• Divisi : Spermatophyta
• Kelas : Dicotyledoneae
• Ordo : Malvales
• Famili : Sterculiaceae
• Genus : Theobroma
• Spesies : Theobroma cacao L.
b. Status Konservasi: Least Concern (stabil)
Gambar 1. Pohon Kakao
c. Deskripsi
Tanaman Kakao (Theobroma cacao L) ditemukan di Hutan Tridharma USU,
tepatnya disamping Gedung Fakultas Farmasi. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan yang
dilakukan terdapat dua pohon kakao yang sedang berbuah. Morfologi dari tumbuhan
kakao antara lain, memiliki komposisi daun yang majemuk dengan letak yang selang
seling (opposite), bentuk daun oval, pangkal daun optuse, permukaan daun licin
gundul tanpa rambut (Gambar 2). Buah dan bunga tumbuh di sekitar ranting dan
batang pohon (Gambar 4). Bunga kakao termasuk bunga tunggal, buah majemuk
(Gambar 3). Batang silindris tidak berbanir, kulit batang bertekstur licin,
perkembangan batang monopodial, dengan percabangan menerus.
Beberapa upaya perbanyakan Theobroma cacao L. berdasarkan literatur:
Agrotekma
Jurnal Agroteknologi dan Ilmu Pertanian
Available online http://ojs.uma.ac.id/index.php/agrotekma
29
Ahmad Zuheri Pulungan, Ellen. L. Panggabean, Retna Astuti K., Studi Sumber Stek Daun Dengan
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Agrotekma, 2 (1) Desember 2017: 29-35
31
Ahmad Zuheri Pulungan, Ellen. L. Panggabean, Retna Astuti K., Studi Sumber Stek Daun Dengan
yang telah disediakan. Bahan stek menggunakan sprayer yang berisi larutan
direndam pada larutan selama 120 menit fungisida Dithane M-45pencegahan jamur
diharapkan larutan dapat masuk kedalam dan bakteri.
jaringan daun.
Penanaman dilakukan pada sore hari HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
setelah penyiapan bahan stek, media yang Dari hasil pengamatan persentasi
disiapkan dalam keadaan telah siap tanam, stek daun kakao hidup untuk semua
yaitu media telah steril dan media pasir perlakuan pada umur 1 sampai 2 MSA,
sebagai media tanam telah dilubangi ini daun kakao masi hidup hingga mancapai
bertujuan agar bahan stek tidak 100%. Persentasi stek daun kakao hidup
mengalami kerusakan akibat gesekan mulai menurun untuk semua perlakuan
vertikal dengan media, bahan stek yang pada 3 MSA, secara berturut – turut yaitu
telah direndam selama 120 menit hasil penurunan RIBI 96,66%, R1B2
kemudian ditanam pada lubang-lubang 96,66%, R2B1 90%, R2B3 96,66%, R3B1
yang telah disusun sedemikian sesuai 96,66%, R3B3 96,66%. Persentase hidup
dengan jumlah yang ditentukan. keranjang stek daun kakao umur 3 MSA dapat dilihat
plastik yang digunakan ukuran 30 cm x 23 pada Tabel 1.
cm x l0 cm, Selanjutnya bahan stek Tabel 1. Persentase Hidup Stek Daun Kakao
ditanam dengan jarak 2 cm x 5 cm sedalam Umur 3 MSA.
1 cm, Setelah stek daun berumur 40 hari,
media pasir dikurangi dengan cara
menyiramkan air dengan selang hingga
pangkal setek terlihat.
Persiapan Benzyl Amino Purin (BAP)
yang disediakan setelah bahan stek
membentuk kalus atau tanaman telah
berumur 5 MST, BAP disiapkan dan
ditimbang dengan menggunakan
Keterangan : Angka yang diikuti huruf yang sama pada kolom
timbangan analitik dengan bobot masing- yang sama tidak berbeda nyata pada taraf 0.05 (huruf kecil) dan
masing 0,01g, 0,02g, 0,03g sehingga taraf 0,01 (huruf besar) berdasarkan uji jarak duncan.
diperoleh konsentrasi ZPT 100 ppm, 200 Sampai pada minggu ke 3 sesuai
ppm, 300 ppm, kemudian ZPT BAP yang dengan hasil pengamatan menunjukkan
telah disiapkan dilarutkan ke dalam air bahwa persentase hidup stek daun untuk
100 ml Aquades. Selanjutnya, setiap 2 hari semua perlakuan tidak nyata. Perlakuan
sekali bahan stek (pada bagian pangkal R1B3, R2B2, R3B2, menghasilkan
bawah daun) ditetesin larutan BAP dengan persentase hidup yang paling tinggi yaitu
konsentrasi yang telah ditentukan dengan mencapai 100%, sedangkan persentase
menggunakan agar tumbuh calon tunas hidup terendah terdapat pada perlakuan
pada stek daun. Pemeliharaan setek R2B1 yaitu 90%.
meliputi penyiraman setiap 3 hari Pada umur 4 MSA persentase stek
sekalisampai 8 MST, penyiangan terhadap daun kakao yang hidup mengalami
gulma, dan penyemprotan hama dan penurunan pada semua perlakuan. Pada
penyakit. Dengan menyemprotkan air perlakuan R2B1 sebesar 90%-80%
32
Agrotekma, 2 (1) Desember 2017: 29-35
33
Ahmad Zuheri Pulungan, Ellen. L. Panggabean, Retna Astuti K., Studi Sumber Stek Daun Dengan
terendah terdapat pada perlakuan R2B1 Pada umur 8 MSA persentase stek
yaitu 53,3%. daun kakao yang hidup mengalami
Pada umur 7 MSA persentase stek penurunan pada semua perlakuan, dan
daun kakao yang hidup mengalami penurunan persentase hidup yang paling
penurunan pada semua perlakuan, dan besar terdapat pada perlakuan R2B3 yaitu
penurunan persentase hidup yang paling 53,3% - 24,67% bila dibandingkan dengan
besar terdapat pada perlakuan R2B1 yaitu umur 7 MSA. Pengamatan persentase
53,3% - 36,67% dan perlakuan R3B3 yaitu hidup stek daun kakao pada minggu ke 4
80% - 63,3% bila dibandingkan dengan dapat kita lihat pada Tabel ke 6.
umur 6 MSA. Sampai pada minggu ke 7 Tabel 6. Persentase Hidup Stek Daun Kakao
sesuai dengan hasil pengamatan Umur 8 MSA.
menunjukkan bahwa persentase hidup Perlakuan % Hidup Notasi
R1B1 53,33 B
stek daun untuk semua perlakuan tidak R1B2 40 bc
nyata, perlakuan R3B1, menghasilkan R1B3 56,67 ab
R2B1 33,33 cd
persentase hidup yang paling tinggi yaitu
R2B2 43,33 c
mencapai 76,67%, sedangkan persentase R2B3 24,67 d
hidup terendah terdapat pada perlakuan R3B1 60 a
R3B2 53,33 b
R2B1 yaitu 36,67%. Pengamatan R3B3 50 bc
persentase hidup stek daun kakao pada Keterangan : Angka yang diikuti huruf yang sama pada kolom
yang sama tidak berbeda nyata pada taraf 0.05 (huruf kecil) dan
minggu ke 7 dapat kita lihat pada Tabel ke taraf 0,01 (huruf besar) berdasarkan uji jarak duncan.
5. Sampai pada minggu ke 8 sesuai
Tabel 5. Persentase Hidup Stek Daun Kakao hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa
Umur 7 MSA persentase hidup stek daun untuk semua
Perlakuan % Hidup Notasi
R1B1 70 b
perlakuan tidak nyata, perlakuan R1B3,
R1B2 60 c menghasilkan persentase hidup paling
R1B3 73,33 ab tinggi yaitu mencapai 56,67%, sedangkan
R2B1 36,67 d
R2B2 60 b persentase hidup terendah terdapat pada
R2B3 53,33 c perlakuan R2B3 yaitu 24,67%.Tabel 7.
R3B1 76,67 a Pengaruh konsentrasi Rootone-f terhadap
R3B2 73,33 ab
R3B3 63,33 bc persentase hidup daun kakao setiap minggu
Keterangan : Angka yang diikuti huruf yang sama pada kolom sampai akhir pengamatan.
yang sama tidak berbeda nyata pada taraf 0.05 (huruf kecil) dan
taraf 0,01 (huruf besar) berdasarkan uji jarak duncan.
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Agrotekma, 2 (1) Desember 2017: 29-35
SIMPULAN
Stek daun kakao mempunyai potensi
untuk dikembangkan sebagai aternatif
cara perbanyakan tanaman. Dengan
pemberian ZPT Rootone-F dapat
memberikan persentase hidup tertinggi
pada perlakuan R1B3 mencapai 56,67%.
Pemberian zat pengatur tumbuh auksin
dari Rootone-F dan Benzil Amino Purin
(BAP) tidak menunjukkan adanya
pertumbuhan kalus pada semua perlakuan
stek daun kakao, sehingga terjadinya
pengaruh tidak nyata terhadap semua
perlakuan.
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Serambi Saintia, Vol. V, No. 1, April 2017 ISSN : 2337 - 9952
ABSTRAK
PENDAHULUAN
Tanaman kakao ( Theobroma cacao L. ) berasal dari Amerika Selatan. Dengan
tempat tumbuhnya dihutan hujan tropis. Nama latin tanaman kakao adalah Theobroma
cacao L yang berarti makanan untuk tuhan. Masyarakat aztec dan Mayans di Amerika
tengah telah membudidayakan tanaman kakao sejak lama, yaitu sebelum kedatangan
orang-orang Eropa. Orang-orang Indian Mesoamerikala yang pertama kali
menciptakan minuman dari serbuk coklat yang dicampur dengan air dan kemudian
diberi perasa seperti : merica, vanili, dan rempah-rempah lainnya. Minuman ini
merupakan minuman spesial yang biasa dipersembahkan untuk pemerintahan Mayan
dan untuk upacara-upacara spesial
( Sandisanjaya 2014 ).
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Serambi Saintia, Volume V, No. 1, April 2017 ISSN : 2337 - 9952
Masyarakat Sanyol belajar tentang kakao dari masyarakat Indian Aztec pada
tahun 1500-an dan mereka kembali ke Eropa dengan membawa makanan baru, di
Spanyol kakao adalah minuman yang dipersembahkan hanya untuk raja. Mereka
meminumnya selagi masih panas dengan diberi rasa gula dan madu. Secara perlahan
tetapi pasti kakao berkembang kekerajaan di Eropa dan pada abat ke-17 kakao menjadi
persembahan khusus untuk masyarakat kelas atas ( sandisanjaya, 2014 )
Kakao ( Theobroma cacao L. ) merupakan salah satu komoditi andalan
perkebunan yang peranannya cukup penting bagi perekonomian nasional karena
sebagai sumber lapangan kerja, sumber pendapatan dan devisa negara. Selain itu kakao
juga berperan dalam mendorong pengembangan wilayah dan pengembangan
agroindustri. Produk kakao merupakan bahan yang sangat penting dalam beberapa jenis
makanan dan minuman. Lemak kakao ( cacao butter ) khususnya digunakan dalam
kosmetik dan industri farmasi ( Adi Prawoto et al 2004 ).
Sebelum budidaya tanaman kakao persiapan lahan sangat perlu untuk di
rencanakan agar partumbuhan kakao subur, gulma merupakan salah satu penyebab
menurunnya hasil panen kakao maka dari itu pengemdalian gulma perlu dilakukan,
akan tetapi di era ini pengendalian pertumbuhan gulma sangatlah mudah seperti
menggunakan tanaman penutup tanah ( Cover Crop ) terutama jenis polong-polongan
seperti peurariajavanica, Centrosemapubescens, Calopogonium mucunoides dan lain-
lainnya untuk pengendalian gulma terutama jenis rumputan ( Zaenuddin et al 2004).
Menurut International Cacao Organizatin (ICCO), pada tahun 2010 produksi
biji kakao indonesia sebesar 440 ribu ton, sedangkan Pantai Gading mencapai 1,511 juta
ton dan Ghana 1,025 juta ton. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanaman kakao
produktivitasnya mulai menurun setelah umur 15 - 20 tahun. Tanaman tersebut
umumnya memiliki produktivitas yang hanya tinggal setengah dari potensi
produktivitasnya. Kondisi ini berarti bahwa tanaman kakao yang sudah tua potensi
produktivitasnya rendah, sehingga perlu dilakukan rehabilitasi
( Wijaya et al 2014).
Upaya rehabilitasi tanaman kakao dimaksudkan untuk memperbaiki atau
meningkatkan potensi produktivitas dan salah satunya dilakukan dengan teknologi
sambung samping (side grafting). Menurut Prastowo et al. (2006) sambung samping
merupakan teknik perbaikan tanaman yang dilakukan dengan cara menyisipkan batang
atas (entres) dengan klon-klon yang dikehendaki sifat unggulnya pada sisi batang
bawah. Secara garis besar, tujuan perbaikan tanaman adalah untuk meningkatkan
produktivitas dan mutu biji yang dihasilkan.
Sambung samping dapat juga digunakan untuk memperbaiki tanaman yang
rusak secara fisik, menambah jumlah klon dalam populasi tanaman, mengganti klon,
dan pemendekan tajuk tanaman. Jika dibandingkan dengan sambung pucuk, maka
sambung samping memiliki tingkat keberhasilan yang lebih tinggi karena batang bawah
masih memiliki tajuk yang lengkap, sehingga proses fotosintesis untuk menghasilkan
zat-zat makanan dapat berlangsung dengan baik (Agro Media, 2007).
Upaya yang telah dilakukan oleh petani selama ini untuk mengatasi penurunan
produksi tanaman kakao yang dipengaruhi umur tanaman yang sudah tua adalah
dengan melakukan peremajaan. Peremajaan dilakukan dengan cara mengganti tanaman
kakao yang tidak produktif (tua/rusak) dengan tanaman baru secara keseluruhan atau
bertahap dengan menggunakan bahan tanaman unggul. Kegiatan ini dinilai kurang
efektif karena membutuhkan waktu yang cukup lama untuk memperoleh hasil, dilain
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Hamidan dan Desi Sri Pasca Sari Sembiring
Tujuan Penelitian
1. Untuk mengetahui tingkat keberhasilan pemindahan bantalan bunga kakao Aktif
dan Nonaktif .
2. Untuk mengetahui tingkat keberhasilan teknik okulasi terhadap pemindahan
bantalan bunga kakao (Theobroma cacao L.).
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
Botani Tanaman Kakao
Cokelat merupakan tanaman yang menumbuhkan bunga dari batang atau
cabang. Oleh karena itu, tanaman ini digolongkan kedalam kelompok tanaman
cauliflori. Adapun sistematikanya menurut klasifikasi botani adalah sebagai berikut :
Divisio : Spermatophyta
Subdivisio : Angiospermae
Klas : Dicotiledon
Ordo : Malvales
Famili : Sterculiaceae
Genus : Theobroma
Spesies : Theobroma cacao L.
Kakao merupakan tanaman perkebunan di lahan kering, dan jika diusahakan
secara baik dapat berproduksi tinggi serta menguntungkan secara ekonomis. Sebagai
salah satu tanaman yang dimanfaatkan bijinya, maka biji kakao dapat dipergunakan
untuk bahan pembuat minuman, campuran gula-gula dan beberapa jenis makanan
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Serambi Saintia, Volume V, No. 1, April 2017 ISSN : 2337 - 9952
lainnya bahkan karena kandungan lemaknya tinggi biji kakao dapat dibuat cacao
butter/mentega kakao, sabun, parfum dan obat-obatan ( Siregar T, 2014 ).
15
Hamidan dan Desi Sri Pasca Sari Sembiring
b. Pisau okulasi kotor, biasanya terkena getah dari pohon lai atau kotor karena
terkena tanah.
c. Menyentuh sengaja atau tidak sengaja dari bagian yang disayat atau bantalan
bunga. Ini salah satu penyebab timbulnya bakteri, yang akan menyerang
okulasi tersebut.
d. Ketika penyayatan bantalan bunga/buah berhenti di tengah-tengah, lalu sayatan
diteruskan kembali, ini dapat menyebabkan sayatan tidak rata sehingga antara
batang bawah dan bantaan bunga tidang dapat menyatu secara baik, jika hal ini
terjadi sebaiknya bantalan bunga harus diganti.
e. Bantalan bunga jatuh setelah disayat lalu terkena air, tanah, atau terkena yang
lainnya yang dapat menimbulkan sumber bakteri.
f. Batang bawah atau bantalan bunga yang dipakai tidak sehat.
g. Dalam pengikatan kurang kencang. Sehingga air mudah masuk kedalam dan hal
ini dapat menyebabkan pembusukan pada okulasi tersebut.
h. Cuaca yang tidak mendukung misal keadaan yang terlalu panas sementara
tanaman tidak memiliki naungan sama sekali
METODE PENELITIAN
Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian
Penelitian ini dilakukan di Desa Perapat Tinggi Kecamatan Lawe Alas
Kabupaten Aceh Tenggara dimulai dari bulan Oktober 2015 sampai dengan bulan
Desenber 2015. Ketinggian tempat terletak pada ketinggian ± 220 meter di atas
permukaan laut.
Rancangan Percobaan
Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok ( RAK ) dengan pola
fakorial 2 x 2 dengan 6 ulangan. Terdiri dari dua ( 2 ) faktor yaitu :
1. Faktor Bantalan Bunga Aktif dan Nonaktif (B)
B1 = Bantalan bunga aktif
B2 = Bantalan bunga nonaktif
2. Faktor Teknik okulasi terdiri dari :
T1 = Teknik okulasi pokert
T2 = Teknik pokulasi T terbalik
Dengan demikian diperoleh 4 kombinasi perlakuan dan 6 ulangan = 24
percobaan. Penempatan perlakuan pada satuan percobaan dilakukan secara acak yang
hasilnya dapat dilihat pada bagan percobaan.
Metode Analisa
Menurut Hanafiah ( 2003 ) bahwa dari hasil pengamatan dengan menggunakan
analisis sidik ragam model linier.
sifat yang setia dan menghasilkan bunga dari batang dan cabang pada bekas tangkai
daun (cauliflori ), artinya peneliti telah mengamati secara teliti bahwa pada bantalan
mana awalnya kakao menghasilkan bunga maka untuk menghasilkan bunga
selanjutnya tetap pada bantalan tersebut, sehingga sewaktu peneliti melakukan okulasi
bantalan bunga ini tidak ada keraguan sama sekali akan kegagalan pertumbuhan bunga.
Kecuali ada faktor-faktor lain yang mempengaruhinya misal, bantalan bunga telah
rusak atau tempat keluarnya mata bunga telah rusak, maka hal ini akan mengakibatkan
bantalan bunga tidak menghasilkan bunga lagi, kemudian disaat penyayatan ternyata
pohon induk yang akan disayat mengalami kondisi yang tidak sehat, misal pohon
tanaman terserang penyakit Kanker Batang, Penggerek Batang dan terserang Jamur
Phytoptora. Hal inilah yang akan menyebabkan kegagalan.
Sebaik apapun kriteria bantalan bunga yang kita gunakan saat okulasi, tetap
akan mengalami kegagalan karena penyakit tersebut telah merusak sytem kerja dari sel-
sel tanaman sehingga kulit tanaman lambat laun akan mati, sementara dalam okulasi ini
sangat diperlukan kerja sama antara sel bantalan bunga dengan sel pohon induk untuk
proses perpaduan keduanya
Jumlah Bunga
Hasil pengamatan terhadap jumlah bunga pada okulasi bantalan bunga kakao
(Theobroma cacao L). Pada umur 50 dan 70 hari, telah disajikan pada lampiran 7 dan
10. Hasil Uji F pada analisis sidik ragam ( lampiran 7 ) menunjukkan bahwa dari 4
kombinasi perlakuan pemilihan bantalan bunga aktif dan tehnik okulasi forket
berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap jumlah bunga pada umur 50 Hari Setelah Okulai
(HSO). Hal ini dikarenakan bantalan bunga aktif memiliki jaringan sel – sel yang telah
aktif artinya bantalan ini sebelumnya sudah pernah menghasilkan bunga, oleh sebab itu
jaringan sel tersebut akan berlanjut setelah sayatan pulih kembali.
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Serambi Saintia, Volume V, No. 1, April 2017 ISSN : 2337 - 9952
Tabel 2. Rata-rata jumlah bunga dari 4 kombinasi perlakukuan pada umur 50 HSO
ULANGAN
Perlakuan Jumlah Rataan
I II III IV V VI
1,94
B1T1 1,33 2,33 1,00 2,33 2,67 2,00 11,66
1,72
B1T2 2,00 1,33 1,33 1,33 2,00 2,33 10,32
1,50
B2T2 1,67 1,00 2,00 1,67 1,33 1,33 9,00
1,67
B2T1 2,00 2,00 1,33 1,67 1,33 1,67 10,00
Jumlah
7,00 6,66 5,66 7,00 7,33 7,33 40,98
Rataan 1,71
1,75 1,67 1,42 1,75 1,83 1,83
Pada tabel 2 menunjukkan bahwa jumlah bunga kakao pada umur 50 Hari
Setelah Okulasi yang terbaik dijumpai pada kombinasi antara Bantalan bunga aktif dan
tehnik okulasi forkert (B1T1) yakni sebesar 11,66 dan yang terkecil di jumpai pada
kombinasi bantalan bunga nonaktif dengan tehnik okulasi T-Budding (B2T2) yaitu
9,00.
Tabel 3. Rata-rata jumlah bunga kakao pada umur 70 Hari Setelah Okulasi.
ULANGAN
Perlakuan Jumlah Rataan
I II III IV V VI
Pada tabel 3 menunjukkan bahwa jumlah bunga kakao pada umur 70 Hari
Setelah Okulasi, yang terbaik dijumpai pada kombinasi antara Bantalan bunga aktif dan
tehnik okulasi forkert (B1T1) yakni sebesar 14,00 dan yang terkecil di jumpai pada
kombinasi bantalan bunga nonaktif dengan tehnik okulasi T-Budding (B2T2) yaitu
11,99
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Hamidan dan Desi Sri Pasca Sari Sembiring
Pengaruh Pemilihan Bantalan Bunga Aktif Dan Non Aktif Terhadap Persentase
Keberhasilan Okulasi, Waktu Berbunga Dan Jumlah Bunga Tanaman Kakao.
Persentase keberhasilan okulasi
Hasil penelitian menunjukakan bahwa pemilihan bantalan bunga kakao aktif
lebih baik dalam okulasi ini dibandingkan dengan bantalan bunga nonaktif, hal ini
dikarenakan bantalan bunga aktif memiliki jaringan sel yang telah aktif. Namun
keseterilan alat dan bahan sangat perlu diperhatikan dalam okulasi bantalan bunga ini
agar persentase keberhasilannya dapat menjadi lebih tinggi.
Waktu berbunga
Dalam kecepatan umur berbunga pada okulasi bantalan bunga ini Bantalan
bunga aktif menunjukkan lebih cepat menghasilkan bunga yakni pada umur 44 HSO,
ini menunjukkan bahwa bantalan bunga lebih baik digunakan untuk okulasi bantalan
bunga dibandingkan dengan bantalan bunga nonaktif.
Jumlah bunga
Pemilihan bantalan bunga aktif dan bantalan bunga nonaktif tidak berpengaruh
nyata terhadap jumlah bunga pada umur 50 HSO, akan tetapi keduanya berpengaruh
sangat nyata pada umur 70 HSO, jika dibandingkan antara bantalan bunga aktif dan
bantalan bunga nonaktif maka bantalan bunga yang paling tepat digunakan untuk
okulasi adalah bantalan bunga aktif, dimana bantalan bunga aktif memiliki jaringan sel
- sel yang telah aktif dan dapat berlanjut kembali setelah luka sayatan okulasinya
sembuh sehingga mamp menghasilkan bunga lebih cepat dibanding bantalan bunga
nonaktif dan hal ini sesuai dengan hipotesis penelitian. Sesuai dengan pendapat
Gunawan E (2014) mengemukakan bantalan bunga berasal dari tanaman pohon induk
yang sudah berproduksi minimum dua kali dan kualitas buah yang dihasilkan sudah
terbukti keunggulannya. Tanaman induk sebaiknya produksinya sudah stabil sehingga
dapat menurunkan sifat unggul kepada okulasi bantalan bunga, serta mempercepat
pertumbuhan bunga.
Sebelum melakukan penelitian okulasi bantalan bunga ini, peneliti melakukan
pemupukan serta pemangkasan dan pemupukan perlu dilakukan lebih intensif yaitu
satu minggu sebelum okulasi, agar pupuk yang diberikan dapat diserap oleh pohon
induk terlebih dahulu, sehingga ketika okulasi dilakukan pohon induk dalam keadaan
stabil dan luka sayatan pada pohon induk cepat menyatu dengan bantalan bunga
sehingga mempercepat perangsangan bunga. Dari hasil penelitian dilapangan bahwa
bantalan bunga yang paling baik digunakan untuk okulasi bantalan bunga adalah
bantalan bunga aktif, hal ini diduga karena bantalan bunga aktif memiliki jaringan sel
yang aktif, sehingga ketika melakukan okulasi bantalan bunga proses pemulihan
sayatannya cepat terjadi.
Jika dinilai dari segi ekonomi, okulasi bantalan bunga ini tidak memiliki nilai
ekonomi yang tinggi, jika dibandingkan dengan luas lahan yang berhektar-hektar lalu
dilakukan okulasi bantalan bunga, hal ini dapat menyebabkan nilai ekonomi jauh
menurun dan membuat para pekerja jenuh, namun jika jumlah luas lahan relatif sempit
mungkin para pekerja mampu melakukannya. Karena okulasi bantalan bunga ini harus
dilakukan secara teliti jika dilihat secara kasat mata okulasi bantalan bunga ini tidak
perlu banyak perlakuan lainnya selain menempelkan bantalan bunga terhadap pohon
induknya atau undestum saja lalu ikat dengan kencang, akan tetapi hal itu semua tidak
20
Serambi Saintia, Volume V, No. 1, April 2017 ISSN : 2337 - 9952
cukup dalam okulasi bantalan bunga melainkan iklim, lingkungan, keseterilan alatdan
bahan serta teknik kerja yang harus diperhatikan.
Jumlah bunga
Dari data hasil F Hitung tehnik okulasi menunjukkan berpengaruh sangat nyata
terhadap jumlah bunga pada umur 50 dan 70 HSO, tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap
umur berbunga. Pengamatan yang diambil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa
tehnik okulasi forkert lebih baik dibanding tehnik okulasi T- Budding, sesuai dengan
pendapat Wijaya et al (2014) mengemukakan bahwa tehnik okulasi forkert lebih baik
dibanding dengan okulasi huruf T, karena kambium tidak rusak karena tergores oleh
pisau terutama dibagian tengah pada waktu penorehan, dimana bekas torehan itu akan
ditempeli oleh bantalan bunga.
Dari kedua tehnik okulasi yang telah diterakan harus dikerjakan secara teliti
terutama dalam penyayatan kulit batang induknya, sayatan jangan sempat terlalu
panjang atau terlalu lebar, hal ini salah satu penyebab kegagalan dalam okulasi atau
memperlambat proses penyembuhan luka sayatan, kemudian waktu penyayatan harus
diperhatikan sesuai dengan pendapat Prastowo et al (2006) mengemukakan bahwa
waktu terbaik dalam pelaksanaan okulasi adalah pada pagi hari yaitu, antara pukul
07.00-11.00, karena saat tersebut tanaman sedang aktif berfotosintesis sehingga
kambium tanaman juga dalam kondisi aktif dan oftimum. Diatas jam 12.00 daun mulai
layu, tetapi hal ini dapat diatasi dengan melakukan okulasi ditempat yang teduh
sehingga terhindar langsung dengan sinar mata hari langsung.
PENUTUP
Kesimpulan dan Saran
1. Pemilihan bantalan bunga aktif memberikan hasil sangat nyata terhadap jumlah
bunga umur 50 HSO, dan memberikan hasil nyata pada jumlah bunga umur 70
HSO. Sementara bantalan bunga nonaktif tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap
umur berbunga dan jumlah bunga.
2. Tehnik okulasi forket memberikan hasil sangat nyata, sementara tehnik okulasi
T-Budding memberikan hasil yang tidak memuaskan terhadap jumlah bunga
dan waktu berbunga pada okulasi bantalan bunga tanaman kakao.
3. Kombinasi perlakuan bantalan bunga aktif dengan tehnik okuasi forket
menunjukkan hasil sangat nyata, sementara kombinasi perlakuan antara
bantalan bunga nonaktif dengan tehnik okulasi T-Budding tidak dapat
memberikan hasil yang memuaskan pada okulasi bantalan bunga atau tidak
nyata.
21
Hamidan dan Desi Sri Pasca Sari Sembiring
DAFTAR RUJUKAN
Adi Prawoto. 2004. Pusat penelitian kopi dan kakao indonesia (Coffee and Cacao
Research Institute, Sulawesi)
Agro Media, 2007., Prospek dan Arah Pembangunan Agrisbisnis Kakao, Badan
Pengembangan dan Penelitian Pertanian (Indonesian Agency for Agricultural
Research and Development), Departemen Pertanian RI
Ali Hanafiah, M.S. 2003. Rancangan Percobaan. PT RajaGrafindo Persada Jakarta.
Gunawan E. 2014 Perbanyakan tanaman okulasi, Jakarta: Agromedia Pustaka.
Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia, 2004, Panduan Lengkap Budidaya Kakao
(Kiat mengatasi permasalahanpraktis), PT. Agromedia Pustaka.
Prastowo dan Roshetko, 2006, Budidaya, Pengolahan dan Pemasaran Coklat, Penebar
Swadaya Jakarta
Rukmana. 2003. Pengolahan kakao, Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan Departemen
Pertanian RI.
Siregar T, Riyadi S, Nuraeni L.2014.BudidayaCoklat ( Penebar Swadaya,Jakarta)
Sri Mulato dkk, 2005, Pengolahan Produk Primer dan Sekunder Kakao, Pusat
Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia, Jember.
Susanto, 2000. Tanaman kakao, Budidaya dan Pengolahan Hasil, Kanisius,
Yogyakarta.
Suhendi, 2007. Budidaya tanaman kakao. Penebar Swadaya Jakarta.
Sandisanjaya. 2014. Pengembangan Dan Pengolahan Kakao. Direktorat Jenderal
Perkebunan Departemen Pertanian RI.
Samsul. 2010. Perbanyakan Tanaman Okulasi, Sambung, dan Cangkok. Penebar
Swadaya Jakarta.www.penebarswadaya.net
Wijaya, M. S.,Budiana N.S. 2014 Membuat Stek, Cangkok, Sambung dan Okulasi.
Penebar Swadaya Jakarta.
Zaenuddin, Baoh, 2004, Kakao (Theobroma cacao L), Direktorat Jenderal Bina
Pengolahan dan Pemasaran Hasil Pertanian Departemen Pertanian RI.
22
Jurnal Agroteknosains | Vol. 01 | No. 02 | Nopember 2017 | p-ISSN : 2598-6228 | e-ISSN : 2598-0092
Oleh :
Susila Bety Ariani , Desi Sri Pasca Sari Sembiring2 dan Nani Kitti Sihaloho3
1
1,2,3)
Program Studi Agroteknologi Fakultas Pertanian
Universitas Gunung Leuser
Email ; desisripascasari@gmail.com
Abstrak
Tujuan Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui waktu sambung pucuk yang tepat dan
panjang entres yang ideal terhadap tingkat keberhasilan pertautan sambungan Yang baik
pada perbanyakan kakao (Theobroma cacao L). Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan
menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) yang diteliti menggunakan 2 faktor
yaitu: Faktor1 waktu (W) penyambungan dengan tiga taraf perlakuan, yaitu W1 = Pagi
hari (pukul 07.00-09.00), W2 =Siang hari (pukul 11.00-13.00), W3 =Sore hari (pukul
15.00-17.00). Faktor 2 panjang entres (P) dengan tiga taraf perlakuan, yaitu : P1 = 1,5
cm Panjang Entres, P2 = 4,5 cm Panjang Entres P3 = 7,5 cm Panjang Entres.
Pelaksanaan grafting pada sore hari (W3) memperlihatkan keberhasilan pertautan
sambungan lebih baik dan semakin baik lagi jika menggunakan entres yang lebih panjang
(7,5 cm). Keberhasilan pertautan sambungan lebih tinggi jika grafting dilakukan pada
sore hari dari pada pagi dan siang hari.penggunaan entres yang panjang hingga 7,5 cm,
memberikan pertautan sambungan lebih baik dibandingkan entres pendek.
Kata Kunci: Sambung pucuk, entres
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the right shoot-time and ideal length of
entrapment on good linkage success rate on cocoa propagation (Theobroma cacao L).
This research was conducted by using randomized block design (RAK) which was studied
using 2 factors, namely: time factor (W) grafting with three treatment levels, ie W1 =
morning (at 07.00-09.00), W2 = Daytime (11:00 to 13:00 pm ), W3 = Afternoon (15:00
to 17:00). Factor 2 entres length (P) with three treatment levels, namely: P1 = 1.5 cm
Length of Entres, P2 = 4.5 cm Length of Entres P3 = 7.5 cm Length of Entres.
Implementation of grafting in the afternoon (W3) shows better linkage success and better
if using longer entres (7.5 cm). The connection success is higher if grafting is done in the
afternoon of the morning and afternoon. The use of long entres of up to 7.5 cm, provides
better link connection than short entres.
Keyword: grafting, entres
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Hal 88
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Perbanyakan tanaman secara klonal ini dilaksanakan mulai bulan mei 2017
umumnya dilakukan dengan teknik sampai dengan juni 2017.
penyambungan.Dalam teknik
2.2. Bahan Dan Alat Penelitian
penyambunga sifat-sifat bahan tanaman
Bahan-bahan yang digunakan
benih. Keunggulan sifat-sifat bahan
dalam penelitian ini adalah batang
tanam klonal yang akan disambung
bawah kakao, paranet untuk naungan,
umumya sudah diketahui secara baik.
tali rafia, triflek, spidol, penggaris,
Prinsif dasar perbanyakan sambung
meteran, bambu, buku dan alat tulis,
pucuk adalah penyatuan kambium dari
entres dari klon anjuran. Alat-alat yang
batang bawah dan batang atas, untuk
digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah
terbentukknya pertautan antara batang
cangkul, untuk pembersihan lahan,
atas dan batang bawah, kambium sangat
parang, pisau okulasi/karter, gunting
berperan penting dengan dibuatnya luka
tangan.
pada batang.(Basri 2009).
Jaringan kambium yang sedang
III. Metode Penelitian
aktif akan membentuk jaringan prenkim,
didalam jaringan prenkim atau kalus Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan
tersebut akan terbentuk jaringan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok
kambium baru yang kompatibel (serasi) (RAK) yang diteliti menggunakan 2
dan akan bertautan (Wahyudidkk., 2008) faktor yaitu.
Tujuan Penelitian adalah untuk Faktor1 waktu (W) penyambungan
mengetahui waktu sambung pucuk yang dengan tiga taraf perlakuan, yaitu
tepat dan panjang entres yang ideal W1 = Pagi hari (pukul 07.00-09.00)
terhadap tingkat keberhasilan pertautan W2 = Siang hari (pukul 11.00-13.00)
sambungan Yang baik pada W3 = Sore hari (pukul 15.00-17.00)
perbanyakan kakao (Theobroma cacao Faktor 2 panjang entres (P) dengan tiga
L). Hipotesis dalam penelitian ini taraf perlakuan, yaitu :
adalah; P1 = 1,5 cm Panjang Entres
1) Waktu penyambungan pucuk pada P2 = 4,5 cm Panjang Entres
tanaman kakao (Theobroma cacao P3 = 7,5 cm Panjang Entres
L) akan menentukan keberhasilan Jumlah kombinasi perlakuan
sambung pucuk kakao adalah 3 x 3 = 9 kombinasi perlakuan ,
2) Panjang entres yang berbeda akan yaitu :
menentukan keberhasilan sambung W1P1
pucuk kakao (Theobromacacao L) W2P1 W3P1
3) Akan menentukan keberhasilan W1P2
waktu penyambungan dan panjang W2P2 W3P2
entres yang berbeda sambung pucuk W1P3
pada tanaman kakao (Theobroma W2P3 W3P3
cacao L)
Metode Analisa
II. Bahan Dan Metode Penelitian Model linear dari metode analisa untuk
Rancangan Acak Kelompok ( RAK )
2.1. Tempat Dan Waktu
factorial adalah :
Tempat dan waktu penelitian ini
dilakukan di Desa Bambel. Kecamatan Yijk = µ + αi + βj +δik + ( βδ ) jk + ∑ ijk
Bambel. Kabupaten Aceh Tenggara Dimana :
dengan posisi lahan datar dan Yijk = Hasil pengamatan karna pengaruh
diperkirakan mempunyai ketinggian faktor pertama dengan taraf ke j
tempat kira-kira ± 220 m dpl. Penelitian faktor kedua dengan taraf ke k
Dan blok ke 1
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Hal 90
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Tabel 1. Rataan jumlah tunas pada waktu Penyambungan dan Panjang Entres yang
berbeda.
Perlakuan Rata-rata Jumlah Tunas
Waktu Penyambungan (W) 3 MSS 5 MSS 8 MSS
WI 1,70a 1,73 1,40
W2 1,74b 1,92 1,60
W3 2,18c 2,11 1,78
BNT 0,05 0,73 - -
Panjang Entres (P)
P1 1,59a 1,74 1,56
P2 1,89b 1,92 1,49
P3 2,14c 2,11 1,74
BNT 0,05 0,73 - -
Intraksi Waktu Penyambungan (W) dan Panjang Entres (P)
W1P1 1,55 1,55 1,66
W1P2 1,55 1,77 1,22
W1P3 1,99 1,88 1,33
W2P1 1,44 1,89 1,89
W2P2 1,78 1,77 1,25
W2P3 2,00 2,11 1,66
W3P1 1,77 1,77 1,13
W3P2 2,33 2,22 2,00
W3P3 2,44 2,33 2,22
Keterangan : Angka yang diikuti dengan huruf berbeda menunjukkan adanya
perbedaan yang nyata berdasarkan uji BNT pada taraf 5%
Untuk panjang entres pada tabel 1 diisi kembali jika jumlah daun yang
juga dapat dilihat bahwa panjang entres aktif berfotosintesis lebih banyak.
berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah Hal ini diduga pada waktu
tunas dan total jumlah tunas yang penyambungan dan panjang entres
tumbuh yang tertinggi pada 3 MSS (W3P3) terhadap 3MSS daya generasi
terdapat pada perlakuan P3 yaitu 2,14 entres naik sehingga kemampuannya
dan yang terendah pada perlakuan P2 untuk menumbuhkan tinggi karena
yaitu 1,49 disebabkan kambium tanaman masih
Berdasarkan penelitian Lukman berada dalam keadaan maksimum
(2014) menyatakan bahwa perlakuan sehingga laju pertumbuhan pada tunas
defoliasi entres dapat merangsang tidak terhambat. Hal ini berbeda dengan
pembentukan tunas karena tunas penelitian Yanti, L dan Sembiring, D
merupakan sink yang kuat. Perlakuan (2017) yang menyatakan Pemilihan
depoliasi akan menurunkan konsentrasi mata entres tidak berpengaruh nyata
auksin pada ketiak daun dan terhadap jumlah daun tunas,jumlah
meningkatkan kandungan hormon tunas tumbuh dan kecepatan tumbuh
sitokonin yang merangsang tunas.
pembentukan tunas.
Jumlah Daun
Sesuai dengan Waard dan Zaubin
Dari tabel lampiran dapat dilihat
(1983) menyatakan bahwa terkurasnya
bahwa jumlah daun untuk semua
energi untuk proses pertumbuhan tunas
perlakuan mulai dari umur 10 MSS
dan pertautan sambungan.akan cepat
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Tabel 2. Rataan Jumlah Daun Pada Waktu Penyambungan Dan Panjang Entres yang
berbeda
Perlakuan Rata-rata Jumlah Daun
Waktu Penyambungan (W) 10 MSS
W1 5,59
W2 6,81
W3 7,40
Panjang Entres ( P )
P1 6,74
P2 7,55
P3 5,52
Intraksi Waktu Penyambungan (W) dan Panjang Entres (P)
W1P1 7,55
W1P2 6,22
W1P3 3,00
W2P1 7,33
W2P2 7,89
W2P3 5,22
W3P1 5,33
W3P2 8,55
W3P3 8,33
Keterangan : angka yang diikuti dengan huruf berbeda menunjukkan adanya perbedaan
yang nyata berdasarkan uji BNT pada taraf 5%
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Jurnal Agroteknosains | Vol. 01 | No. 02 | Nopember 2017 | p-ISSN : 2598-6228 | e-ISSN : 2598-0092
konsentrasi dalam sel lebih rendah dari umur 10 MSS menunjukkan tinggi
dibandingkan dengan konsentrasi diluar tanaman terhadap waktu penyambungan
sel tanaman maka air kan bergerak dan panjang entres yang berbeda
keluar dari dalam sel tanaman. berpengaruh tidak nyata dan intraksinya
Daun yang lebih banyak pada juga berpenaruh tidak nyata terhadap
batang bawah, tampaknya menghasilkan tinggi tanaman.
tunas yang lebih banyak pada bibit Tinggi tanaman yang ditampilkan
sambung pucuk kakao. Hasil ini sesuai oleh masing-masing varietas diduga
dengan penelitian Zaubin dan Suryadi dipengaruhi oleh batang atas dan batang
(2002) yang mendapatkan bahwa daun bawah dalam menyalurkan serapan hara
batang bawah yang lebih banyak pada dari akar untuk ditransfer ke daun
sambung pucuk mente (Anacardium sehingga proses fotosintesis terjadi
occidentale) akan menghasilkan tunas dengan baik, selanjutnya juga mampu
lebih banyak. Daun berfungsi sebagai mentransfer balik keseluruh batang
penghasil fotosintat bagi pertumbuhan bawah. Perbedaan kecepatan
dan perkembangan tanaman. pertumbuhan terutama tinggi tanaman
salah satu indicator peroses
Tinggi tanaman
penyambungan berjalan dengan baik.
Dari tabel dapat dilihat bahwa
tinggi tanaman untuk perlakuan mulai
Table 3. Rataan Tinggi Tanaman(cm) pada waktu Penyambungan dan Panjang Entres
yang berbeda.
Perlakuan Rata-rata Tinggi Tanaman cm
Waktu Penyambungan (W) 10 MSS
W1 10,48
W2 24,00
W3 21,29
Panjang Entres (P)
P1 16,37
P2 22,66
P3 16,74
Intreraksi Waktu Penyambungan (W) dan Panjang Entres (P)
W1P1 20,00
W1P2 19,00
W1P3 10,44
W2P1 28,44
W2P2 25,44
W2P3 18,11
W3P1 18,66
W3P2 23,55
W3P3 21,67
Keterangan : Angka yang diikuti dengan huruf berbeda menunjukkan adanya perbedaan
yang Nyata berdasarkan uji BNT pada taraf 5%
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Jurnal Agroteknosains | Vol. 01 | No. 02 | Nopember 2017 | p-ISSN : 2598-6228 | e-ISSN : 2598-0092
24.00 cm dan yang terendah pada (lukman et al., 2003,. Dzauli et al.,
perlakuan W1 yaitu 10,48 cm. 2005).
Untuk perlakuan panjang entres Rendahnyah keberhasilan sambung
pada tabel 3 juga dapat dilihat bahwa pucuk ditingkat petani disebabkan
panjang entres berpengaruh tidak nyata beberapa hal seperti pemilihan entres
terhadap tinggi tanaman. Dan total yang tidak tepat, belum menggunakan
pertambahan tinggi pada 10 MSS plastik pengikat yang transparan dan
terdapat pada perlakuan P2 yaitu 22,66 lentur serta fase pertumbuhan tanaman
cm dan yang terendah pada perlakuan waktu pelaksanakan penyambungan
P1 yaitu 16,37 cm. tidak tepat.
Selanjutnya sifat genetik masing-
Diameter Batang
masing varietas juga berpengaruh
Diketahui bahwa diameter batang
terhadap kemampuan untuk
untuk semua perlakuan mulai dari umur
menghasilkan prenkim yang penting
tanaman 10 MSS menunjukkan waktu
dalam proses penyambungan.Sejalan
penyambungan dan panjang entres yang
dengan pendapat Kusumo et al (1992)
berbeda berpengaruh tidak nyata dan
menyatakan bahwa keberhasilan
intraksinya juga berpengaruh tidak nyata
penyambungan juga dipengaruhi oleh
terhadap diameter batang.
kondisi batang bawah, lingkungan, dan
Pada tabel 4 rataan diameter batang
keterampilan teknik penyambungan.
pada waktu penyambungan dengan taraf
Pada tabel 3 rataan tinggi tanaman
konsentrasi berpengaruh tidak nyata.
memperlihatkan bahwa pada waktu
Dari tabel 4 juga dapat dilihat total
penyambungan berbagai taraf tidak
diameter batang tertinggi pada 10 MSS
berpengaruh nyata. Dari tabel 3 juga
yang tertinggi terdapat pada W2 yaitu
dapat dilihat total tinggi tanaman pada
3,00 cm dan yang terendah pada
10 MSS yang tertinggi W2 yaitu
perlakuan W1 yaitu 2,03 cm.
24,00cm dan yang terendah pada
Untuk panjang entres pada tabel 4
perlakuan W1 yaitu 10,48
dapat dilihat bahwa panjang entres
Pada perlakuan panjang entres
berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap
pada tabel 3 juga dapat dilihat bahwa
diameter batang. Dan total diameter
panjang entres tidak berpengaruh
batang yang tertinggi pada 10 MSS
nyata.terhadap pertambahan pada tinggi
terdapat pada perlakuan P1 yaitu 2,96
tanaman. Dan total pertambahan tinggi
cm dan yang terendah pada perlakuan
tanaman yang tertinggi pada 10 MSS
P3 yaitu 2,07.
terdapat pada perlakuan P2 yaitu 22,66
Hal ini diduga bahwa adanya faktor
cm dan yang terendah pada perlakuan
yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan
P1 yaitu 16,37.
diameter batang tanaman seperti
Pada entres kakao sambung pucuk
kekurangan air sehingga unsur hara
rata-rata pertambahan tinggi tanaman
yang harusnya tersalur pada keseluruhan
terbaik terdapat pada perlakuan P2 yaitu
tanaman terhambat akibatnya
dengan rata-rata 22,66 cm. panjang
pertumbuhan diameter batang tanaman
entres dipengaruhi oleh banyaknya
terhambat.
kambium yang dapat memacu
pertumbuhan tiggi tanaman bibit kakao
tersebut. Keberhasilan sambung pucuk
dilakukan oleh petani 15-35 % (suryadi
dan zaubin, 1999), sedangkan ditingkat
penelitian dapat mencapai 65,9-89,3 %
Hal 94
Jurnal Agroteknosains | Vol. 01 | No. 02 | Nopember 2017 | p-ISSN : 2598-6228 | e-ISSN : 2598-0092
Tablel 4. Rataan Diameter Batang (mm) pada Waktu Penyambungan Dan Panjang Entres
yang berbeda
Perlakuan Rata-rata Diameter Batang(mm)
Waktu Penyambungan (W) 10 MSS
W1 2,03
W2 3,00
W3 2,67
Panjang Entres ( P )
P1 2,96
P2 2,66
P3 2,07
Intreraksi Waktu Penyambungan (W) dan Panjang Entres (P)
W1P1 2,22
W1P2 2,44
W1P3 1,44
W2P1 4,00
W2P2 2,55
W2P3 2,44
W3P1 2,67
W3P2 3,00
W3P3 2,33
Keterangan : angka yang diikuti dengan huruf berbeda menunjukkan adanya perbedaan
yang Nyata berdasarkan uji BNT pada taraf 5%
Hal 95
Jurnal Agroteknosains | Vol. 01 | No. 02 | Nopember 2017 | p-ISSN : 2598-6228 | e-ISSN : 2598-0092
Tablel 5. Rataan Entres Dorman pada Waktu Penyambungan Dan Panjang Entres yang
berbeda
Perlakuan Rata-rata Dorman
waktu penyambungan (W) 10 MSS
W1 0,22
W2 0,18
W3 0,18
Panjang entres ( P )
P1 0,07
P2 0,33
P3 0,18
Intreraksi Waktu Penyambungan (W) dan Panjang Entres (P)
W1P1 0,00
W1P2 0,55
W1P3 0,11
W2P1 0,00
W2P2 0,22
W2P3 0,33
W3P1 0,22
W3P2 0,22
W3P3 0,11
Keterangan : angka yang diikuti dengan huruf berbeda menunjukkan adanya
perbedaan yang Nyata berdasarkan uji BNT pada taraf 5%
Hal 96
Jurnal Agroteknosains | Vol. 01 | No. 02 | Nopember 2017 | p-ISSN : 2598-6228 | e-ISSN : 2598-0092
Tabel 6. Rataan persentase bibit jadi pada waktu penyambungan dan panjang entres yang
berbeda.
Perlakuan Rata-rata Jumlah Bibit Jadi
Waktu Penyambungan (W) 10 MSS
W1 51,85
W2 55,55
W3 44,44
Panjang Entres ( P )
P1 53,70
P2 51,85
P3 46,30
Intreraksi Waktu Penyambungan (W) dan Panjang Entres (P)
W1P1 66,66
W1P2 38,89
W1P3 50,00
W2P1 55,55
W2P2 61,11
W2P3 50,00
W3P1 38,89
W3P2 55,55
W3P3 38,89
Hal 97
Jurnal Agroteknosains | Vol. 01 | No. 02 | Nopember 2017 | p-ISSN : 2598-6228 | e-ISSN : 2598-0092
Tabel 7. Rataan persentase bibit mati pada waktu penyambungan dan panjang entres
yang berbeda.
Perlakuan Rata-rata jumlah Bibit Mati
Waktu Penyambungan (W) 10 MSS
W1 48,15
W2 44,44
W3 55,55
Panjang Entres ( P )
P1 46,29
P2 48,15
P3 53,70
Intreraksi Waktu Penyambungan (W) dan Panjang Entres (P)
W1P1 33,33
W1P2 61,11
W1P3 50,00
W2P1 44,44
W2P2 38,89
W2P3 50,00
W3P1 61,11
W3P2 44,44
W3P3 61,11
Hal 98
Jurnal Agroteknosains | Vol. 01 | No. 02 | Nopember 2017 | p-ISSN : 2598-6228 | e-ISSN : 2598-0092
Hal 99
Vol. 9(9), pp. 80-90, September 2017
DOI: 10.5897/JHF2017.0502
Article Number: FC037CC65866
ISSN 2006-9782 Journal of Horticulture and Forestry
Copyright ©2017
Author(s) retain the copyright of this article
http://www.academicjournals.org/JHF
The government of Cameroon is responsible for distributing hybrid cocoa seeds to farmers in
Cameroon. These high-yielding and pod rot-resistant hybrids are obtained from self-incompatible
commercial clones used for seed production by manual pollination of freshly opened flowers. The
experimental procedure for the propagation technique of these clones has never been reported. The
objectives of this study are to assess the effect of clone, cutting source and growth regulator
concentration on the growth and rooting of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) stem cuttings. The experiment
consisted of 4 clones (SNK16, ICS40, UPA143 and T79/501; two cutting sources: B1 = orthotropic and
B2 = Plagiotropic) and four concentrations of growth regulator (4-indol-3-butyric acid) concentrations
(D0 = 0 mg, D1 = 12.5 mg, D2 = 25 mg and D3 = 37.5 mg), thus a 4 × 2 × 4 factorial experiment in a
completely randomized block design with 3 replicates was designed. Cuttings were set and monitored
th
weekly for shoot sprouting for 10 weeks and rooting at the 10 week. The following parameters were
measured: survival rate, number of cuttings with shoots, number of produced shoots, leaves length,
number and length of produced roots. Clone, cutting source and growth regulator concentration
significantly affected survival rate, shoot sprouting and rooting of cocoa cuttings at p = 0.05. Overall,
cuttings started producing shoots 3 weeks after setting (WAS) and at 10 WAS all the cuttings had
rooted. Assessment of cuttings in Clementine propagators showed a survival rate of approximately
75%, with orthotropic cuttings showing higher results than plagiotropic cuttings, whereas, D1 (12.5 mg)
was the overall effective growth regulator (IBA) concentration that induced the highest number of roots
from all the clones. UPA143 was the clone with highest value for all the factors assessed. The results
will be valuable in management decision when producing planting materials by stem cuttings.
Key words: Theobroma cacao, vegetative propagation, clone, cutting source, growth regulator concentration,
clementine propagator, shoot and root growth.
INTRODUCTION
th
Cocoa was introduced in Cameroon in the 19 century a cash crop for all producing countries, and is an
and has since played a major role in the economic important source of income for farmers. In Cameroon,
development of the country (Champaud, 1966). Cocoa is cocoa is one of the main export products, and represents
Essola Junior et al. 81
approximately 28% of non-oil exports and 40% of exports requirement (Koko et al., 2011) for successful cutting
from the primary sector (Ondoua et al., 2016). Cameroon establishment had been reported. According to Wiesman
produces about 280,000 tons of cocoa beans annually and Jaenicke (2002), several endogenous and
th
and is considered as the 5 high cocoa producer in the exogenous factors such as water and energy status,
World (FAOSTAT, 2015). This has been possible through hormonal balance, mineral and health status of cuttings,
consistent government effort carried out by the Cocoa age of the cutting, propagation environment and stock
Development Cooperation (with French acronym plant management influence the success of this process.
SODECAO) which provides farmers with highly Leakey (2004) reported that adequate stock plant
productive hybrids that are also adapted to the climatic management improved the rooting ability of cuttings by
conditions in Cameroon. These high-yielding and pod rot- providing the appropriate morphological and physiological
resistant hybrids are obtained by manual pollination of conditions for shoot development. There are even more
freshly opened flowers from self-incompatible commercial sophisticated techniques such as micropropagation by
clones planted in seed orchards of SODECAO. These tissue culture in cocoa (Troare et al., 2003;
commercial clones are imported from Trinidad and Brazil Chantrapradist and Kanchanapoom, 1995). Vegetative
and propagated vegetatively for the establishment of propagation of cocoa by cuttings was initiated by the
seed orchard. At the start of the program, seed orchards Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD)
were established by grafting because that was the only in the past few years but the experimental procedure for
available method valorized during that period for the the propagation technique has never been reported. This
propagation of cocoa. Faced with graft incompatibility and will assist in the management process in the production
variability of seedlings, there is usually insufficient of clones. The aim of this research is to vegetatively
production of clones for the seed orchards. Vegetative propagate selected clones of cocoa by stem cuttings.
propagation by cuttings can resolve the above problems Specifically, to assess the effect of growth regulators
although it was abandoned in Cameroon about 40 years concentration and source of cuttings on bud sprouting
ago (personal communication). and rooting of selected cocoa clones used in Cameroon.
Vegetative propagation is used to obtain an exact copy
of the genome of a mother plant. This is achieved
through the use of meristematic, undifferentiated cells MATERIALS AND METHODS
that can differentiate into organs required to form a whole
The study was carried out at the nursery of the Institute of
new plant (Wiesman and Jaenicke, 2002). The typical Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD) Nkoemvone
approach is propagation by stem cuttings, in which roots (2.81122°N and 11.13972°E), situated 15 km from Ebolowa, the
are induced to form on a piece of stem detached from a capital of the South Region of Cameroon. The site is located in a
donor plant (Libby, 2004). Vegetative propagation is one bimodal rainfall zone, dominated by ferralitic soils. The mean
of the used techniques in propagating superior annual temperature is 25°C, with the least monthly temperature of
22.8°C recorded in July, whereas the highest monthly temperature
commercial cocoa clones (Tee and Lamin, 2014). The
of 28.6°C is recorded in April. Mean annual rainfall ranges from
technique for producing rooted cuttings was first 1550 to 2000 mm with highest precipitation occurring between April
elaborated by Pyke (1933) and was further developed in and May as well as between September and October.
the 1950s (Evans, 1951). Several authors (Archibald, The Clementine propagator was used for this trial (Figure 1a).
1955; McKelvie, 1957; Hall, 1963) had also made These propagators consist of a series of 10 propagators coupled
important contributions to the vegetative propagation of together and adjacent to another series which serves for hardening
plants. These propagators were constructed in cement bricks and
cocoa by stem cuttings in Ghana. The physiological are 1 m high, 6 m long and 1.5 m wide. At the interior is a 15 cm
principle involved in propagating cocoa clones by stem wide and 25 cm deep pipe used for watering and drainage. They
cuttings promotes the development of adventitious roots have a transparent glass cover to allow penetration of light for
from the pericycle region at the stem base just above the photosynthesis in the cuttings, and are conceived to maintain a
cut, in a high humidity environment (Laliberté and End, permanent relative humidity of approximately 100%. Successful
2015; De Klerk et al., 1999; Rasmussen et al., 2009). rooting of cocoa cuttings requires a humid environment (Hartmann
et al., 2002).
Modern scientific investigations have improved the
management techniques of cuttings. A number of studies
on hormone application, cutting stock origin (Toxopeus, Preparation of materials, setting of cuttings and observation of
1970; Kevers et al., 1997; Lily and Ramadasan, 1979; trial
Koko et al., 2011), number of leaves on cuttings (Amoah,
Propagators were cleaned and cleared of all dirt particles, and filled
1986), effect of light, temperature and humidity (Lily and with gravel up to 10 cm. Wooden propagation trays were then filled
Ramadasan, 1979), rooting media (Amoah, 1986; Lily with sawn wood chips previously treated with a systemic fungicide,
and Ramadasan, 1979; Kouamanan, 2001) and water cleanomil, which contains copper oxide (600 g/kg) and metalaxyl
Author(s) agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License 4.0 International License
82 J. Hortic. For.
A b c
d e f
Figure 1. Vegetative propagation stages. (a) Clean Clementine propagator; (b) Collection of cuttings; (c) Preparation of cuttings;
(d) Establishment of plagiotropic cuttings; (e) Establishment of orthotropic cuttings; (f) Transfer of cutting into the propagator.
(120 g/kg) as active ingredients; as well as a systemic insecticide, maintain photosynthesis for cutting survival (Longman, 1993).
parastar, containing imidiachloprid (20 g/l) and lambda-cyhalothrine The growth regulator, 4-indol-3-butyric acid (IBA) (10 mg per
(20 g/l) as active ingredients. 50g of each of the fungicide and tablet) was applied to cuttings at four different concentrations of:
insecticide were dissolved in 15 L of water in a watering can before D0: 0 mg of IBA; D1: 12.5 mg of IBA in ½ a liter of water; D2: 25 mg
application. Propagation trays were placed in the propagators. of IBA in ½ a liter of water; D3: 37.5 mg of IBA in ½ a liter of water.
Decomposed saw dust was treated in the same manner like the Each cutting was quickly dipped into the growth regulator solution
sawn wood chips and filled into perforated alkathene plastic pots of of appropriate concentration for about 30 s before setting in treated
dimension, 24 × 14 cm three days before cuttings were set. decomposed saw dust in the perforated alkathene plastic pot
The plant genetic materials used for this trial consisted of 4 (Figure 1d and e). Cuttings were set about 3 cm deep. Pots were
clones including Upper Amazonian Forastero (UPA143 and then placed in germination trays in propagators filled with sawn
T79/501) as well as Trinitario (SNK16 and ICS40) found in the wood chips to ensure their stability (Figure 1f). The trial was a 4 × 2
SODECAO seed orchards which were used for the production of × 4 factorial experiment in a completely randomized block design,
high-yielding and pod rot-resistant hybrids. with 3 replicates. Each treatment consisted of 30 cuttings, with a
Two cutting sources, orthotropic (B1) from the main stem and total of 2880 cuttings set for the trial (that is 30 × 32 = 960 × 3
plagiotropic (B2) from branches were used in this trial. Young and repetitions = 2880). Cuttings were watered on a daily basis in the
healthy cocoa shoots were collected from tree bases and trunks (for morning and any fallen leaves and dead cuttings were removed.
orthotropic cuttings, B1) and from secondary and tertiary branches
(for plagiotropic cuttings, B2) in the cocoa seed orchard (Figure 1b).
The latter were collected early (before 7 a.m.) in the morning. Each Data collection and analysis
shoot/branch was reduced to a cutting of about 15 cm in length and
1 cm diameter (Figure 1c). Each cutting had a slanting upper Survival rate (%) was assessed on 2880 cuttings. Because of the
surface to ease run-off during watering (Tchoundjeu, 1989). The destructive nature of the assessment when plants are lifted to
leaves were reduced to four and each halved to about 80 cm 2 collect rooting data, a Z-sampling method was used on each
surface areas to reduce water loss through evapotranspiration and treatment for data collection on the shoot and root parameters
Essola Junior et al. 83
Figure 2. Evolution of dead cuttings in weekly periods for clone, cutting source and growth regulator concentration.
st
which reduced the sample to 960 cuttings (that is, 10 × 32 = 320 × dead cuttings in the 1 week of the trial while mortality in
3 repetitions = 960). Foliar growth (number of cuttings with shoots, Upper Amazon clones (UPA143 and T79/501) started at
number of produced shoots and leaves length) and root growth rd
(number and length of roots per cutting) were assessed at the 10th
the 3 week. The highest mortality was observed at the
rd th
week. 3 and 5 WAS on all the clones. The mortality rate was
The survival rate and shoot sprouting were collected in 2 weekly always higher in Trinitario than in Upper Amazon clones,
intervals for a period of 10 weeks from when cuttings were set, notwithstanding the week (Figure 2). The survival rate
while rooting was assessed at the end of the 10th week. The rooting was significant for clone and cutting type at P = 0.05
media were flooded in water to ease lifting of cuttings and to (Table 1) UPA143 had a significantly higher survival rate
prevent the roots from breaking. A cutting was considered to have
rooted if it had a root of at least 1 cm (Atangana et al., 2006). A
than the other clones while T79/501 showed significantly
rooted cutting was assessed for number of roots by counting, higher survival rate than ICS40 and SNK16 which were
whereas root lengths were measured using a ruler. Number of not significantly different. Orthotropic cuttings showed a
cuttings with shoots and number of produced shoots were counted significantly higher survival rate than plagiotropic cuttings,
while the leaves lengths were measured from the petiole base whereas growth regulator concentration had no effect on
through the mid rib to the tip using a ruler. The number of life
cutting survival with D0 having the highest rate of survival
cuttings at the time of data collection was used to estimate survival.
Data were input on Microsoft Excel and analyzed using the (59.37) (Table 2).
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 16. Generally, orthotropic cuttings showed a better survival
Univariate analysis of variance with 3 factors (clone, cutting type rate than plagiotopic cuttings confirming the result of
and growth regulator concentration) was carried out, whereas the Liabeuf (1946) on the vigor of orthotropic cuttings.
Duncan multiple range test was used to separate means at 5% Regarding the method of propagation, setting cuttings in
level of significance.
Clementine propagators were less successful (76 %
survival) than in plastic tunnels (Koko et al., 2011), with
80% survival rate, although the difference is minimal.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effects of clone, cutting source and growth regulator Effects of clone, cutting source and growth regulator
concentration on survival rate concentration on number of cuttings with shoots
Mortality rate had no particular trend with time among the According to the results, all 4 clones produced young
clones, cutting sources and growth regulator shoots at 3 WAS of cuttings and at 10 WAS where almost
concentrations. Higher mortality rate was observed in all the cuttings had shoots (Figure 3) with 100% in clone
Trinitario clones (ICS40 6 and SNK16 2) which recorded UPA143. The analysis of variance results showed
84 J. Hortic. For.
Table 2. Mean survival rate of clone, cutting source and growth regulator concentration at 10 WAS.
Figure 4. Evolution on number of budded cuttings 2 weekly periods for clone, type of cutting and growth regulator concentration.
significant differences in all the sources of variation shoots than SNK16 clone (Tables 4 and 5). There was
(Table 3). All cuttings (100%) of clone UPA143 showed an increase in the number of buds produced per clone,
the presence of flushing at 3 WAS, followed by clone growth regulator concentration and cutting type with time
ICS40 with 77.5% of cuttings having shoots, whereas (from weeks 3 to 10). Growth regulator concentration D1
T79/501 and SNK16 clones produced shoots on 35 and (12.5 mg of IBA in half a liter of water) induced more
7% of cuttings, respectively (Figure 4 and Table 5). buds notwithstanding the clone, cutting type or week of
assessment. Clone UPA143 produced the highest
number of shoots, despite the cutting type or growth
Effect of clone, cutting source and growth regulator regulator concentration, followed by clone ICS40 (where
concentration on number of shoots produced per orthotropic cuttings produced more buds than plagiotropic
cutting cuttings), clone T79/501 (with plagiotropic cuttings
producing slightly more buds that orthotropic cuttings)
Significant differences were observed on the clones, and lastly, clone SNK16 (where there was only a minimal
cutting sources and the growth regulator concentrations difference in bud production between orthotropic and
with respect to the number of produced shoots. Clone plagiotropic cuttings, with the former having more buds).
UPA143 had a significantly higher number of shoots than Bud production was observed to be largely influenced by
ICS40 and T79/501 clones which showed no significant genetic factors, although adequate growth regulator
difference, but produced a significantly higher number of application and use of appropriate cutting type could also
86 J. Hortic. For.
Figure 5. Evolution on number of shoots produced in 2 weekly periods for clone, cutting source and growth regulator concentration.
play an important role (Figure 5 and Table 4). The trend concentration was different where concentration (D2) had
in the number of cuttings with shoots was similar to that the highest number of cuttings with shoots but produced
of the number of produced shoots for clone and type of less shoots as compared to the concentration (D0)
cuttings. However, the trend in growth regulator though not significantly different (Table 5).
Essola Junior et al. 87
Effect of clone, cutting type and growth regulator accordance with Charrier (1969) who pointed out that leaf
concentration on leaf length growth of cocoa cuttings varies with the applied hormone
concentration.
The results showed that clone, cutting type and growth The obtained results were in line with those of Amoah
regulator concentration had highly significant effects on (2006a) who observed that the effect of clone was very
leaf length (Table 6). Clone UPA143 had significantly predominant in the course of rooting, with different
longer leaves than the other clones, with a mean leaf degrees of leaf production between clones. Koko et al.
length of 4.5 cm at week 10 with growth regulator (2011) also reported that the Upper Amazon clones
concentration D1 (12.5 mg of IBA in ½ a liter of water) produced leaves earlier than Trinitario clones. However,
and orthotropic cuttings, whereas the least mean leaf Koko et al. (2011) however observed leaves on Upper
length was recorded in clone SNK16 at 5 WAS with the Amazon clones 5 WAS, in contrast to the present study in
control treatment for growth regulator concentration (D0) which sproutings were observed at 3 WAS for Upper
and plagiotropic cuttings. Amazon clones and 5 WAS for Trinitario clones. All used
Orthotropic cuttings (B1) produced longer leaves at 10 clones for the trial were grown under the same
WAS for most clones and all growth regulator environmental conditions; therefore differences in results
concentrations. There was only a slight difference in leaf are possibly genetic. This observation was in line with
lengths between both cutting types with clone UPA143. that of Nanda et al. (1968) who reported that success in
Growth regulator concentration D1 induced the longest cocoa propagation using cuttings from different clones
leaves, notwithstanding the clone, cutting source or can vary considerably according to their genetic
number of weeks after setting of cuttings. This showed constitutions.
that leaf length of rooted cocoa cuttings vary with clone,
cutting type and used growth regulator concentration.
Analysis of variance showed a highly significant Effect of clone, cutting type and growth regulator
difference among the studied factors at 5% level of concentration on number of produced roots per
significance (Table 6). A comparison of clones for leaf cutting
length at 10 WAS using Duncan multiple range test
showed a similarity between ICS40 and T79/501, with Analysis of variance revealed a highly significant
difference in their means very close to 0. On the contrary, difference among the tested factors at the significance
there was a significant difference among UPA143 and the level of 5% (Table 7). Clone UPA143 produced a
rest of the clones, confirming that leaf length of cocoa significantly higher number of roots, notwithstanding the
cuttings are influenced by clones (Table 5). Maximum cutting type or growth regulator concentration (Figure 6).
leaf production was attained by all clones at 10 WAS. Orthotropic cuttings produced more roots than
The LSD for growth regulator concentration revealed that plagiotropic cuttings, whereas IBA concentration (D3)
50% of cuttings in the control treatment (D0) had leaf induced the greatest number of roots on orthotropic
lengths of less than 8 cm, which was inferior to those of cuttings of clones UPA143 and SNK16 (Table 9).
D3, D2 and D1 by 9, 10 and 11 cm, respectively. Generally, D1 and D2 induced many roots for all clones
Difference in the growth regulator concentrations and cutting types. Duncan multiple range test reveals a
indicated a difference at 5% confirming, the effect of significant difference in the number of roots produced by
growth regulator concentration on leaf length of cocoa cocoa cuttings treated with different IBA concentrations.
cuttings at 10 WAS. According to Himme (1956), leaf A comparison of clones using the Duncan multiple
lengths of cocoa cuttings vary with respect to cutting range test showed that there was no significant difference
origin, in line with the results of the present study which in root number of cocoa cuttings between clones T79/501
revealed that orthotropic cuttings produced longer leaves and ICS40 at p=0.05 (Table 9). This confirmed that
than plagiotropic cuttings. Growth regulator concentration clones affect root production in cocoa cuttings although
also influenced leaf lengths of cocoa cuttings in there may be similarities between some clones. A Tuckey
88 J. Hortic. For.
plot of cutting type showed that orthotropic cuttings rooting, flushing and cuttings survival of some cocoa
produced between 3 and 19 roots, whereas plagiotropic clones (KKM22 and MCBC1) in a non-mist propagator,
cuttings produced between 1 and 17 roots. The median but not others (LKMS1, PBC123 and BR25) which
value for root number of orthotropic cuttings was 10, showed low (2.79-6.43%) rooting rates. On the contrary,
meaning that at least 50% of the latter cuttings produced Mbah and Retallick (1992) observed that different IBA
at least 10 roots. On the other hand, the median value for concentrations did not improve rooting in Balanites
plagiotropic cuttings was 8, thus 50% of them produced aegyptiaca cuttings. Shiembo et al. (1996) reported that
at least 8 roots. A Duncan multiple range test of cutting applications of different IBA concentrations made no
types showed a significant difference in the number of significant difference to rooting of Irvingia gabonensis
produced roots between orthotropic and plagiotropic cuttings. However, the latter growth regulator improved
cuttings at p=0.05. root number in Ricinodendron heudelotii cuttings but did
All 3 factors (clone, cutting type and growth regulator not affect the rooting percentage (Shiembo et al., 1997).
concentration) had positive effects on rooting of cocoa This showed that IBA application had different effects on
cuttings, in line with Liabeuf (1946) who observed an the rooting of different tropical tree species.
increase in root production on cocoa cuttings treated with
IBA as well as Himme (1956) in a study on cocoa root
system. Archibald (1953) observed considerable variation Effect of clone, cutting type and growth regulator
in rooting behavior among cuttings from different clones, concentration on root length of cocoa cuttings
different trees of the same clone, different parts of the
same tree and different parts of the same shoot due to Clone UPA143 had the longest roots at 10 WAS,
internal factors, with photosynthetic efficiency of the leaf notwithstanding the cutting type, whereas ICS40, SNK16
being a key determinant in the cutting survival. Hall and T79/501 showed average root growth. The longest
(1963) and Toxopeus (1964) observed significant root at 10 WAS (13.6 cm) was produced by orthotropic
differences among clones in rooting ability. The latter cuttings (B1) with growth regulator treatment D1 (12.5
authors found that Upper Amazon and Trinitario clones mg) (Figure 6). Analysis of variance of the effect of each
perform higher than Amelonado in rooting response. factor on cocoa root length showed that there were highly
Tee and Lamin (2014) observed that IBA application on significant differences at p=0.05 for each factor (Table 8).
cocoa cuttings in different substrates positively influenced A comparison of clones with respect to root length using
Essola Junior et al. 89
Source of variation Level Mean number of root per cutting Length of root (cm)
c c
SNK16 5.8536 5.02
b b
ICS40 9.2614 6.06
Clone b b
T79/501 9.2490 6.07
a a
UPA143 12.6611 9.18
a a
B1 9.93 7.29
Cutting type b b
B2 8.55 5.97
d
D0 7.7792d 5.4708
a a
D1 11.1917 8.1029
Growth regulator concentration b b
D2 9.5417 6.7733
c c
D3 8.5125 5.9767
Values with the same letters are not significantly different at p=0.05.
LSD showed there were significant differences at p=0.05 Amazon and Trinitario clones root well than the clone
except between ICS40 and T79/501. The median values Amelonado, the reasons being genetic.
for root length of cocoa cuttings for the factor IBA
concentration varied from a minimum of 5 cm for dose D0
to 8 cm for dose D1. D2 and D3 registered 6 and 5.5 cm, Conclusion
respectively (Figure 6).
Clone UPA143 had the longest mean root length, The effect of four clones, two cutting sources and four
followed by ICS40, T79/501 and SNK16 in a decreasing IBA concentrations has provided important information on
order. Orthotropic cuttings (B1) produced longer roots cocoa propagation. Orthotropic cuttings (B1) showed a
than plagiotropic cuttings, whereas growth regulator better survival rate (67.31%) than plagiotopic cuttings
concentration D1 induced longer mean roots than the (B2), confirming the result of other scientists elsewhere
others (D2, D3, and D0) in a decreasing order (Table 9). on the vigor of orthotropic cuttings.
Results of analysis of variance for the factors A classification of the different clones showed survival
investigated in this trial showed significant differences at rates of 75.5% for UPA143, 58.75% for T79/501, 52.57%
p=0.05. Additionally, individual analysis of each factor for SNK16 and 45% for ICS40 after 10 weeks in the
showed significant differences among clones, cutting propagator. Clones ICS40 and T79/501 had similar
types and growth regulator concentrations. This results for root number meaning the effect of clone could
confirmed that root length of cocoa cuttings vary be limited in some cases, whereas orthotropic cuttings
depending on clone, cutting origin and growth regulator and growth regulator concentration D1 showed
concentration. Liabeuf (1946) obtained similar results significantly higher mean values for all parameters
after treatment of cocoa cuttings with IBA. Apart from assessed.
growth regulator treatment, clone and cutting type had Vegetative propagation by stem cuttings is a technique
significant effects on root production and root length. that had been abandoned in Cameroon, in favor of
Clones, foliar surface, physiological age, anatomic traits, grafting for the establishment of cocoa seed orchards.
nutritional and biochemical factors exerted a strong However, stem cuttings have the advantage of providing
influence on rooting. According to Amoah (2006b), Upper many plants within a short time for the creation of such
90 J. Hortic. For.
seed orchards. Future research will be the evaluations of Koko L, Koffi N, Konan A (2011). Multiplication végétative du cacaoyer
(Theobroma cacao L.) par la technique de bouturage direct sous
all the clones available in the research stations of IRAD in
tunnel plastique. J. Appl. Biosci. 46:3124-3132.
different media. Kouamanan OK (2001). Multiplication vegetative du cacaoyer : le
bouturage. Mémoire de maitrise, Universite d’Abobo-Adjame (Cote
d’Ivoire). P 43.
Laliberté B, End M (2015). Supplying new cocoa planting material to
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
farmers: A review of propagation methodologies. Bioversity
International, Rome, Italy. P 200.
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(Theobroma cacao L.) (Ph D Thesis). Wye College, University of Nanda KK, Purohit AN, Anand VK (1968). Seasonal rooting response of
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(Theobroma cacao L.) by rooted cuttings. 1. Physiological Ondoua JM, Mony RD, Siegfried D, Ngotta BJB, Taffouo VD, Kenne M,
considerations. Ghana J. Agric. Sci. 39:209-216. Ekodeck GE (2016). Myrmecofauna of cocoa trees infested by
Amoah FM (2006b). Review of vegetative propagation of cacao Loranthaceae genus Phragmanthera in SODECAO seed fields of
(Theobroma cacao L.) by rooted cuttings. 2. Environmental and Nkoemvone (South of Cameroon). J. Entomol. Nematol. 8(3):19-27.
technical considerations. Ghana J. Agric. Sci. 39:217-226. Pyke EE (1933). The vegetative propagation of cacao. II softwood
Archibald JF (1953). Factors involved in the rooting response of cuttings, Second annual report on cacao research, Trinidad 2:3-9.
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research conference, 12-16 December 1953, Tafo, Gold Coast. pp. formation, root system quality and survival of Pinus elliottii var. elliottii
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Archibald JF (1955). The propagation of cocoa by cuttings, Technical environments. New For. 38:285-294.
Bulletin, (West African Research Institute), P. 3. Shiembo PN, Newton AC, Leakey RRB (1996). Vegetation propagation
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Authors’ contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author KMDK designed the
experiment, carried out the research and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author DTT initiated
the concept, designed the experiment, performed the statistical analysis and wrote the article. Author
RGC wrote the article with literature searches. Authors GYAB and LJB designed the experiment,
wrote the protocol and managed the analysis of the study. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.
Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/AJAHR/2018/40168
Editor(s):
(1) Fatemeh Nejatzadeh-Barandozi, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Azad Islamiz University of Khoy, West
Azarbayjan, Khoy, Iran.
Reviewers:
(1) Bado Souleymane, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Austria.
(2) R. Mahalakshmi, India.
Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/23865
ABSTRACT
Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the rooting ability of stem cuttings of eight-year-old cocoa
th
hybrids disseminated in the 5 agroecological zone of Cameroon.
Study Design: The experiment was a 6 x 2 x 3 randomised complete block design with three
replications.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the multipurpose agricultural research
station Nkoemvone – Ebolowa from February to September 2017.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Methodology: The studied factors were six genotypes (G1 = IMC67 x SNK 64, G2 = SNK 620 x
MA 12, G3 = T79/501 x SNK 109, G4 = T79/501 x SNK 64, G5 = SNK 413 x UPA 143 and G6 =
UPA 143 x SNK 64), two Cutting types (C1 = Orthotropic and C2 = Plagiotropic) and three rooting
hormone concentrations (H1 = 2 tablets per liter of water, H2 = ½ tablet per liter of water and H3 =
1 tablet per liter of water). Rooting ability was evaluated by assessing percentage of rooted
cuttings, number of root per rooted cutting and the length of the longest root per rooted cutting.
Results: Analysis of variance results indicated that genotype, hormone concentration and most of
their interactions were highly significant while cutting type was not significant on the measured
traits. The best rooting was obtained with genotype G4 for all the measured parameters. It was
shown in this experiment that genotype G4 could be propagated using Rhizopon hormone, with a
concentration of ½ tablet per litre of water and plagiotropic cutting type. This is also noticed in their
interaction terms, where genotype G4/Hormone concentration 2 and 3 were the best combinations
for all parameters.
Conclusion: Significant differences among genotypes are an indication that different genotypes
may require different conditions for their propagation. As such investigations into the requirement
for the propagation of the other genotypes should be considered in the future.
Keywords: Theobroma cacao; vegetative propagation; hybrid; cutting type; rooting; hormone
concentration; 5th agroecological zone.
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Kamga et al.; AJAHR, 1(2): 1-10, 2018; Article no.AJAHR.40168
Table 1. Mean values of percentage of rooted cuttings, number of root per rooted cuttings and
the length of the longest root per cutting among genotypes
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hormone concentration H3 (1 tablet per litre of cutting and the length of the longest root with
water). Results of ANOVA revealed that both orthotropic and plagiotrophic cuttings each
hormone concentration had a highly significant producing 6 roots per cutting and 8.1 cm for the
effect on number of roots with P = 0.000. There length of the longest root at 5%, with P = 0.87
was no significant difference in root number (Table 3).
between ½ and 1 hormone tablet per litre of
water, which induced the greatest number of 3.4 Interaction Effect between
roots with mean values of 6.53 ± 2.83 and 6.33 ± Genotype/Hormone Concentration on
2.86 respectively. The least number of roots was the Percentage of Rooted Cuttings,
produced by hormone concentration H1 with 2 the Number of Roots and Length of
tablets per litre of water (Table 2).
the Longest Root
ANOVA results reveal that hormone
concentration had a significant effect on length of Significant interaction effect was found in
the longest root at the level of 5 % with P = 0.000 genotype/hormone concentration on the number
(Table 2). It was observed that the longest root of rooted cuttings (P = 0.012) and the length of
length was induced by ½ and 1 hormone tablet the longest root (P = 0.00). There was no
per litre of water, which showed no significant significant effect on the percentage of rooted
difference at the 5% level, with mean root lengths cutting and the results could not be reported
of 9.19 ± 4.17cm and 9.18 ± 4.41 cm. further. The highest mean number of root per
rooted cutting was obtained from the interactions
3.3 Effect of Cutting Type on the between genotype 4 and hormone
Percentage of Rooted Cuttings, concentrations 2 and 3, which showed mean root
Number of Root and Length of the per cutting as 10.7 and 10.5 respectively (Fig. 2,
Longest Root 3). This was followed by genotype 4/ two tablets
per litre of water (8.8 mean roots). For the mean
According to the ANOVA results, cutting type had number of roots genotype, 4 was highest in all
significant influence on the percentage of rooted the concentration applied. Genotype 5/hormone
cutting at 5 %, with P = 0.025 with plagiotrophic concentration 1 had the lowest mean number of
cuttings showing the highest (70.37 ± 15.55) roots with 2.9. It was shown that hormone
percentage of rooted cuttings. Cutting type had concentration 1 recorded the lowest mean
no influence on the number of roots per rooted number of roots for all the genotypes.
Table 2. Mean values of percentage of rooted cuttings, number of root per rooted cuttings and
the length of the longest root per cutting among hormone concentrations
Table 3. Mean values of percentage of rooted cuttings, number of root per rooted cuttings and
the length of the longest root per cutting among cutting types
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The longest roots were induced by interactions and Lass [3], reported that differences in cocoa
between genotype 4/concentration 2 and 3, with genotypes lead to differences in their rooting
mean root lengths of 14.6 and 14.8 cm abilities. The fact of having obtained the best
respectively (Fig. 4, 5). Other interesting results rooting parameters with hybrid T79 / 501 x
came from interactions between genotype SNK64, T79 / 501 x SNK 109, UPA 143 x SNK
3/concentration 3 (12.4 cm), genotype 64, could be explained by the fact that in these
3/concentration 2 (12.2 cm), genotype hybridizations the African clones are involved
4/concentration 1(12cm). On their part, (SNK : Cameroonian clone, and T79 / 501:
interactions between genotype 6/concentrations Ghanaian clone), thus corroborating with the
3, 2 and genotype 3/concentration 1 each observations of [26], who reported that
produced longest roots of about 10 cm. Amazonian high clones such as UPA 143, and
those belonging to the Trinitario group such as
4. DISCUSSION T79 / 501 and the SNK, are more efficient during
cuttings, and therefore root better. For the effect
The results obtained on the genetic potential give of hormone concentration, it was also observed
us information on the effectiveness of the that the higher hormone concentration had a
differences in the rooting of the cuttings from the negative impact on the percentage of rooted
difference in the genetic potential of the hybrids. cuttings whereby hormone concentration H1 (2
Current literature on cocoa propagation does not tablet per litre of water) had the lowest (61.25 ±
provide information on the rooting of cuttings 12.67) mean percentage of rooted cuttings. In
taken from hybrids, as cuttings are often the test of the effect of concentration on the
collected mostly from clones. Similar results were rooting of cuttings, the results showed that the
obtained by Hall [26]. Toxopeus [27], and Wood concentration of the rhizogenic hormone solution
Fig. 3. Age of rooted cuttings, a) Genotype 3/Two Rhizopon tablets per litre of water b)
Genotype 3/½ Rhizopon tablet per litre of water c) Genotype 4/1Rhizopon tablet per litre of
water
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Kamga et al.; AJAHR, 1(2): 1-10, 2018; Article no.AJAHR.40168
a b c
has indeed a consequence on the rooting; these economically important, but also reduce plant
results corroborate those from the [28, 27]. Wood production failures that sometimes occur when
and Lass [3] and Essola et al. [24] experiments, the hormone is missing or being not easily
which reported that hormones are one of the accessible.
important factors influencing the rooting of
cuttings; having obtained better rooting results at The observation of the non-significance of the
the lower concentrations of 1 and 0.5 tablets per rooting differences of cuttings according to
liter rather than the highest concentration of 2 whether they are orthotropic or plagiotropic, is in
tablets per liter, may be due to the fact that the line with the results obtained by Murray [30] cited
hormone used is based on auxin, slowing the by Lockwood [31], who reported that the root
activity of stimulation of rhizogenesis, due to an system of cocoa plants grown from rooted
excessive concentration of auxin, as underlined plagiotropic cuttings is similar to that of seedlings
by Charvet-Candela [29]. However, the non- grown from seeds. Several authors [32, 33, 8],
significance of the rooting results recorded for report that the plants resulting from the rooting of
hormone solution concentrations of ½ tablet per plagiotropic cuttings adopt a bulky canopy in
liter and 1 tablet per liter both gave better results, culture and have a low resistance to lodging and
it would be sensible and recommendable for water stress, this being explained in that these
users of Rhizopon, opting for the lowest plants do not develop a taproot, unlike plants
concentration, ½ tablet, which could not only be resulting from the cutting of orthotropic branches;
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Kamga et al.; AJAHR, 1(2): 1-10, 2018; Article no.AJAHR.40168
in the case of this study, these pivotal roots have for all the measured parameters, while no
not been observed on orthotropic cuttings that significant effect between genotype and cutting
have been experimented; this could be explained type. With the increasing demand of planting
by the stage of root development, perhaps not materials in this zone of Cameroon it is
advanced enough to be able to distinguish recommended on the basis of this work carried
between lateral roots and pivoting roots. These out to evaluate the cutting ability of cocoa hybrids
same authors as well as Lee [34] emphasized to clone the cocoa hybrids by cuttings. This will
that this lack of taproot is a disadvantage for not only reduce the time it takes for stock plants
cultivation, especially during periods when to flower but also reduce the problems with
rainfall is not sufficient; However, Boulay [35] sophisticated equipment required by manual
considers that this lack of root actually affects pollination.
little the mineral nutrition of the plant, because
the cocoa tree is a humicole species, which have ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
nearly 85% of its roots grouped in the surface
horizon in the first 25 cm approximately. The first author is grateful to IRAD Nkoemvone
Interaction effects have never been studied in for permitting him assessed their structure used
propagation techniques in cocoa and comparison their facilities and work staff during the internship
can only be done using some tropical forest and period.
fruit trees. Significant interaction effect between
genotype and hormone (NAA) in rooting ability of COMPETING INTERESTS
P. santalinoides was reported by Dembele et al.
[36]. Authors have declared that no competing
interests exist.
5. CONCLUSION
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Kamga et al.; AJAHR, 1(2): 1-10, 2018; Article no.AJAHR.40168
© 2018 Kamga et al.; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.
Peer-review history:
The peer review history for this paper can be accessed here:
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