BAB 1
READING COMPREHENSION
Reading Comprehension is a part of the test. It is also influenced by language competence
(kemampuan bahasa), reading techniques (teknik membaca), dan reading skills (kemampuan membaca).
The most important thing from the three techniques is fi nding the keywords from each questions.
Therefore, here are some reading techniques that could help you answering the questions.
A. SKIMMING
Skimming yaitu teknik membaca sekilas untuk mendapatkan inti dari bacaan. Teknik ini digunakan
untuk menyelesaikan soal yang menanyakan topik, main idea, atau judul dari bacaan. Sebelumnya
harus diketahui terlebih dahulu perbedaan judul, topik, dan main idea dalam sebuah bacaan:
a. Judul (title) mewakili isi bacaan dan dianggap paling menarik bagi pembaca untuk membaca
sebuah teks. Judul yang ada belum tentu merupakan topik bacaan, tetapi topik bacaan
dapat menjadi judul bacaan.
b. Topik (topic) adalah inti masalah yang dibicarakan oleh penulis, baik dalam bentuk
kelompok kata maupun frasa (bukan kalimat). Topik tidak boleh terlalu khusus (spesifi k),
maupun terlalu umum (general).
c. Pikiran pokok (main idea), sama seperti halnya topik, adalah inti masalah yang dibicarakan
penulis. Mencari main idea pun menjadi sesuatu yang cukup sulit dirasa oleh sebagian besar
pembaca. Perlu diingat bahwa dalam satu bacaan hanya terdapat satu pikiran pokok, yang
letaknya bisa di awal atau di akhir paragraf pertama. Main idea biasanya menekankan
kepada order (urutan waktu dan peristiwa), listing (daftar jumlah atau angka tertentu dalam
bacaan), cause and eff ect (pernyataan sebab-akibat melalui penggunaan kata penghubung
atau conjunctions), dan derajat perbandingan (comparison).
B. SCANNING
Scanning yaitu membaca sekilas namun cukup spesifi k untuk mendapatkan informasi tertentu saja
sesuai yang ditanyakan dalam suatu bacaan. Umumnya, teknik ini digunakan untuk menyelesaikan
soal yang mengandung unsur 5W1H (what, where, when, who, why, how) serta mengidentifi kasi
pertanyaan yang tidak sesuai dengan teks (true or false).
C. CLOZE READING
Cloze reading yakni membaca sekilas namun mendalam. Teknik ini digunakan umumnya untuk
menyelesaikan soal-soal yang berhubungan dengan kosakata (vocabulary) dan bermacam kata jadian
(derivatives).
D. VOCABULARY IMPROVEMENT
Dalam menjawab soal tentang vocabulary, penguasaan kosakata yang dimiliki pembaca akan
berbeda-beda, tergantung pada individu masing-masing dan seberapa sering pembaca mengasah
kosakata yang dimilikinya. Dalam bacaan, salah satu cara untuk menjawab soal yang berhubungan
dengan bacaan yakni dengan melihat kalimat sebelum dan sesudahnya sesuai dengan konteks
kalimat tersebut disertai dengan penggunaan struktur tata bahasa yang tepat secara gramatikal.
CONTOH SOAL
Text 1: SPMB
The government published a report yesterday saying that we need to eat more healthily— more fruits and
vegetables, less fat and sugar. So, that means fewer burgers, chips and fried foods as well as cutting down
on sweet things. We went into Central London yesterday at lunch time and asked people what they thought
about it. “It’s got nothing to do with government what I eat,” said Paul Keel, a building worker, and Dorothi
Mattews, a teacher as they ate beef burgers and chips washed down with strawberry milkshakes. Tim
Kennnor, however, welcome the government’s advice. Then, we asked the Simpson’s restaurant’s manager
about it. “I don’t think people believe all these reports anymore. What they say is good for you on June,
then they say bad for you on July. People stopped taking notice. We serve what we’ve always served.
Almost all of it is fattening.”
Jawaban: B
Text 2: SPMB
Throughout history, people have been the victims of the pickpockets. Today, pickpocketing is
one of the most rapidly increasing crimes. Pickpockets are increasing in number and developing
better methods to practice their skills. Approximately, one million American loose money to
pickpockets every year, and no one is really safe from a skilled pickpocket. His victims, or ‘marks’ as
they called, can be rich or poor, young or old.
During the eighteenth century, pickpockets were hanged in England. Large crowds of people
would gather to watch the hanging, which was supposed to be the warning for the other
pickpockets. However, in time, this practice was discontinued. The reason: while people attentivelly
watching the hanging of a pickpocket, other pickpockets skillfully stole the money from the
spectators!
Police officials say that the most efficient pickpockets come from South America. Many of
these expert pickpockets are trained in special schools called Jingle Bells Schools. A pickpocket
graduated from J.B.S. when he is able to steal a wallet from a dressed dummy ( mannequin) that
has bells inside his pockets.
Even the most well-dressed, respectable person can be a pickpocket. Some of the favorite
places are banks, airports, race tracks, supermarkets, elevators, trains and bus stations. Oftenly,
some pickpockets are working together with other pickpockets as a partner. Another kinds of
pickpocket works outside or inside the bars and specialized in stealling from women is called ‘purse
snatcher’.
To avoid being the victim of the pickpocket, it is important to be very cautious and alert when
in the midst of a large gatherings of people.
Jawaban: A
6. “… other pickpockets skillfully stole the money from the spectators! ” The similar meaning of the
italic word is ….
A. People
B. Victims
C. South American
D. Audiences
E. passangers
Pembahasan :
Spectators dalam kutipan kalimat tersebut bermakna penonton (audiences) yang sedang menyaksikan
pencopet yang sedang menjalani hukuman gantung.
Jawaban: D
7. South American pickpockets are the most efficient ones because ….
A. they are well-trained
B. they are handsome
C. they are well-dressed
D. they are respectable
E. they are persistent
Pembahasan :
Kata kunci dari pertanyaan tersebut adalah South America. Kata kunci tersebut dapat ditemukan pada
paragraf ketiga yang di dalamnya membahas kehidupan para pencopet yang tinggal di Amerika
Selatan (Amerika Latin). Hal yang membuat para pencopet tersebut menarik adalah ketika terdapat
sekolah khusus bagi pencopet disana sehingga mereka menjadi orang yang terlatih (well-trained)
dalam menjalankan aksinya.
Jawaban: A
BAB 2
REPORT TEXT
Purpose of the Text :
To inform the readers about natural or social phenomena; to describe the way things are.
Tujuan Penulisan :
Menyampaikan informasi tentang suatu hasil pengamatan secara apa adanya.
Generic Structure (Struktur Umum) :
1. General Classifi cation: pernyataan umun yang menerangkan subjek laporan, keterangan, dan
klasifi kasinya.
2. Descriptions: pembuatan informasi tentang ciri-ciri umum/generalisasi yang dimiliki subjek seperti
perilaku, fi sik, psikologis, kualitas, ciri-ciri khas.
Language Features (Ciri-ciri Bahasa):
1. Menggunakan Simple Present Tense karena menyatakan fakta/kebenaran umum
2. Hasil pengamatan, observasi, penelitian atau studi tentang benda, binatang, orang maupun tempat
Text 1: UMPTN
CONTOH SOAL
Whales are the largest animals on earth. Bigger than elephants, they may grow 95 feet long,
and weigh 150 tons. A baby blue whale, just born, can be 23 feet long and weigh 3 tons.
Although whales live in the oceans and swims like a fi sh, they are not fi sh. They are mammals,
like cows and elephants. Unlike fi sh they bear young alive, not as eggs. Their babies live on their’s
mother’s milk. They breathe through their lungs and hold their breath when they go under water. If
they cannot come to the surface to breathe fresh air, they will drown. They are warm-blodded. Fish,
however, lay eggs, breathe oxygen in the water, and are cold-blooded.
Whales live in all the oceans. In the winter, some of them go to the warm water to breed and
in the summer, most of them go to the cold water to feed. There are two kinds of whales, whales with
teeth (toothed whales) and whales without teeth (baleen whales). The toothed whales eat fi sh and
squid, which they can catch with their teeth, although they swallow their foods without chewing it. The
baleen whales eat plankton (small animals and plants). When they fi nd pankton, they open their
mouths and swim into the plankton. When they close their mouth they squeeze out the water and
swallow the plankton.
Whales have few enemies. Only human beings and the killer whales that attack whales. And
whales do not seem to fi ght among themselves. They usually live from 20−30 years.
Pembahasan :
Pada paragraf ketiga baris kedua dikatakan “… in the winter, some of them go to the warm water
to breed” yang sesuai dengan pilihan jawaban (B) karena breed = reproduction ( berkembang biak ).
Jawaban: B
Text 2: SPMB
The killer sea waves known as Tsunamis are so quiet in their approach from a far, so harmless,
that until recently their history has been one of surprise attack.
Out in the middle of the ocean, the distance between tsunami wave crests can be 100 miles and
the height of the wave have no more than three feet: sailors can ride one and suspect nothing. At the
shoreline, the first sign is often an ebbing—a retreat but rather a gathering of forces. When the great
waves finally do strike, they rear up and hit harbor and coast, causing death and damage.
These seismic sea waves—or tidal waves—as they are sometimes called, bear no relation to the
moon or tides. And the word “tsunami”, Japanese for “harbor wave”, related to their destination rather
than their origin. The causes are various: undersea or coastal earthquakes, deep ocean avalanches or
volcanism. Whatever the cause, the wave motion starts with a sudden move like a hit from a giant
paddle that displaces the water. And the greater the undersea hit, the greater the tsunami’s damaging
power.
In 1883, Krakatoa volcano in the East Indies erupted, and the entire island collapsed in 820 feet
of water. A tsunami is a tremendous forces bouncing around Java and Sumatera, killing 36.000 people
with walls of water that reached 115 feet in height.
In 1946, a tsunami struck first near Alaska and then, without warning, hit Hawaiian Islands,
killing 159 people and causing millions of dollars of damage. This led to the creation of the Tsunami
Warning System, whose nerve centre in Honolulu keeps around—the—clock vigil with the aid of new
technology. If the seismic sea waves are confirmed by the Honolulu centre, warnings are transmitted
within a few hours to all threatened Pasific points. Tsunamis have been deprived of their most deadly
sting—surprise.
9. Which of the recorded tsunami in the text was the worst? The one that hit ….
BAB 3
DISCUSSION TEXT
Tujuan Penulisan :
Mengajak pembaca mengambil sikap tertentu terhadap sebuah issue atau masalah. Pembaca
diharapkan dapat mengidentifi kasi isu tersebut dan mengulas pendapat yang mendukung (Pro) maupun
yang menentang (Cons) sebelum memberikan rekomendasi terhadap isu tersebut.
CONTOH SOAL
Text 1: SPMB
The view that women are better parents than men has shown itself to be true throughout
history. This is not to say that men are not of importance in child-rearing; indeed, they are most
necessary if children are to appreciate fully the roles of both sexes. But women have proven themselves
superior parents as a result of their conditioning, their less aggressive nature and generally better
communication skills.
From the time they are little, females learn about nurturing. First with dolls and later perhaps
with younger brothers and sisters, girls are given the role of career. Girls see their mothers in the same
roles so it is natural that they identify this as female activity. Boys, in contrast, learn competitive roles far
removed from what it means to nurture. While boys may dream of adventures, girls conditioning means
they tend to see the future in terms of raising families.
Girls also appear to be less aggressive than boys. In adulthood, it is men not women, who prove
to be the aggressors in crime and in war. Obviously, in raising children, a more patient, gentle manner is
preferable to a more aggressive one. Although, there certainly exist gentle men and aggressive women,
by and large, female are less likely to resort to violence in attempting to solve problems.
Finally, women tend to be better communicator than men. This is shown in intelligence test,
where females, on average, do better in verbal communication than males. Of course, communication is
of utmost important in rearing children, as children tend to learn from and adopt the communication
styles of their parents.
Thus, it is all very well to suggest a greater role for men in raising children, let us not forget that
women are generally better suited to the parenting roles.
2. As parents, women in general play a more important role than men because they are ….
A. not aggressive at all
B. good communicators
C. superior human beings
D. experienced in raising children
E. capable of solving problems
Pembahasan :
Pada kalimat terakhir pada paragraf pertama dikatakan bahwa wanita mempunyai peranan yang
lebih luas dan lebih banyak karena wanita umumnya mempunyai kemampuan dalam
berkomunikasi dan mengkomunikasikan segala sesuatunya dengan lebih baik dibanding pria.
Jawaban: B
mempunyai naluri keibuan sejak mereka masih kecil, entah karena terbiasa bermain dengan
saudara maupun dengan meniru perilaku ibu mereka dalam mengasuh anak; terbukti dengan lebih
mampunya wanita dalam merawat anak dan keluarga dibanding pria pada umumnya.
Jawaban: E
5. According to the text, which of the following statement is TRUE about parents in general?
A. Children love their mothers more than they love their fathers.
B. All fathers tend to be aggressive and violent towards their children.
C. Mothers play a greater role in the education of their children.
D. Even gentle fathers are unable to communicate with children.
E. There is no communication between fathers and their children.
Pembahasan :
Secara keseluruhan, teks tersebut menggambarkan tentang betapa hebatnya peranan seorang
wanita dalam kehidupan keluarga mereka. Meskipun pria juga mempunyai andil yang cukup besar,
namun peran seorang ibu tidak dapat tergantikan oleh siapapun. Karena itu, jawaban yang paling
tepat untuk pertanyaan tersebut adalah (C).
Jawaban: C
Text 2: SBMPTN
Did you ride your bike to school when you were a kid? A generation ago most kids rode, walked
or caught the bus to school; very few of us were dropped by our parents at the school gate. These days
most of us have experienced the daily traffic jams around schools at dropoff and picked-up times, as
parents drive their children to the school gate. While there is a national data on the number of children
who walk or ride to school, a recent Victorian survey found nearly half of children are driven to school
every day.
Parents choose to drop their kids at school for a number of reasons—mostly do with safely and
convenience. But experts say chauffeuring your kids to school every day could mean they are missing
out on much—needed exercise and other life skills.
Researchers suggest at least a third of Australian children aged 9−16 years are not getting the
amount of daily physical activity recommended by national guidelines. But this is not because children’s
participation in leisure of sporting activities has dropped off, says Dr. Jan Garrad. Participation in these
activities has not altered much over the years, Garrad says but what has changed is the level of
incidental activity children do. “When you look at countries where children are just active as part of
everyday life, they do not have to be sporty. All they have to do is to get away around the way the
community gets around by walking and cycling, and they get enough physical activity,” she says.
7. By writing the sentence ”… chauffeuring your kids to school every day could mean they are missing
out on much-needed exercise and other life skills.” (paragraph 2 lines 2-3); the author implies that
….
A. taking kids to school makes them deprived individuals when they grow up
B. kids given lift to school likely lose vital social and physical advantages
C. schooling means not only learning in classes but also socializing with others
D. parents spoil their kids’ future social and physical life by giving them a lift
E. when a child needs physical and social training, parents should facilitate them
Pembahasan :
Berdasarkan petikan kalimat tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa selain memiliki sisi positif dari
pihak orangtua, namun ternyata terdapat sisi yang negatif bagi para anak. Diantar-jemput setiap
hari ke sekolah membuat mereka kehilangan kesempatan untuk bersosialisasi dengan lingkungan
dan menggerakkan tubuh.
Jawaban: B
8. Dr. Garrard statement “… where children are just active as a part of everyday life, they do not have
to be sporty.” (paragraph 3 line 5) may be best restated that ….
A. children who are active do not automatically mean they will be good sport
B. being muscular should not be the aim of children who are naturally active
C. children’ physical fitness is not closely related with their daily activities
D. activeness in children does not mean to make these children physically fit
E. when naturally active, children need no more scheduled sports activities
Pembahasan :
Pada kalimat di atas, dengan kata lain dapat dikatakan bahwa ketika anak-anak sudah terbiasa
untuk bergerak secara aktif, maka sesungguhnya mereka tidak perlu lagi melakukan olahraga
secara rutin. Karena dengan selalu bergerak setiap hari sama dengan melakukan olahraga secara
rutin. Berdasarkan pilihan jawaban diatas, maka jawaban yang paling tepat untuk pertanyaan
tersebut adalah pada pilihan (E).
Jawaban: E
9. The part following the passage above most likely contains information on ….
A. advice to parents for their children to have enough physical activities
B. the decreasing trend of children to do physical activities at their will
C. parental motives behind chauffeuring their children to school
D. reason for children not to do fun and incidental activities
E. effects of having children not to be given a lift to school
Pembahasan :
Pada paragraf kedua dalam bacaan tersebut dikatakan bahwa orangtua memiliki banyak motif atau
alasan untuk mengantarkan sendiri anak mereka ke sekolah. Maka pilihan jawaban yang paling
tepat adalah pilhan jawaban (C).
Jawaban: C
BAB 4
ANALYTICAL AND HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Tujuan Penulisan :
Memberikan pendapat/ide dari penulis tentang suatu topik atau permasalahan
2. Hortatory Exposition
a. Penulis memberikan opini dan berusaha membujuk pembaca untuk pro/kontra.
b. Nama lainnya adalah Persuasive.
c. Generic Structure (Struktur Umum):
1. Thesis: pernyataan penulis tentang suatu kasus
2. Argument: alasan tentang adanya kepedulian dan mengarah ke saran/ rekomendasi
3. Recommendation: pernyataan alasan/ bagaimana sesuatu seharusnya dilakukan / tidak
dilakukan
CONTOH SOAL
Text 1: SBMPTN
Passage A
School is necessary because it, fi rst, makes communication with diverse people essential, as
parents do not choose where their children go, and secondly, homeschooling and extracurricular
activities connected to it cannot bring that diversity, for the attending group is self-selecting, rather
than ‘unfi ltered mixture’. I believe that none of the two assumptions is warranted nor true.
In the first place, parents still select schools for their children on the basis of common values,
cultures and achievements. As such, public schools then off er obvious misrepresentations of the
society.
Not only that, I think it’s non-sense that homeschooling should somehow get rid of diversity
from socialization in sports teams or other clubs. What members of a basketball team or a debate club
share is not race, religion, nor income bracket: it is the desire to participate.
Passage B
Children can perhaps be best described as beings of potential during their schools years. Each
child is in the process of discovering their talents and having them be cared for in an attempt to best
reach self-actualization.
Under the homeschooling system parents become much more exclusive mentors to a child,
and this can be problematic. Although parents are generally aware of what their children is capable
of, their evaluations are not always precise.
This could be for a number of reasons. First, it may due to the fact that children are
predominantly seen in the home environment, limiting their chances to show off their potential in
other situations. It could also be because parents sometimes assume that their children will share the
same talents that they had. Simply stated, it would be unreasonable to assume parents could see the
whole pictures.
2. Which of the following statements refl ects a fact mentioned in either passage above? A. Joining
a social club is a matter of wish to participate.
B. Interacting with other individuals is very important.
C. Children are individuals with inborn capacity.
D. Sports teams are a form of social unit.
5. If a child’s parents are not able to identify the child’s talents comprehensively, a home school
child’s basketball talent will ….
A. never be revealed until the right expert can reveal the child’s talent
B. grow normally because somebody’s talent is not affected by anyone else
C. grow little and later it may stop growing at all as there is a little stimulation
D. remain undeveloped because none is able to reveal the child’s potential
E. still grow in so far he/she has the need to partake in a basketball team
Pembahasan :
Jika orangtua tidak mampu mengenali bakat dan talenta yang dimiliki dengan baik, maka bakat
tersebut akan menjadi hal yang sia-sia dan tidak dapat berkembang karena tidak ada yang mampu
mengembangkan bakat yang dimiliki selain individu itu sendiri.
Jawaban: D
Text 2: SBMPTN
Passage A
For those of you now eyeing your cell-phones suspiciously, it is worth nothing that both the
National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the World Health Organization (WHO) say there is no evidence to
support the assertion that cell-phones are a public health threat. But a number of scientists are
worried that has been a dangerous rush to declare cell-phones safe, using studies they feel are
inadequate and too often weighted towards the wireless industry interests. An analysis published by
University of Washington neurologist Henry Lai determined that far more independent studies than
industry—funded studies have found at least some type of biological effects from cell-phone
exposure.
A strong link between mobiles and cancer could have major public-health implications. As cell-
phones make and take calls, they emit low-level-radio-frequency (RF radiation). Stronger than FM
radio signals, these RF waves are still a billionth the intensity of known carcinogenic radiation like X-
ray. (www.time.com)
Passage B
A study published in the journal Bioelectromagnetics reported that no statistically significant
change in the incidence of brain cancers in men and women in England between 1998 and 2007, a
time when cell-phones use increased dramatically.
But now, new work published this week in the Journal of the American Medical Association
says there is an identifiable effect of cell-phones use in the brain, but it is too early to tell what, if
anything, that effect means health-wise.
There has been a lot of controversy of whether cell-phones could increase the temperature of
the brain, which in turn could affect energy requirements.
Based on our study, we really cannot infer whether this is a bad or could even have potentially
good applications so that—our finding doesn’t illuminate or enlighten that very important question or
whether cell-phone exposure could have detrimental effects. (www. npr.org)
Pembahasan :
Pada kedua bacaan tersebut sama-sama memiliki keterkaitan yakni keduanya menyatakan bahwa
terdapat beberapa efek biologis akibat terkena paparan radiasi dari penggunaan telepon selular
yang berlangsung terus-menerus.
Jawaban: C
7. Information in both passages may lead to a hypothesis that ….
A. uncontrolled use of mobile phones will increase carcinogenic stuff in user’s brain
B. regular use of mobile cell-phones will increase biological defects not just in the brain
C. the increasing use of mobile phones will result in detrimental effects of their users.
D. careless use of mobile phones will increase levels of brains energy consumptions.
E. frequent use of mobile phones will increase the radiation accumulation in the brain.
Pembahasan :
Hypothesis adalah suatu prediksi atau perkiraan atas sesuatu yang sedang diamati saat ini. Dalam
hal ini, penggunaan telepon selular secara terus-menerus tanpa disadari, cepat ataupun lambat,
akan memberikan dampak yang sangat besar bagi kesehatan terutama pada otak. Radiasi yang
timbul akibat penggunaan telepon selular secara berkala akan mengakibatkan kerusakan pada
otak, syaraf, atau bahkan kanker otak.
Jawaban: E
8. The topic discussed in both passages above is ….
A. the increase in the brain cancer incidences by the mobile phones radiations
B. inconclusive empirical findings on the impact of the use of mobile phones
C. recent research findings on radiation by mobile phones on brain damage
D. arguments against frequent uses of mobile phones for health reasons
E. issues on the impact of using mobile phones on one state’s health
Pembahasan :
Topik yang terdapat pada kedua bacaan di atas adalah tentang hasil penelitian yang dilakukan
baru-baru ini yang mana hasilnya cukup mencengangkan yakni betapa besar bahaya penggunaan
telepon selular bagi otak, bahkan dapat menyebabkan kanker dan penyakit lainnya.
Jawaban: C
9. Both passages are similar in content in terms of addressing ….
A. relation between mobile phones and health
B. recent research evidence on cell-phones uses
C. mobile phones potential effects of mobile phone use on users’ brain
D. mobile phone use in triggering the brain cancer
E. finding the research on the use of mobile phones
Pembahasan :
Kedua paragraf di atas memiliki persamaan yakni membahas efek yang ditimbulkan oleh telepon
selular terhadap otak penggunanya.
Jawaban: C
BAB 5
PRESENT TENSE
Present Tense adalah tenses yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan kejadian yang berlangsung
pada saat ini, baik yang sedang terjadi maupun yang telah selesai dan masih dilakukan hingga saat ini.
Secara umum, Present Tense terbagi menjadi empat bagian, yakni:
A. SIMPLE PRESENT
a. Rumus dasarnya adalah S + Verb 1 atau S + Verb 1+ -s/-es
b. Digunakan untuk:
1. Menyatakan kebiasaan yang sering dilakukan (Habitual Actions)
Contoh: Ali always goes to school every day.
2. Menyatakan Kebenaran Umum (General Truth)
Contoh: The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.
3. Menyatakan Jadwal
Contoh: Our English class starts at 8 o’clock every Friday.
c. Adverb of frequency yang sering digunakan adalah: always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely,
seldom, ever, never, etc.
c. Umumnya terdapat keterangan durasi waktu yakni dengan menggunakan kata hubung for dan
since.
d. Contoh: People have been waiting for him for three hours.
CONTOH SOAL
1. “When are you going to tell your sister the good news?”
“When she … from her business trip. “ (UMPTN)
A. will be returning
B. is going to return
C. returns
D. is returning
E. had returned
Pembahasan :
Dia akan memberitahu kakaknya tentang berita baik tersebut, segera setelah dia kembali dari
perjalanan bisnisnya. Karena dari awal kalimat pertanyaan berbentuk Present Tense dan menunjukkan
jadwal kembalinya sang kakak, maka jawaban yang paling tepat adalah (C) returns.
Jawaban: C
2. “Can we postpone the class meeting until Friday?”.
“I’m afraid not. I … basketball on Friday.” ( UMPTN)
a. would play
b. will have been playing
c. has been playing
d. always play
e. played
Pembahasan :
Dalam kalimat “I … basketball on Friday” subjek menyatakan kebiasaannya bermain basket pada hari
Jumat. Sehingga kalimat yang paling tepat untuk mengisi kata-kata tersebut adalah (D) always play.
Jawaban: D
Pembahasan :
Dalam kalimat tersebut dikatakan bahwa sang nenek telah hidup sendirian selama bertahun-tahun.
Dari durasi yang ada dalam kalimat tersebut maka jawaban yang paling tepat yakni (C) has never had
(present perfect).
Jawaban: C
Pembahasan :
Kalimat tersebut menanyakan rencana liburan seseorang, yang mana orang tersebut telah mempunyai
tujuan yang pasti untuk berlibur. Maka jawaban yang paling tepat untuk pertanyaan tersebut adalah
(D) are going → to be + Verb-ing menyatakan niat dari pelaku.
Jawaban: D
7. Every night the watchman turns on all the lights and … around the building every half an hour.
(UMPTN)
A. walks
B. is walking
C. to be walking
D. walking
E. to walk
Pembahasan :
Dalam kalimat tersebut tedapat adverb of time ‘every’ yang menyatakan suatu aktivitas/ kebiasaan yang
dilakukan setiap malam. Maka jawaban yang paling tepat untuk soal tersebut dengan menggunakan
Simple Present yakni kata (A) walks.
Jawaban: A
8. “My uncle’s office stays open until 12.00 on weekends.” The sentence means …. (UMUGM)
A. my uncle works at 12.00 on weekends
B. my uncle’s office opens at 12.00 on weekends
C. my uncle doesn’t have to work on weekends
D. my uncle works every weekends
E. my uncle’s office closes at 12.00 on weekends
Pembahasan :
Pengertian yang paling tepat untuk kalimat tersebut adalah (E) karena kantor pamannya tersebut hanya
buka hingga pukul 12 pada akhir minggu.
Jawaban: E
BAB 6
PAST TENSE
Past Tense adalah tenses yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang berlangsung di
waktu lampau, baik yang terjadi dalam waktu yang spesifi k, kejadian yang sedang berlangsung di waktu
lampau, maupun kejadian yang terjadi secara beurutan di waktu lampau. Secara umum, Past Tense
terbagi menjadi empat bagian, yaitu simple past, past continuos, past perfect, dan past perfect
continuous.
A. SIMPLE PAST
1. Rumus dasarnya: S + Verb 2 + Adverb of Time (in Past) 2.. Digunakan untuk:
• Menyatakan kegiatan yang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau.
Contoh:
He met Vivi yesterday.
• Menyatakan kebiasaan yang terjadi di masa lampau.
Contoh:
She always carried her umbrella on the last season.
• Adverb of time (penanda waktu) yang sering digunakan, yaitu yesterday, last…, …ago,
in…, from…to, this/that…
B. PAST CONTINUOUS
1. Rumus dasarnya: S + to be past + Verb-ing 2. Digunakan untuk:
• Menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung di masa lampau.
Contoh:
Aries’s wife was cooking in the kitchen.
• Menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung di masa lampau saat kejadian lain
terjadi/menyela.
Contoh:
The children were laughing when their father arrived home.
• Lebih menitikberatkan pada kejadian yang berlangsung, bukan keterangan waktunya saat
kejadian tersebut berlangsung.
C. PAST PERFECT
1. Rumus dasarnya: S + Had + Verb 3
2. Digunakan untuk:
• Menyatakan kegiatan yang terjadi sebelum kegiatan lain di masa lampau.
Contoh:
The sun had set down before I was ready to go.
• Menyatakan peristiwa yang terjadi selama periode tertentu hingga peristiwa kedua
terjadi di waktu lampau.
Contoh:
He had saved up for fi ve years before he bought a car.
• Adverb of time yang umumnya digunakan, yaitu when, before, after, for a … yang diikuti
oleh clause (past tense).
D. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
1. Rumus dasarnya: S + had been + Verb-ing
2. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan/peristiwa yang dimulai di masa lampau dan
berlangsung terus sampai waktu itu atau baru saja berhenti sebelum orang itu berbicara.
3. Hampir sama dengan Past Perfect, namun lebih menitikberatkan pada proses
berlangsungnya peristiwa.
Contoh:
I had been waiting for a bus for twenty minutes when I saw you.
CONTOH SOAL
1. “When did the guests come yesterday?”
“When she … cooking.” ( UMPTN)
A. had just fi nished
B. is fi nishing
C. was fi nished
D. has fi nished E. fi nishes
Pembahasan :
Kalimat pertama menggunakan kata did yang menyatakan Past Tense, sedangkan kalimat kedua
menggunakan kata hubung when yang menyatakan Past Perfect. Jadi, pilihan A menjadi jawaban
yang paling tepat.
Jawaban: A
2. ASEAN Trade Ministers … the possibility of developing economic cooperation before they attended
the summit meeting last month. ( UMPTN)
A. discuss
B. discussed
C. had discussed
D. were discussing
E. would discuss
Pembahasan :
Kalimat di atas, menggunakan kata hubung before yang menyatakan Past Perfect (kejadian yang
berlangsung sebelum kejadian lain di masa lampau). Jadi, pilihan C menjadi jawaban yang paling
tepat.
Jawaban: C
3. “Last year I didn’t have to pay for my brother’s tuition fee.”
“That’s great. I heard he … a scholarship from a foreign university.”
A. receives
B. had received
C. was receiving
D. would receive
E. has received
Pembahasan :
Kalimat pertama menggunakan keterangan waktu last year yang menyatakan Past Tense. Selain
itu, kalimat tersebut menyatakan subjeknya (I) tidak perlu membayar SPP adiknya tahun lalu yang
berarti peristiwa/pembayaran tersebut telah dilakukan di masa lampau. Jadi, pilihan B menjadi
jawaban yang paling tepat dengan menggunakan Past Perfect Tense.
Jawaban: B
5. “Vina had just finished her big dinner when Jody came in, bringing her favorite durian.
” We may conclude that … “ ( UM-UGM)
A. Vina had durian for her dinner.
B. Vina and Jody had dinner together.
C. Vina would most unlikely have the durian for dinner.
D. Vina would have dinner after eating durian.
E. Vina must not have finished her dinner.
Pembahasan :
Soal tersebut memerlukan pemahaman dalam mencerna suatu kalimat. Kalimat pertama
menyatakan Vina baru saja menyelesaikan makan malam yang cukup banyak. Oleh karena itu, Vina
menjadi tidak menyukai makan malamnya. Alasannya, buah kesukaannya (durian) justru datang
saat dia sudah makan dan merasa kenyang.
Jawaban: C
6. “You were supposed to be here ten minutes ago. Where were you?”
“Yes. I … for a place to park.” ( SPMB)
A. am looking
B. looked
C. have looked
D. look
E. was looking
Pembahasan :
Kalimat pertama menyatakan teman subjek menanyakan keberadaan subjek karena seharusnya
dia sudah berada di tempat tersebut, sepuluh menit yang lalu. Subjek mengatakan dia sedang
mencari tempat parkir selama sepuluh menit tersebut. Karena kejadian tersebut sedang
berlangsung di masa lampau, pilihan E menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat dengan menggunakan
Past Continuous.
Jawaban: E
7. “I was the first to submit my paper yesterday.”
“You’re wrong. I … mine before you did.” ( SPMB)
A. submit
B. have submitted
C. was submitting
D. would sumit
E. had sumitted
Pembahasan :
Kalimat pertama menggunakan Past Tense yang ditunjukkan to be was. Kalimat kedua terdapat
kata penghubung (conjunction) before yang merupakan penanda Past Perfect. Jadi, pilihan E
menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat.
Jawaban: E
8. I … all over the place for my dictionary when I suddenly remembered that my sister had borrowed
it. ( UMPTN)
A. have looked
B. was looking
C. looked
D. am looking
E. have been looking
Pembahasan :
Kalimat tersebut menggunakan penanda Past Tense yang ditunjukkan kata remembered.
Selanjutnya, kalimat tersebut merupakan Past Continuous karena menyatakan kegiatan yang
sedang berlangsung di masa lampau yakni ‘dia sedang mencari kamusnya’ ketika kegiatan lain
menyela yakni ‘dia teringat bahwa kakaknya telah meminjam kamus tersebut.’
Jawaban: B
9. He put out the light. Then, he locked the door.
The above sentences can be joined as follow … ( UMPTN)
A. When he locked the door, he put out the light.
B. He would put out the light if he locked the door.
C. He had put out the light before he locked the door.
D. He put out the light after he locked the door.
E. While he was locking the door, he put out the light.
Pembahasan :
Soal tersebut termasuk soal pemahaman. Kedua kalimat di atas, terjadi dua buah peristiwa yang
terjadi secara berurutan di masa lampau. Dalam kalimat di atas, pelaku (subject) mematikan lampu
terlebih dahulu sebelum dia mengunci pintu. Jadi, jawaban yang paling tepat dengan
menggunakan Past Perfect Tense.
Jawaban: C
BAB 7
CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunction (kata penghubung) biasanya digunakan untuk menyambungkan kata (a book and a
pen), phrases (frasa) atau sekumpulan kata (over the table but near the clock), atau menghubungkan
clause atau kalimat (Amir is happy, but Susi is sad). Secara umum, conjuctions terbagi menjadi empat
bagian, Coordinate Conjunctions, Correlative Conjunctions, Subordinate Conjunctions, dan Conjunctive
Adverb.
A. COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS
Menghubungkan compound sentence (for, and nor, but, or, yet, dan so).
a. Mr Ahmad planned to go abroad, and he would take Vivi with him.
b. I miss you but I hate you.
c. Please send me a letter or call me as soon as you arrive there.
d. Tom doesn’t like durian nor watermelon.
e. I can’t go, for I don’t have much time to go.
f. Come closer, so I can see you clearly.
g. My boss is talkative, yet he is a kind person.
B. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
Kata penghubung yang harus berpasangan.
a. Irma is not only smart but also pretty.
b. Both Leo and Emily are in Bogor now.
c. He can neither read nor write.
d. You can travel to Bali either by bus or by plane.
C. SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS
Kata penghubung yang menyambungkan klausa tidak setara. Umumnya, digunakan dalam complex
sentence.
a. After he had written the letter, he posted it.
b. As soon as the teacher came, the lesson was started.
c. She walked as if she were a model.
d. I study English because I want to go abroad.
e. Unless Mr. Jimmy asks, we can collect this paper to him.
f. Since I am sick, I can’t work.
g. I save my money so that I can buy a new car.
h. Though Jane was sick, she still came to the class.
i. Ali is lazy whereas his sister is very diligent.
j. In spite of the rain, I go to school.
k. You can go on in case I don’t come here.
l. If you study hard, you will get a good score. On the other hand, you will fail if you don’t.
m. As he was leaving the house, someone came to his house.
D. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB
Kata penghubung yang berfungsi menyambungkan klausa atau kalimat.
Contoh:
thus (dengan demikian); moreover dan furthermore (lagipula); besides dan in addition (di samping
itu); therefore, accordingly, hence, dan as a result (oleh karena itu); nevertheless, however, dan yet
(namun).
a. I’d like to go; however, I don’t have any money.
b. You must have enough rest; otherwise, you will get sick.
c. Joanna is so beautiful. Thus, she is popular among boys.
d. Ajeng is clever. In addition, she is also very rich.
e. My brothers are very genius. Moreover, they also polite and humble.
CONTOH SOAL
1. … the great inconvenience of travelling, many television reporters went to the fl ooded area for
their reports. ( SPMB)
A. despite
B. in addition to
C. although
D. in case of
E. because of
Pembahasan :
Awal kalimat tersebut merupakan frasa. Ini karena hanya terdapat satu subjek dalam kalimat.
Kalimat tersebut juga menyatakan suatu pertentangan makna antara kalimat pertama yang
bermakna negatif dengan kalimat kedua yang bermakna positif Jadi, kata penghubung yang paling
tepat untuk melengkapinya adalah despite (pilihan A).
Jawaban: A
2. Smoking can be the cause of many illnesses and respiratory disorders … it may harm nonsmokers.
(UMPTN)
A. consequently
B. however
C. in addition
D. nevertheless
E. otherwise
Pembahasan :
Kata however dan nevertheless memiliki makna yang sama, yakni namun demikian. Jadi, jawaban
tersebut kurang tepat. Demikian juga dengan pilihan A dan E, consequently menyatakan akibat dan
otherwise menyatakan syarat. Jadi, jawaban yang paling tepat pada pilihan C, in addition.
Jawaban: C
3. … three people have died of Cholera, the old people of the village refused to get an injection
against it. ( UMPTN)
A. although
B. however
C. in spite of
D. since
E. despite
Pembahasan :
In spite of dan despite memiliki makna dan fungsi yang sama, yakni bermakna walaupun yang
sama-sama harus diikuti oleh frasa. Demikian juga dengan kedua kata lainnya, however (namun
demikian) dan since (sejak atau karena). Kalimat tersebut merupakan klausa. Jadi, although pada
pilihan A menjadi jawaban yang paling benar.
Jawaban: A
Pembahasan :
Kalimat tersebut menyatakan suatu pertentangan karena bermakna dia terbukti merusak bagian
dalam mobil, dia menyangkal dirinya mencuri radio. Jadi, jawaban yang paling tepat untuk mengisi
bagian rumpang tersebut, yaitu pilihan A eventhough (meskipun demikian) .
Jawaban: A
7. Our dental clinic should be provided with more modern equipments, otherwise …
( SPMB)
A. Patients would be eager to come.
B. It would make patients comfortable.
C. Patients would not be cured.
D. It would become more popular.
E. No patients would come.
Pembahasan :
Kalimat tersebut diikuti kata penghubung yang menyatakan syarat, yaitu otherwise (jika tidak).
Oleh karena itu, kalimat selanjutnya harus dilengkapi dengan kalimatyang menyatakan akibat
untuk melengkapi kalimat sebelumnya yang bermakna sebab (klinik gigi kita seharusnya dilengkapi
dengan peralatan modern). Jadi, pilihan E menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat.
Jawaban: E
8. This project is a huge construction project which needs the use of high technology; it is therefore
most likely that the government will have an established foreign company to do the job.
From the above sentence we may conclude that … ( SPMB)
A. The government seems to be incapable of doing the job.
B. The construction project should be completed within a short time.
C. There are not enough technicians to be involved in the project.
D. The government may not have the necessary financial resources.
BAB 8
PASSIVE VOICE
Passive voice (kalimat pasif) adalah suatu kalimat yang subjeknya dikenai tindakan,
perbuatan, atau pekerjaan. Dalam kalimat aktif, subjek yang melakukan suatu perbuatan. Dalam kalimat
pasif, objek yang akan menjadi subjek, namun terlebih dahulu disisipi prefi x (imbuhan) yang bermakna di-
atau ter-.
Seperti diketahui, ada dua macam verb (kata kerja), yaitu Transitive (memerlukan objek) dan Intransitive
(tidak memerlukan objek).
a. Transitive: buy, drink, eat, make, dan etc.
b. Intransitive: go, sleep, come, run, dan etc.
Hanya kalimat yang mengandung Transitive Verb yang dapat diubah menjadi kalimat pasif karena objek
kalimat aktif akan menjadi subjek dalam kalimat pasif.
Kalimat pasif digunakan jika kita menganggap tidak perlu mengungkapkan si pelaku. Jadi, subjek
dalam kalimat aktif bisa disebutkan ataupun dihilangkan setelah diubah ke dalam kalimat pasif.
Secara umum, penggunaan dan pola Passive Voice terbagi menjadi lima bagian:
Contoh:
Mother cooked some eggs. Some eggs were cooked by mother.
3. Continuous Tense ( S + to be + being + Verb 3)
Contoh:
The children are playing football. Football is being played by them.
Note:
CONTOH SOAL
1. When the bus broke down in the middle of the dessert, we … that we would have to fi nish the journey to
our destination on foot. ( SPMB)
A. were telling
B. have told
C. were told
D. have been told
E. had told
Pembahasan :
Pola dasar dari kalimat pasif, yaitu S + to be + Verb 3. Jadi, jawaban yang paling tepat untuk kalimat
tersebut ialah were told, pasangan untuk subjek we ialah were.
Jawaban: C
Jawaban: C
BAB 9
MODALS
Auxiliary adalah kata kerja bantu. Modal adalah bagian dari auxiliary yang merupakan
sekelompok kata kerja bantu yang memberikan arti tambahan dalam suatu kalimat. Yang harus diingat
ialah modal selamanya diikuti kata kerja bentuk infi nitive (Verb 1). Secara umum, terdapat dua macam
Modal yang kita perlu ketahui, yaitu Modal Auxiliary dan Modal Perfect.
A. MODAL AUXILIARY
Selalu diikuti oleh infinitive (Verb 1).
Contoh:
1. May: Mrs. Lusi may become the best teacher this term. (possibility)
May I borrow your pen, please? (permission)
2. Can: I can swim well. (ability)
It can rain tomorrow. (possibility)
3. Shall: Shall I open the window? (asking)
You shall go to the doctor. (advice)
4. Will: He will take some courses. (going to happen)
5. Must: Students must study hard. (necessity)
You look pale. You must be sick. (possibility)
6. Used to: I used to cry when my mother left me alone. (habitual actions)
B. MODAL PERFECT
Selalu diikuti oleh Verb 3 dan menyatakan masa lampau.
Contoh:
1. Could have + Verb 3
Menyatakan hal yang sebenarnya biasa saja dilakukan, tetapi tidak dilakukan di masa lampau.
Contoh:
She could have asked her brother to lift up the box. (She lifted the box herself)
Contoh:
The grass is wet. It must have rained last night.
CONTOH SOAL
3. “My car was stolen from the garage and I don’t know if I can buy another one”.
7. “I ran through the red light and I got fined by the traffic policeman.”
“Oh, you … more careful.” ( UMPTN)
A. must have been
B. could be
C. might have been
D. maybe
E. should have been
Pembahasan :
Mengacu pada kasus yang dihadapi akibat ketidaksabaran subjek pertama, subjek kedua memberikan
saran agar subjek pertama lebih berhati-hati lagi ke depannya.
Jawaban: E
BAB 10
CAUSATIVE
Causative adalah kata kerja yang berarti menyuruh/meminta seseorang melakukan suatu
kegiatan tertentu atau dengan kata lain menyuruh/meminta sesuatu dilakukan. Pada intinya, subjek
dalam kalimat causative tidak pernah melakukan pekerjaan tersebut dengan tangannya sendiri.
Secara garis besar, Causative Verbs (CV) terbagi menjadi dua kelompok:
Have/has/had
Make/makes/made + Verb 1 Get/gets/got + to Verb 1*
Let/lets/let
Note:
a. (*) hanya berlaku untuk kalimat aktif
b. Have/has/had→ menyuruh/meminta
c. Make/makes/made→ memaksa
d. Let/lets/let→ membiarkan
e. Get/gets/got → menyuruh/meminta
Contoh:
1. She has the boy sweep the fl oor. (active)
She has the fl oor swept by the boy. (passive)
2. The teacher made us bring some cookies. (active)
The teacher made some cookies brought by us. (passive)
3. My mother let me cut my hair. (active)
My mother let my hair cut. ( passive )
4. Mia gets Aries to fi x the roof. (active)
Mia gets the roof fi xed by Aries. (passive)
CONTOH SOAL
1. Since her handwriting is very bad, we will have her … her composition. ( UMPTN)
A. types
B. typed
C. typing
D. type
E. to type
Pembahasan :
Dalam kalimat tersebut, setelah Causative Verb have, kata selanjutnya ialah her yang menunjukkan
seseorang (perempuan). Oleh karena itu, kalimat tersebut termasuk kalimat aktif yang subjeknya diikuti
oleh Verb1.
Jawaban: D
2. It is impossible for us to translate the whole book within two weeks. So we …. ( UMPTN)
A. have to translate it by ourselves
B. have some assistants help us
C. have translated the whole book
D. have been asked to translate it
E. have given all the transaction to the assistants
Pembahasan :
Karena kami (subjek) merasa tidak mampu untuk menerjemahkan keseluruhan isi buku dalam waktu dua
minggu, kami memutuskan untuk menyuruh beberapa asisten untuk membantu kami. Jadi, pilihan B
menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat.
Jawaban: B
3. “When do you want to have the fl owers … to your house?”
a. to deliver
b. delivering
c. be delivered
d. delivered
e. deliver
Pembahasan :
Kalimat tersebut menanyakan, “Kapan kiranya bunga-bunga tersebut dapat dikirim ke rumah?” Sesuai
dengan pola Causative Verb (CV), setelah CV itu benda maka akan diikuti oleh V3.
Jawaban: D
Means … ( UMPTN)
a. I had edited my article.
b. My article would be edited.
c. Somebody edited my article.
d. I was asked to edit my article.
e. I had to edit my article myself.
Pembahasan :
Kalimat I had it edited berarti saya menyuruh seseorang untuk mengedit artikel yang sudah saya buat
sebelumnya. Dengan kata lain, seseorang mengedit yang saya buat dan bukan saya.
Jawaban: C
BAB 11
IF CONDITIONAL
Jika kita bicara tentang If Clause atau Conditional Clause maka kita berbicara tentang kalimat
pengandaian yang terdiri dari dua bagian, yaitu Main Clause dan If Clause. Secara umum, If Conditional terdiri
dari tiga bagian, yaitu Future Possible, Present Unreal, dan Past Unreal.
If I have a lot of money, I will go around the world. (I may go around the world someday if I have
already had a lot of money) → possible to happen in the future as long as the requirement is
fulfilled.
c. Dalam Conditional tipe 2 ini, kita bisa menggunakan to be were untuk semua subjek karena kalimat
pengandaian.
Contoh:
If I were Doraemon, I would fly with Baling-baling Bambu. (I’m not Doraemon so I can’t fly).
c. Pada Conditional tipe 3 ini bisa berlaku pola Inversi (penghilangan kata ‘If’) dan memindahkan had ke
depan kalimat.
Contoh:
If we had known that you were there, we would have written you some letters. Had we
known that you were there, we would have written you some letters.
known that you were there, we would have written you some letters.
CONTOH SOAL
3. If the car were in better condition, we would make a long trip now. It may be concluded that we ....
(UMPTN)
A. have to stay at home
B. are enjoying the trip
C. prefer staying at home
BAB 12
SUBJUNCTIVE
Subjunctive adalah suatu ungkapan atau pengharapan yang menyatakan bahwa kita menyesali
sesuatu yang tidak sesuai dengan yang kita inginkan (bertentangan dengan faktanya). Kalimat subjunctive
menggunakan penanda pengandaian, yaitu wish (berharap), if only (seandainya), as if dan as though
(seolah-olah), serta would rather (lebih suka). Ada beberapa poin yang perlu diingat tentang subjunctive,
yaitu:
1. Selalu dalam bentuk Past (lampau)
2. Wish vs Reality
3. Semua subjek menggunakan were
4. Pola dasarnya:
Past → Present unreal
Past Perfect → Past unreal
Subjunctive terbagi menjadi empat bagian, yaitu wish, if only, as if/as though, dan would rather.
A. WISH
a. I wish I were a pilot. (I am not a pilot)
b. I wished I had bought a new car. (I didn’t buy a new car)
B. IF ONLY
a. If only I took the course. (I don’t take the course)
b. If only it hadn’t rained last night. (It rained last night)
C. AS IF/ AS THOUGH
a. She talks as if she knew everything. (She doesn’t know everything)
b. The man acted as though he had had the company. (He didn’t have it)
D. WOULD RATHER
a. I would rather they lived in Yogya. (they don’t live in Yogya)
b. I would rather you had fi nished doing the assignments. (You didn’t fi nish doing the assignment yet)
CONTOH SOAL
1. I am sorry I can’t go to the airport to see your mother off . I wish I … to work overtime tonight. (UMPTN)
A. wouldn’t have
B. haven’t had
C. won’t have
D. hadn’t had
E. don’t have
Pembahasan :
Kalimat tersebut memiliki pengandaian dengan menggunakan Present Tense (Present Unreal) untuk
menyatakan hal yang sebenarnya bertentangan dengan dia inginkan. Karena kalimat tersebut
menggunakan subjunctive wish dalam bentuk present, kata yang tepat untuk mengisi bagian tersebut ialah
bentuk Past Tense (wouldn’t have).
Jawaban: A
2. I am sure he is not the man in charge of the sales department. But now, he acts … ( UMPTN)
A. Acts as if he is the sales manager.
B. Is acting as if he would be the sales manager.
C. Would have acted as if he had been the sales manager.
D. Would act as ifhe was the sales manager.
E. Acts as if he were the sales manager.
Pembahasan :
Kalimat tersebut menyatakan, “Saya yakin dia bukanlah orang yang bertanggung jawab terhadap
departemen penjualan. Namun, dia hanya bertingkah seolah-olah dia itu manajer penjualan.” Karena
kalimat tersebut menggunakan pola Simple Present untuk menggambarkan kenyataan yang ada,
pasangannya ialah Past Tense.
Jawaban: E
3. ‘Problems of transportation have caused donated food and clothing for the tsunami victims to be
pilled up at the airport.’ I wish … ( SPMB)
A. There are more volunteers to help.
B. The victims should not have worried.
C. The government can ask for help.
D. The problem will be solved immediately.
E. There were more helicopters available.
Pembahasan :
Kalimat tersebut merupakan soal pemahaman terhadap bacaan. Pada kalimat tersebut, permasalahan
pokok ialah distribusi pangan dan pakaian untuk para korban tsunami. Jadi, paling esensial dilakukan ialah
menyediakan lebih banyak helikopter untuk mempermudah distribusi barang-barang kebutuhan para
korban bencana alam.
Jawaban: E
BAB 13
CONCORD
Concord adalah kesesuaian (agreement) antara subyek (noun) dengan kata kerja (verb) atau
kata kerja bantu (auxiliary) dalam suatu kalimat. Selain itu, concord juga merupakan kesesuaian antara satu
kata dengan kata lainnya (word agreement). Dengan kata lain, jika subyeknya tunggal (singular) maka
predikatnya juga akan menjadi singular dan begitu pula sebaliknya.
Contoh:
The boy reading in the library is my brother.
The boys reading in the library are my brothers.
2. Jika subjek mempunyai dua kata benda yang diapit oleh dua buah koma maupun katakata, seperti
together with, accompanied by, as well as, dan along with, tergantung pada kata benda yang ada di
depannya.
Contoh:
The governor, together with his wife and children, is having a journey to Raja Ampat Papua.
3. Jika subjek menggunakan artikel, tergantung jenis defi nite article (the → dianggap singular) ataukah
indefi nite article (a → dianggap plural).
Contoh:
The number of days in a week of days in a week is seven.
A number of students are going to have a picnic.
6. Jika subjek menggunakan benda-benda yang berbentuk jamak atau sepasang, predikatnya akan menjadi
jamak pula.
Contoh:
My new socks are made of wool.
7. Jika subjek merupakan benda yang tidak bisa dihitung (uncountable noun), dianggap singular.
Contoh:
The sugar is sweet.
8. Nama cabang ilmu maupun mata pelajaran dianggap singular.
Contoh:
Mathematics is the most difficult lesson for many students.
9. Pronoun (kata ganti) dengan antecedent (kata atau bagian kalimat yang mendahului) harus sesuai.
Contoh:
All mothers in the world love their children so much.
10. Jika terdapat kata ‘either…or’ dan ‘neither…nor’ dalam kalimat, verb atau to be dari kalimat tersebut
tergantung pada kata sesudah kata ‘or’ dan ‘nor’ dalam kalimat tersebut.
Contoh:
Neither Evi nor Nova goes shopping.
Neither Evi nor her children go shopping.
11. Ungkapan jarak (distance), waktu (time), berat, (weight), dan uang (money) predikatnya dianggap
singular karena merupakan satuan bukan jumlah.
Contoh:
Ten dollars is too expensive for the small toy.
12. Judul buku, novel, film, dan permainan dianggap singular.
Contoh:
Titanic is one of the best movies that I ever seen.
13. Kata penghubung and menghubungkan klausa yang setara dan memiliki kedudukan yang sama.
Contoh:
Both you and him are my bestfriends.
CONTOH SOAL
1. About ten percent of the Earth’s land area area or nearly 5,8 million squares miles … by glacial ice.
(UMPTN)
A. are covered
B. has covered
C. to be covered
D. had covered
E. is covered
Pembahasan :
Jika terdapat kata-kata yang menyatakan satuan tertentu dalam sebuah kalimat, predikat dari kalimat
tersebut akan menjadi singular.
Jawaban: E
5. None of the beauty contestants ... to wear bikini provided by the commitee. (SPMB)
A. refuses
B. are refusing
C. to refuse
D. refuse
E. they refuse
Pembahasan :
Kata None of ... pada kalimat tersebut mengatakan tidak nada satupun dari para kontestan yang
menolak memakai bikini. Kata tersebut dihitung sebagai singular, seperti kata somebody, anybody, dan
lain-lain.
Jawaban: A
BAB 14
ELLIPTICAL CONSTRUCTION
Kalimat eliptik adalah kalimat pemendekan dari dua buah kalimat atau lebih dengan
cara digunakan untuk menghindari adanya pengulangan kata yang sama dalam suatu kalimat. Adapun
bagian yang dihilangkan diganti dengan menggunakan bentuk auxiliary (kata kerja bantu) atau
menggunakan kata-kata, seperti so, too, either, neither, dan so on.
A. Gabungan Setara
Merupakan gabungan dua kalimat yang sama-sama positif maupun negatif. Gabungan setara selalu
menggunakan kata penghubung and.
a. Setara Positif (so dan too)
Contoh:
John is smart. The children are smart.
John is smart and the children are too.
John is smart and so are the children.
We studied hard. Emily studied hard.
We studied hard and Emily did too.
We studied hard and so did Emily.
b. Setara negatif (neither dan either)
Contoh:
They don’t like sushi. He doesn’t like sushi.
They don’t like sushi and neither does he.
They don’t like sushi and he doesn’t either.
Tom wasn’t happy. His parents were not happy.
Tom wasn’t happy and neither were his parents.
Tom wasn’t happy and his parents were not either.
B. Gabungan Setara Berpasangan
Merupakan gabungan dua kalimat yang sama-sama positif dan negatif dengan menggunakan both…
and…, not only… but also… untuk kalimat positif, sedangkan either… or… dan neither… nor… untuk
kalimat negatif.
Dania loves dancing. Riana loves dancing.
Both Dania and Riana love dancing.
Jimmy is smart. Jimmy is humble.
Jimmy is not only smart but also humble.
The bus drivers start working today. The taxi drivers start working today.
Either the bus drivers or the taxi drivers start working today.
Rini forgot where she put the books.
It is either in the living room or in her bedroom.
He isn’t a teacher. He isn’t a doctor.
He is neither a teacher nor a doctor.
He doesn’t say rude things. They don’t say rude things
CONTOH SOAL
1. “Andy agreed that everybody had to pay Rp50.000,00 for the study tour to Bali. “ … “ (UMPTN)
A. Neither was I.
B. But I’m not.
C. So am I.
D. While I didn’t.
E. I didn’t either.
Pembahasan:
Kalimat tersebut merupakan kalimat eliptik pertentangan yang awal kalimatnya termasuk kalimat
positif dan kalimat selanjutnya kalimat negatif. Jadi, pilihan D menjadi jawaban yang paling
tepat.
Jawaban: D
2. Because of the rain, the teacher couldn’t come on time and … (UMPTN)
A. I neither could.
B. Neither could.
C. Also I could not I.
D. I couldn’t either.
E. So I didn’t.
Pembahasan:
Kalimat eliptik tersebut merupakan kalimat eliptik bermakna negatif yang menggunakan Modal
Past (couldn’t) . Jadi, pilihan D menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat.
Jawaban: D
5. Tari was punished by the teacher not only because she forgot to bring her book …. (SPMB)
A. and she didn’t do her homework also
B. but she didn’t do her homework either
C. but also for not doing her homework
D. as well as she didn’t do her homework
E. but also because she didn’t do her homework
Pembahasan:
Kata sambung dalam kalimat eliptik tersebut ialah not only. Kata sambung ini selalu berpasangan
dengan but also. Not only pada soal diikuti oleh adverbial clause yang menerangkan alasan maka
but also juga harus diikuti oleh adverb of reason. Jadi, pilihan C menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat
karena disertai adverb of reason.
Jawaban: C
6. The camping ground where we camped last weekend neither had a facility for rock climbing
practice …. (SPMB)
A. the water was also dirty
B. nor did it have clean water
C. there was no clean water
D. we could also not find clean water
E. and the water was dirty too
Pembahasan:
Kata sambung pada kalimat eliptik tersebut ialah neither. Kata sambung ini yang selalu
berpasangan dengan kata nor. Jadi, pilihan B menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat.
Jawaban: b
8. They have worked hard to prevent excessive government spending, protect environment, and ….
(SPMB)
A. provide good education
B. the provision of quality education
C. providing good education
D. quality education is provided
9. “I heard that the thieves managed to take your electronics” “Well, not only electronics ….” (SPMB)
A. as well as my precious jewelries
B. but they took my precious jewelries too
C. and also my precious jewelries
D. but also my precious jewelries
E. and they took my precious jewelries
Pembahasan:
Dalam kalimat kedua, kalimat eliptiknya menggunakan kata penghubung not only. Pasangan not
only yang paling tepat ialah but also. Jadi, pilihan D menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat.
Jawaban: D
BAB 15
RELATIVE PRONOUN
Relative Pronoun seringkali disebut sebagai adjective clause. Relative Pronoun memiliki
fungsi yang sama seperti kata sifat (adjective) dalam sebuah kalimat majemuk (complex sentence), yaitu
menerangkan subjek atau objek yang berupa kata benda. Penggunaan adjective clause ditandai dengan
penggunaan relative pronoun atau kata ganti penghubung yang menunjuk pada orang atau benda yang
dibicarakan dalam kalimat, seperti who, whom, whose, which, that, in which, dan on which.
a. Who
Digunakan untuk menjelaskan orang (person) dengan makna aktif. Pola yang digunakan, yaitu:
Who + P (verb/aux)
Contoh 1:
The man is Catur. He is standing beside the red car.
The man who is standing beside the red car is Catur.
Contoh 2:
He is the singer who sings our favorite songs.
b. Whom
Digunakan untuk menjelaskan orang (person) yang bermakna pasif. Pola yang digunakan, yaitu:
Whom + S + P (without object)
Contoh 1:
Mira is the girl. Andi hates her.
Mira is the girl whom Andi hates.
Contoh 2:
They are the artist whom the girl adores.
c. Whose
Digunakan untuk menggantikan kata ganti milik, seperti my, your, their, our, their, her, his, dan its.
Pola yang digunakan, yaitu:
( Whose + noun) + P
Contoh 1:
The old man looks very sad. His wife is in the hospital.
The old man whose wife is in the hospital looks very sad.
Contoh 2:
Mia whose car is very expensive is an arrogant girl.
d. Which
Digunakan untuk menjelaskan benda bukan orang, baik yang yang bermakna aktif maupun pasif.
Pola yang digunakan, yaitu:
Which + P (verb/aux)
Contoh 1:
Miaw is my cat. I feed it every day.
Miaw which I feed every day is my cat.
Contoh 2:
The book which I think is lost is on Ria’s desk.
Note:
1. Who menyiratkan frase orang yang diterangkan tersebut berkedudukan sebagai pelaku (subject)
dalam klausa penjelasnya.
2. Whom menyiratkan frasa orang yang diterangkan tersebut berkedudukan sebagai objek dalam
klausa penjelasnya, kecuali jika mendapat preposisi ‘of’ (of whom) dapat berkedudukan sebagai
subjek maupun objek.
3. Whose menyiratkan frasa orang yang diterangkannya dengan frasa benda yang menjelaskannya
berupa hubungan kepemilikan. Whose juga dapat merangkai frasa benda (frasa bukan orang)
selama menunjukkan hubungan kepemilikan, namun lazimnya kepemilikan selain penunjuk orang
dipergunakan of which.
4. That dapat digunakan saat frasa benda yang diterangkannya menunjuk pada orang/selain orang
berkedudukan sebagai subjek maupun objek.
CONTOH SOAL
1. Tom’s father … health hasn’t been so good lately, is in the hospital now. (UMPTN)
A. who is
B. whose
C. his
D. of whom
E. of which
Pembahasan:
Kalimat tersebut memiliki subjek orang (person) yang kondisi kesehatannya (kesehatan miliknya)
tidak terlalu baik. Karena kalimat tersebut menyatakan suatu kepemilikan, relative pronoun yang
paling tepat ialah pilihan B (whose) yang menyatakan hubungan possessive (kepemilikan).
Jawaban: B
3. These tourists, … are Japanese, were among the crowd participating in the Dangdut dance. (SPMB)
A. there are many
B. many of them
C. whose many
D. many of whom
E. they who
Pembahasan:
These tourists merupakan subject plural (jamak). Kalimat selanjutnya dikatakan banyak dari
mereka → mereka merupakan relative pronoun pengganti objek. Jadi, pilihan D menjadi jawaban
yang paling tepat.
Jawaban: d
6. The sanitation in this area, … is neglected by the inhabitants, has caused the spread of many
infectious diseases. (SPMB)
A. the maintenance of which
B. that maintenance
C. of which the maintenance
D. which maintenance
E. the maintenance of it
Pembahasan:
The sanitation in this area … menunjukkan pada suatu sistem dan bukan kata ganti orang. Jadi,
relative pronoun yang paling tepat ialah pilihan C.
Jawaban: c
C. whose
D. that is
E. which
Pembahasan:
Relative pronoun pada adjective clause kalimat tersebut yang paling tepat ialah whom. Ini karena
terdapat dua orang dalam kalimat tersebut, yakni she sebagai subjek dan a man sebagai objek.
Jawaban: a
8. The singing contest participants, only five of … will be selected to enter the grand final are now
waiting for the Jury’s decision. (SPMB)
A. whom
B. whose
C. them
D. which
E. these
Pembahasan:
Relative pronoun yang diikuti oleh predikat berfungsi untuk menjelaskan orang (person), yaitu who.
Namun, kalimat tersebut memiliki sebuah preposisi of. Jadi, who tidak bisa kita gunakan, tetapi
whom yang digunakan (pilihan A).
Jawaban: a
E. a lot of them
Pembahasan:
Kalimat tersebut menggunakan relative pronoun yang diikuti oleh auxiliary (are) dan berfungsi
untuk menjelaskan orang (participants of the state university entrance test) ialah who. Namun,
kalimat tersebut memiliki sebuah preposisi (kata depan) sebelum relative pronoun. Relative
pronoun yang lebih tepat digunakan ialah whom. Jadi, pilihan C menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat.
Jawaban: c
BAB 16
NOUN CLAUSE
Noun clause adalah clause (anak kalimat) memiliki fungsi yang sama seperti kata benda,
diantaranya subjek, objek, maupun pelengkap. Noun clause biasa diawali dengan kata tanya (when, where,
why, how, who, whom, what, which, whose), whether, if, dan that. Noun clause dapat berfungsi menjadi tiga
hal, yaitu subjek, objek, dan pelengkap.
A. Noun Clause Sebagai Subyek
Contoh:
It is strange. What I dreamed last night is strange.
Dari kalimat pertama di atas, it berfungsi sebagai subjek. Kita dapat mengganti it dengan klausa what I
dreamed last night sebagai noun clause yang berfungsi sebagai subjek.
Contoh:
Where she lives is still unclear.
That they passed the exam surprise us.
Perlu diingat bahwa kalimat dalam noun clause haruslah berupa affirmative (pernyataan).
Contoh:
Where do you live? → I know where you live.
C. Noun Clause Sebagai Pelengkap (Complement)
Contoh:
This tour is what I have been dreaming.
This is where I work every day.
CONTOH SOAL
1. … is a big surprise to his colleagues. (SPMB)
A. Tanto has been promoted to replace the retired Financial Manager
B. Do you know Tanto has been promoted to replace the retired Financial Manager
C. I hear Tanto has been promoted to replace the retired Financial Manager
D. That Tanto has been promoted to replace the retired Financial Manager
E. Why was Tanto promoted to replace the retired Financial Manager
Pembahasan:
Kalimat tersebut merupakan noun clause sebagai subjek. Jadi, pilihan D menjadi jawaban yang paling
tepat.
Jawaban: D
4. When Tomoko a Japanese student was asked … of the museum, she quickly replied that it had taught
her a great deal about the history of Kraton Yogya. (SPMB)
A. what did she think
B. about thinking
C. what she thought
D. if she was thinking
E. what she did think
Pembahasan:
Kalimat tersebut merupakan noun clause. Unsur bahasa yang digunakan sebelum preposisi of harus
berupa noun atau noun clause. Susunan yang paling tepat dengan pola noun clause, yaitu (question
word + S + P). Jadi, pilihan C menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat.
Jawaban : C
8. Through a wide variety of technological innovations that include farming methods and sanitations, as
well as the control of these deadly disease, we found the way to reduce the rate … we die, creating a
population explosion. (SIMAK UI)
A. that
B. why
C. how
D. when
E. at which
Pembahasan:
Kalimat tersebut merupakan noun clause yang mengacu pada kata the way, yakni cara (noun) untuk
mengurangi rating/tingkat cara kita meninggal atau tingkat kematian. Jadi, pilihan C menjadi jawaban
yang paling tepat.
Jawaban:C
9. Dr. Alison lane, the director of the Cairns Marine Science Institute, contends … we need marine parks for
scientific research. (SIMAK UI)
A. how
B. why
C. when
D. where
E. that
Pembahasan:
Kalimat tersebut merupakan kalimat pernyataan yang berupa noun clause. Untuk, mengisi bagian
rumpang … kita membutuhkan taman laut di bawah air untuk keperluan penelitian maka pilihan E
menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat.
Jawaban: e
10. … Bali is a beautiful island, rich in culture, and has been confirmed by tourists from around the world.
(UMPTN)
A. Bali
B. Whether Bali
C. If Bali
D. That Bali
E. How Bali
Pembahasan:
Kalimat tersebut merupakan noun clause yang berfungsi sebagai subjek. Jadi, pilihan D menjadi jawaban
yang paling tepat.
Jawaban:
Dalam bahasa Inggris, dikenal dua macam participle, yakni present participle (aktif) dan past
participle (pasif). Keduanya memiliki arti serta bentuk yang berbeda. Kedua bentuk participle tersebut
dapat digunakan untuk menerangkan kejadian yang berlangsung pada present, past, atau bahkan future.
A. Present Participle
Kata kerja dalam bentuk –ing dan artinya menunjukkan pada aktifitas yang bersifat aktif
(melakukan pekerjaan) ataupun sedang dilakukan. Contohnya, doing, eating, dan sweeping.
Penggunaan present participle (active) untuk:
a. Membentuk Continuous Tense
Contoh:
We are studying English now.
b. Setelah Verb of Sense: Catch, Find, and SLOW N FLASH (See, Listen, Observe, Watch, Notice,
Feel, Look At, Smell, Hear)
Contoh:
We saw Nurhayati cooking in our kitchen.
c. Noun Modifier/Adjective
Contoh:
The walking stick is really useful for that old man.
d. Clause Modifier
1. Dua peristiwa yang terjadi secara bersamaan yang dilakukan oleh pelaku yang sama.
Contoh:
Sleeping, he felt down from his chair in the class.
While he was sleeping, he felt down from his chair in the class.
2. Dua peristiwa yang terjadi secara berurutan yang dilakukan oleh pelaku yang sama dan
bermakna telah atau after.
Contoh:
Having finished the homework, they went home.
After they had finished the homework, they went home.
3. Peristiwa yang merupakan penyebab terjadinya peristiwa peristiwa lain pada pelaku yang
sama, yakni dengan menambahkan kata being yang berarti karena.
Contoh:
Being old, my grandmother always stays at home all the time.
Karena sudah tua, nenek saya tinggal di rumah sepanjang waktu.
B. Past Participle
Kata kerja bentuk ke-3 (Verb 3) yang berarti telah dan menunjuk pada aktivitas yang bersifat pasif
(dikenai pekerjaan). Contohnya, broken, closed, dan read. Penggunaan Past Participle (Passive)
untuk :
a. Membentuk Kalimat Pasif
Contoh:
Jakarta, surrounded by tall buildings, is very crowded nowadays.
b. Noun Modifier
Contoh:
The broken window has been fixed. c. Clause Modifier
1. Sebab-akibat pada pelaku yang sama.
Contoh:
Accused of dishonesty by the media, the minister decided to resign.
Because he is accused of dishonesty by the media, the minister decided to resign.
2. Peristiwa bersamaan yang terjadi pada pelaku yang sama.
Contoh:
Stolen some jewelries, the thief was arrested by the policeman.
When the thief was stolen some jewelries, he was arrested by the policeman.
CONTOH SOAL
2. … by not more than 40 families, Kampung Naga is a unique village in West Java.
(UMPTN)
A. Inhabit
B. To inhabit
C. Inhabited
D. Inhabitant
E. Inhabiting
Pembahasan:
Salah satu ciri kalimat pasif, yaitu penggunaan kata by. Sama seperti kalimat yang menggunakan
Past Participle, pilihan C menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat.
Jawaban: c
5. Holding posters with various messages for the Board , the factory workers are claiming better
working condition. The underlined words mean … posters with various messages. (SPMB)
A. While they are holding
B. Because they held
C. After they had held
D. Since they have held
E. Before they hold
Pembahasan:
Kalimat tersebut merujuk pada suatu kejadian ketika para pekerja pabrik (buruh) memegang
poster yang berisi berbagai macam pesan yang ingin mereka sampaikan kepada dewan, sambil
menuntut lingkungan kerja yang lebih baik lagi. Karena kejadian tersebut berlangsung bersamaan,
pilihan A menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat.
Jawaban: A
6. Trying hard to win the beauty contest , Ita neglected all her school assignments.
(UMPTN)
A. If she tried
7. Two of my friends … in the school fight last weekend have been arrested by the police.
(UMPTN)
A. they were involved
B. involved
C. to be involved
D. involving
E. were involved
Pembahasan:
Kalimat tersebut termasuk kalimat past participle yang ditandai kata last weekend (kejadiannya
minggu lalu). Kalimat tersebut juga bermaknanya pasif. Jadi, pilihan B menjadi jawaban yang paling
tepat dengan menggunakan verb 3 (involved).
Jawaban: B
9. In Biology, a cell is defined as the smallest unit of life … all the components required for
independent existence. ( UM-UGM)
A. contains
B. is contained
C. it contains
D. containing
E. to be contained
Pembahasan:
Kalimat tersebut merupakan kalimat dengan pola present participle yang bermakna aktif (me-),
Dalam ilmu Biologi, sel dapat didefinisikan sebagai unit terkecil dalam kehidupan … (yang
mengandung) semua komponen kehidupan yang dibutuhkan. Jadi, pilihan D menjadi jawaban yang
paling tepat.
Jawaban: D
10. Inspired by the recent natural disasters, … (SPMB)
A. Sad and sentimental songs are composed.
B. Composers produced sad and sentimental songs.
C. There are compositions of sad and sentimental songs.
D. The composition includes sad and sentimental songs.
E. The result is the composition of sad and sentimental songs.
Pembahasan:
Kalimat tersebut termasuk kalimat present participle yang membutuhkan subjek. Subjek ini ialah
orang (pelaku) yang menciptakan lagu sedih dan sentimental. Jadi, pilihan B menjadi jawaban yang
tepat.
Jawaban: B
BAB 18
DIRECT – INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct Speech adalah suatu ucapan/pernyataan langsung dari pembicara dengan cara
mengulangi kalimat penutur apa adanya tanpa adanya perubahan. Penulisan kutipan langsung dalam
direct speech selalu diapit oleh dua tanda kutip “...” yang diawali oleh tanda koma. Indirect Speech
(Reported Speech) atau kalimat tidak langsung adalah kalimat yang tidak langsung diucapkan oleh
pembicaranya, melainkan diceritakan kembali oleh orang lain. Direct-Indirect Speech terdiri dari tiga
macam, yaitu kalimat pernyataan, perintah, dan tanya.
A. Kalimat Pernyataan (Statement)
1. Jika kalimat pengantarnya present tense maka tenses dalam indirect speech tidak berubah,
yang berubah hanya pronoun dan adverbial-nya saja.
Contoh:
Direct → He says, “I love you.”
Indirect → He says that he loves me.
2. Jika kalimat pengantarnya past tense maka tenses dalam indirect speech berubah, termasuk
pronoun dan adverbial-nya.
Contoh:
Direct → She says, “I cook every day.”
Indirect → She said that she cooked every day.
B. Kalimat Perintah (Command)
1. Positive Command (+ to V1)
Contoh:
Direct → Toni said, “Open the door now!”
Indirect → Toni asked me to open the window then.
2. Negative Command (not + to V1)
Contoh:
Direct → Sarah says, “Don’t love me anymore!”
Indirect → Sarah ordered me not to love her anymore.
C. Kalimat Tanya (Interrogative)
1. Dimulai dengan Yes/No Questions maupun auxiliary verbs, seperti do, did, does, is, am, are,
was, were, have, has, had, will, can, may, shall must, dan have to. Kita harus menggunakan
whether/if dan mengubah kalimat tanya menjadi kalimat berita ( pernyataan ).
Contoh:
Direct → Ahmad asked me, “Do you like an ice cream?”
Indirect → Ahmad asked me whether/if I liked an ice cream.
2. Pertanyaan yang dimulai dengan Question Words (5W1H), whom, dan which. Kita harus
mengubah kalimat tanya menjadi kalimat berita.
Contoh:
NOTES:
1. Ciri kalimat langsung selalu diapit oleh tanda kutip “...”
2. Pattern: Present → Past
Past → Past Perfect
3. Keterangan waktu dan keterangan tempat ikut berubah.
CONTOH SOAL
Jawaban: b
Jawaban: e
BAB 19
GERUND AND INFINITIVES
A. Gerund
Gerund adalah kata kerja dalam bentuk –ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda. Gerund bisa digunakan
sebagai subjek, objek, complement (pengganti), dan modifier (penjelas) kata benda. Kata kerja yang
biasa diikuti oleh gerund, seperti enjoy, appreciate, avoid, delay, mind, quit, postpone, finish, forgive,
fancy, prevent, keep, consider, like, can’t stand, suggest, regret, admit, appreciate, continue, deny,
escape, excuse, imagine, dan resist. Kata kerja setelah possesive adjective, seperti my, your, his, her,
our, dan their.
Contoh:
They have finished their writing.
B. Infinitive
Infinitive adalah kata kerja dasar (Verb 1). Infinitive dibagi menjadi dua bagian: infinitive with to (to
infinitive) dan without to (bare infinitive).
a. Penggunaan to Infinitive
1. Sebagai subiek juga objek
Contoh:
To drive fast needs a lot of practice.
They want to study English every day.
2. Sebagai modifier (penjelas)
• Kata sifat untuk menerangkan noun
Contoh:
I know the answer to solve the problem.
• Penjelas Kata Benda
Contoh:
We need a lot of water to drink.
• Penjelas kata kerja
Contoh:
The principal was invited to open the ceremony.
• Penjelas kata sifat
Contoh:
Dinda is too young to drive a car.
• Penjelas kata tanya atau frasa dengan kata tanya (5W1H)
Contoh:
I was interested where to go with you.
3. Kata kerja yang diikuti to infinitive, seperti promise, ask, decide, beg, would like, advise,
instruct, hope, permit, allow, invite, warn, force, intend, want, expect, allow, propose, tell,
teach, learn, dan urge.
Contoh:
I want to buy a new car next week.
b. Bare Infinitive
Bare infinitive digunakan untuk:
1. Setelah modal auxiliary, yaitu can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, ought to,
dan must.
Contoh:
We must study hard to get the best universities.
2. Setelah verb of perception (kata kerja yang berhubungan dengan panca indera), yaitu see,
hear, feel, smell, make, help, observe, let, dan listen to.
Contoh:
They saw him cry at night.
Note:
Kata kerja yang bisa diikuti V-ing maupun To Infinitive:
a. Tidak ada perbedaan makna: advise, begin, continue, dislike, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose,
dan start.
b. Ada perbedaan makna:
S + forget/remember/stop/forget + V-ing → pekerjaan sudah dilakukan
Contoh:
I forget giving her letter. (lupa telah memberi)
S + forget/remember/stop/forget + to inf → pekerjaan belum dilakukan
Contoh:
I forget to give her letter. ( lupa belum memberi )
CONTOH SOAL
1. My brother, who was not used to … a room with some else, was quite unhappy when he couldn’t have
his own room in the dormitory. (UMPTN)
A. sharing
B. share
C. be sharing
D. be shared
E. being shared
Pembahasan:
Dalam kalimat tersebut, setelah relative pronoun terdapat to be was yang umumnya diikuti oleh
gerund (v-ing). Jadi, pilihan A menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat.
Jawaban: a
5. I remember … in this town when traffic wasn’t too heavy yet. (UMPTN)
A. be driving
B. were drive
C. drive
D. our driving
E. to drive
Pembahasan:
Kalimat tersebut menyatakan bahwa subjek mengingat saat dia melintasi jalanan di kota tersebut,
lalu lintas belum terlalu padat. Kalimat tersebut bermakna dia telah melakukan hal tersebut. Jadi,
pilihan D menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat dengan menggunakan gerund.
Jawaban: D
6. “Where is Budi?”
“Oh. I completely forgot ….” (UMPTN)
A. to invite
B. not inviting
C. invite
D. not to invite
E. inviting
Pembahasan:
Pada kalimat tersebut, subjek menyiratkan dia lupa belum mengundang Budi ke acara tersebut. Jadi,
pilihan A menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat karena pekerjaan tersebut belum dilakukan.
Jawaban: a
7. My friend Hasan is considering … school before finishing it because the financial reports.
(UMPTN)
A. he leaves
B. about leaving
C. he wants to leave
D. in leaving
E. leaving
Pembahasan:
Kalimat tersebut menggunakan kata considering yang umumnya diikuti oleh gerund. Jadi, pilihan E
menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat.
Jawaban: E
8. The motion pictures originated when a series of still photograps were spliced and viewed in rapid
succession … the illusion of movement and continuity. ( UM-UGM 2004)
A. for creation
B. in the creation of
C. to be created by
D. to create
E. created
Pembahasan:
Kalimat tersebut berarti gambar yang bergerak dimulai ketika foto-foto yang dihasilkan dan
digambarkan … ilusi bergerak dan berkelanjutan. Untuk melengkapi bagian rumpang itu, kita harus
mengisinya dengan kata kerja (V1) infinite with to. Jadi, pilihan D menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat.
Jawaban: D
9. People are concerned about the depletion of energy sources. However, they should not forget …
another important thing. ( SPMB)
A. to protect
B. it is protecting
C. they protect
D. having to protect
E. protected
Pembahasan:
Kalimat kedua tersebut merupakan kalimat pernyataan yang bermakna negatif karena berarti namun
demikian, mereka seharusnya tidak melupakan hal penting lainnya. Setelah penggunaan kata not, to +
infinivite (A) to protect untuk melengkapinya. Jadi, pilihan A menjadi jawaban yang tepat.
Jawaban: a
10. “While living in Bogor, we always went to school on foot.”
This means that we … on foot while we were living in Bogor. (UMPTN)
A. go to school
B. are going to school
C. used to go to school
D. are used to going to school
E. liked to go to school
Pembahasan:
Kalimat tesebut menyatakan kebiasaan yang dilakukan di masa lampau dan tidak lagi dilakukan saat
ini. Jadi, pilihan C menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat.
Jawaban: C
BAB 20
DERIVATIVES
Derivatives diartikan sebagai kata jadian, yaitu kata yang mengalami perubahan jenis karena
mendapat imbuhan tertentu. Contohnya, sebuah kata benda yang terjadi karena sebuah kata kerja
mendapat imbuhan tertentu. Dengan kata lain, derivatives dapat juga dikatakan sebagai kata turunan.
Dalam bahasa Inggris, awalan (prefix), akhiran (suffix), maupun gabungan awalan dan akhiran (confix)
dapat mengubah makna dan fungsi suatu kata.
CONTOH SOAL
2. If you use a word-processor, you can easily … another paragraph to your composition. (UMPTN)
A. add
B. added
C. addition
D. addictive
E. additional
Pembahasan:
Kalimat tersebut menggunakan modal auxilary can yang harus diikuti oleh verb 1. Jadi, pilihan A
menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat.
Jawaban: A
3. The … child ran into his mother when he heard the thunder. (UMPTN)
A. frightened
B. frighten
C. frightens
D. frightening
E. being frightened
Pembahasan:
Kalimat tersebut berarti anak yang … (ketakutan) berlari ke ibunya ketika dia mendengar suara petir.
Kata child merupakan sebuah kata benda (noun), sehingga adjective menjadi kata yang paling tepat
untuk mengikutinya. Jadi, pilihan A menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat.
Jawaban: A
4. If you want to … in running your business, you must have the full support of your employees.
(UMPTN)
A. succeed
B. successful
C. success
D. successfully
E. succeeded
Pembahasan:
Penggunaan kata to umumnya diikuti oleh infinitive (verb 1). Jadi, pilihan A menjadi jawaban yang
paling tepat.
Jawaban: A
6. The hall has been … decorated for the opening ceremony. ( UMPTN)
A. beautiful
B. beauty
C. beautifully
D. beautify
E. beautified
Pembahasan:
Has been merupakan salah satu auxiliary verb, sedangkan decorate merupakan kata kerja. Jenis kata
yang dapat diletakkan antara kata kerja bantu dengan kata kerja utama, yaitu adverb. Jadi, pilihan C
menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat.
Jawaban: C
7. The victims of the earthquake showed their … to the local government officials for their help.
(UMPTN)
A. appreciate
B. appreciable
C. appreciation
D. appreciably
E. appreciative
Pembahasan:
Their merupakan kata ganti kepemilikan (possessive pronoun) yang seharusnya diikuti oleh kata
benda (noun). Kata yang paling tepat untuk melengkapinya dengan kata benda. Jadi, pilihan C
menjadi jawaban yang tepat.
Jawaban: C
8. Nowadays, people prefer using small cars than big ones because they are more … (UMPTN)
A. economically
B. economic
C. economize
D. economical
E. economy
Pembahasan:
Pada kalimat tersebut, penggunaan kata more yang merupakan bagian dari degree of comparison,
biasanya, akan diikuti oleh kata sifat (adjective). Jadi, pilihan D menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat.
Jawaban: D
9. My uncle … advised me to take English lesson. (UMPTN)
A. strengh
B. strong
C. strengthening
D. strongly
E. strengthened
Pembahasan:
Kalimat tersebut berarti paman saya menasehati saya … (dengan sangat) untuk mengambil les
bahasa Inggris. Setelah subjek, ada bagian rumpang yang diikuti oleh verb (advised). Untuk
melengkapi bagian rumpang tersebut, diperlukan adverb. Ini karena umumnya verb diikuti oleh
adverb. Jadi, pilihan D menjadi jawaban yang tepat.
Jawaban: D
10. Anti-nutrients appear to be linked to such things as traffic pollution, antibiotics, deep fried food,
processed meat, and the … of plastic and other chemicals in water. (SPMB)
A. present
B. presently
C. presentation
D. presence
E. presentable
Pembahasan:
The merupakan determiner yang harus diikuti oleh kata benda. Pada pilihan jawaban tersebut,
terdapat dua kata benda, yakni presentation (presentasi) dan presence (kehadiran). Jadi, pilihan D
menjadi jawaban yang paling tepat.
Jawaban: D