Mendesign

Laporan
Penelitian dan
Penyajian
Data
By: Ns.Henik Tri Rahayu, Ph.D.
 Tujuan dari hasil
Menulis Demografi demografi:
• Memberikan informasi tentang
karakteristik sampel yang
penting bagi hasil penelitian
• Memberikan perbandingan
dengan populasi umum
• Melaporkan setiap perbedaan
antar kelompok
Demografi – Gunakan
Hasil Sample Size
• Sampel
Jumlah subjek yang direkrut (disetujui)
1 paragraf dengan 4-5 Jumlah data yang tersedia
kalimat Penjelasan singkat tentang perbedaannya
• Variabel
Contoh: 500 pasien yang didekati selama
klinik diabetes rawat jalan, 450 setuju untuk
berpartisipasi dalam penelitian dengan 425
menyediakan data. Dua puluh lima subjek
gagal menyelesaikan kuesioner studi.
 Demografi dasar: Usia
(data interval/rasio), jenis
kelamin

Demografi Pelajari demografi spesifik:

mis. Diagnosa
Dasar • Tingkat pendidikan, suku, agama,
status perkawinan, pendapatan,
tidak dimasukkan kecuali yang
berkaitan dengan variabel
penelitian
Sample
Kesalahan utama:
• Mengulangi setiap detail yang dapat
ditemukan di Tabel
• Mengacu pada Tabel di kalimat pertama.

Solusi:
Contoh:
Subyek terutama laki-laki
Gunakan Tabel untuk detailnya
berusia di atas 80 tahun
Gunakan narasi untuk menggeneralisasi yang memiliki riwayat
diabetes (Tabel 1).
Group differences
Jika studi Anda menggunakan
dua kelompok:
Harus ditentukan secara statistik
apakah kelompok berbeda pada
variabel demografis (X2, t-test)
• Contoh: Tidak ada perbedaan
antara kelompok kontrol dan
intervensi pada usia, jenis
kelamin atau lama operasi.
Contoh A : Keefektifan Kunjungan
Pra Operasi terhadap Komplikasi
Pasca Anestesi
Untuk mengetahui distribusi normal
variabel penelitian, uji
Kolmogorov-Smirnov menunjukkan
distribusi normal (P > 0,05). Tidak ada
perbedaan yang signifikan dalam
variabel demografi dasar (usia, jenis
kelamin, status perkawinan, status
pendidikan, dan pekerjaan) antara dua
kelompok sebelum intervensi. Usia
rata-rata sampel adalah 41,2 ± 13,4
tahun.
 Contoh B: Pengetahuan Perawat dan Hambatan Mengenai Penanganan
Nyeri
Hasil
Karakteristik Demografis dan Responden
Studi ini melibatkan total 2.000 responden, yang darinya diperoleh total 1.602
kuesioner yang diisi dengan benar. Proporsi terbesar perawat (45,8%) yang
berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini berada pada kelompok usia 31 hingga 40 tahun.
Senioritas kerja staf perawat didefinisikan dalam beberapa kurung waktu.
Responden terbanyak (24,2%) berada pada kelompok usia 16 sampai 20 tahun.
Analisis tingkat pendidikan responden menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar
responden menyatakan berpendidikan menengah (57,7%) dan paling sedikit sarjana
(10,7%). Sebagian besar subjek penelitian (56,4%) bekerja di rumah sakit provinsi,
dan sebagian besar bekerja di bangsal bedah (65,5%).
Hampir seluruh responden bekerja sebagai perawat unit (96,8%). Hanya
40,3% responden yang memiliki akses ke Internet di tempat kerja. Tabel 1
menyajikan karakteristik demografi perawat yang berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini.
Contoh C: Efikasi Ice Popsicle pada Penatalaksanaan Haus pada Periode
Segera Pasca Operasi: Uji Klinis Acak

• Dari 1.254 pasien dewasa yang menjalani operasi elektif dan

darurat yang berada di IPP, dipilih 269 yang memenuhi kriteria
inklusi. Dari jumlah tersebut, 61 dikeluarkan, menghasilkan
sampel akhir dari 208 peserta yang diacak menjadi CG, air suhu
kamar (n = 104), dan EG, es loli (n = 104; Gambar 1). Tidak ada
perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik antara kelompok
sehubungan dengan variabel demografis dan klinis; mereka
homogen dan sebanding (Tabel 1).
 Judul:
• Sertakan ukuran sampel total (n=____) di

Summary:
bagian akhir

Usia
Tabel • Rata-rata, SD, rentang

Demografi Jenis Kelamin

• hanya satu jenis kelamin yang diperlukan, n

k (%)
Variabel terkait – Rata-rata, SD
• Tunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan antar
kelompok dengan nilai p; jika tidak signifikan
tulis “ns”
 • Setelah demografi
• Terorganisir tergantung pada studi
• Studi deskriptif – satu variabel penelitian
• Studi korelasional - dua atau lebih variabel
penelitian
Menulis • Studi intervensi - variabel independen dan
dependen
Hasil • Studi kualitatif – tema dan subtema
• Disusun berdasarkan pertanyaan
penelitian atau hipotesis
• Terorganisir dari yang paling tidak
kompleks hingga yang paling kompleks
 Gunakan judul untuk
variabel/konsep/tema penting
• Berikan rata-rata (SD) dari variabel
• Rentang/ range (jika penting)
Menulis • Jika data ordinal, berikan rata-rata
Hasil dari setiap subgrup utama
Yaitu. Skor pemotongan /
skala depresi
• Data variabel untuk setiap kelompok
demografis jika penting
Contoh:
• Catheter-Related Bladder Discomfort atau Ketidaknyamanan
Kandung Kemih Terkait Kateter (CRBD ≥2) terjadi pada 71
(44,3%) dari 160 pasien dengan kateter urin menetap pada 30
menit pasca operasi.

Setelah temuan/hasil data untuk setiap variabel telah tersedia, berikan

temuan untuk setiap hubungan, sebab dan akibat

Terakhir: temuan kebetulan

Writing Style
Statistik
• Untuk semua perbandingan, laporkan estimasi
standar dari efek atau hubungan yang diamati
(mis., d, r) dan estimasi kesalahan yang terkait
dengan perbandingan atau hubungan (mis.,
interval kepercayaan 95% (95%CI), atau standar
error)
• Berikan perkiraan ukuran efek (R2) untuk model
regresi berganda dan penjelasan varians untuk
analisis faktor
Statistik
X SD p

Tidak mencantumkan uji statistik yang digunakan (pengecualian:

analisis faktor)
Gunakan kata “signifikan”, tetapi harus mencantumkan nilai p
nilai p hingga 3 angka desimal; atau p <.001
nilai p dalam kurung ()
Jangan gunakan: "hampir signifikan" atau "mendekati signifikansi“
Jangan gunakan: "signifikan secara statistik“
Bulatkan bilangan menjadi dua desimal
Example A
Chi-square test or Student t test for BMI, ASA physical class,
duration of surgery, dosage of fentanyl (50 μg or 100 μg), and
postoperative pain in surgical site showed no statistically
significant differences between the two groups. However, the
chi-square test for the type of surgery demonstrated statistical
significance between the two groups. In addition, the average age
was lower in the CRBD ≥2 group than the CRBD ≤1 group at
postoperative 30 minutes (t = 2.65; P = .009). The incidence of
CRBD in male patients was higher than that in female patients (x2
= 9.19; P = .002). The incidence of UCRP ≥4 group was higher in
the CRBD ≥2 group than that in the CRBD ≤1 group (z = 10.3; P < .
001).
Example A (edited)
Chi-square test or Student t test for BMI, ASA physical class,
duration of surgery, dosage of fentanyl (50 μg or 100 μg), and
postoperative pain in surgical site showed There was no
statistically significant differences between the two groups except
for age and . However, the chi-square test for the type of surgery.
demonstrated statistical significance between the two groups. In
addition, The mean average age was lower in the CRBD ≥2 group
than the CRBD ≤1 group. at postoperative 30 minutes (t = 2.65; P = .
009). The incidence of CRBD in male patients was higher than that
in female patients (x2 = 9.19; P = .002). The incidence of UCRP ≥4
group was greater higher in the CRBD ≥2 group than that in the
CRBD ≤1 group (z = 10.3; P < .001).
Example B
Table 2 displays the results of the multiple logistic regression
analysis to identify factors affecting CRBD ≥2 30 minutes after
postoperative arrival in the PACU. The frequency of CRBD ≥2 was
significantly higher in patients younger than 50 years than that in
those older than 50 years (OR, 4.79; P = .005), and higher in male
patients than that in female patients (OR, 7.07; P = .015). The
frequency of CRBD ≥2 was significantly higher in patients
undergoing obstetric and gynecological surgery than that in those
undergoing open abdominal surgery (OR, 11.07; P = .045) and was
significantly higher in patients with UCRP ≥4 compared to UCRP <4
(OR, 132.3; P < .001).
Example B (edited)
Table 2 displays the results of the Multiple logistic regression
analysis to identified three factors affecting subjects with CRBD ≥2
30 minutes after postoperative arrival in the PACU. The frequency
of CRBD ≥2 was significantly higher greater in patients subjects
under younger than 50 years than that in those over 50 years (OR,
4.79; P = .005), and higher greater in among male patients than
that in female patients (OR, 7.07; P = .015). The frequency of CRBD
≥2 was significantly higher in patients undergoing obstetric and
gynecological surgery than that in those undergoing open
abdominal surgery (OR, 11.07; P = .045). and was significantly
higher in Patients with UCRP ≥4 compared to UCRP <4 (OR, 132.3;
P < .001) had a higher CRBD.
Temuan Kualitatif
• Cantumkan jumlah tema dan subtema
• Beri setiap tema
• Setiap Tema
• Definisi
• Keterangan/deskripsi
• 1-2 kutipan kunci dari peserta sebagai contoh

Contoh: Temuan menggambarkan pengalaman wanita menjalani operasi penggantian sendi

lutut total dengan anestesi spinal dan mengikuti urutan kronologis operasi dengan
kategori "waktu sebelum operasi", "pengalaman selama operasi", dan "waktu setelah
operasi" (Tabel 1).
Contoh:
• Para wanita menggambarkan bahwa rasa sakit yang terus-menerus paling
menonjol dan menghasilkan situasi yang dianggap sulit dan membosankan.
Beberapa dari mereka harus mengambil cuti sakit dari pekerjaan karena sakit
terus-menerus dan kesulitan berjalan; ini, pada gilirannya, mempengaruhi status
ekonomi dan kesejahteraan mereka. Para wanita menggambarkan rasa sakit
yang terus-menerus melelahkan dan menghambat kehidupan sehari-hari
mereka. Komorbiditas dan/atau sedikit kelebihan berat badan digambarkan
sebagai faktor lain yang mengurangi kualitas hidup sehari-hari beberapa wanita.

“Yang paling jelas bagi saya adalah bahwa saya selalu merasa sakit. Saya bosan;
itu merepotkan untuk pergi berkeliling dan merasa sakit. (Partisipan A)
Quotes
Menyiapkan
Tabel
 “ Graphic Excellence is that which gives to the
viewer the greatest number of ideas in the shortest
time with the least ink in the smallest place.”

----Edward R. Tufte
Data Presentation Formats
• Tabel
• Data spesifik
• Perbandingan yang tepat antara titik data

• Diagram batang (Bar Chart)

• Kurang spesifik secara numerik
• Periksa perbedaan daripada tren / perubahan
• Perbandingan ukuran, besarnya, jumlah

• Grafik Garis (Line Chart)

• Tidak spesifik secara numerik
• Tunjukkan gerakan, perubahan, tren
• Umumnya seiring waktu atau konsentrasi
Table Title
• Table 1.
• Stand on its own
• No abbreviations
• Include population
• Include variables
• Include sample size

Table 1. Demographic variables of women during initial assessment for Human

Papilloma Virus (n=70)

Table 2. Psychosocial adjustment to illness of women positive for Human

Papilloma Virus over one year (n=70)
Examples: Table Title
Table 1 Characteristics of Subjects (N = 160)

Table 2 Factors Predicting CRBD After Administration of Fentanyl in the

PACU (N = 160)

Table 1 Comparison of Individual, Disease, and Nausea Experience

Characteristics of the Experimental and Control Groups

Table 2 Comparison of Experimental and Control Groups According to

Factors that may Affect Nausea and Vomiting
Table “ guts”
Should be able to stand on its own
Show data, and possible manipulations
Percentages, totals, means, averages, ratios, etc.
Columns contain Ind. Variables (that which was
manipulated
Table Contents
• Limit total items/columns
At least 6-8 data points
• No vertical lines
• Do not overload with headings
• Use captions/footnotes for definitions
• Strings of “0’s” or unchanging data might not be
included
• Decimal places – one greater than the raw number
• Obvious abbreviations can be included
• Don’t repeat data from text, just call attention to main points
Preparing a Table
• Standard errors, standard deviations, t-statistics, harus muncul
dalam tanda kurung di bawah rata-rata atau koefisien dalam
tabel.
• Beri
• Sertakan nilai p aktual hingga 3 desimal, tetapi gunakan “ns” jika
tidak signifikan
• Tabel tidak boleh memiliki batas atau bayangan.
• Hindari penggunaan huruf tebal atau miring di dalam badan tabel.
 Table 3: Comparison of the State-Trait Anxiety
Inventory Scores of Experimental and Control
Groups at Hospital Admission

Experimental (n = 47) Control (n = 50) Median

Median (min-max) (min-max)
Trait Anxiety Inventory 43 (28-57) 44 (25-68) .116
(potential range: 20-80)
State Anxiety Inventory 49 (23-65) 49.5 (26-67) .573
(potential range: 20-80)
Table 3Min-Max and Mean Values of Some Variables Related to Patients (N = 132)

Min-Max Mean ± SD
Age 18-89 50.70 ± 16.18

Pain score 0-10 3.09 ± 3.31

Preoperative hospital stay 2-15 4.35 ± 2.55

The mean sleeping hours the night 1-10 5.35 ± 2.14

before the operation

The mean daily sleeping hours 3-13 7.47 ± 1.90

before the hospitalization
Table 7Relationship Between the Mean Scores of the WOC and the RCSQ (N = 132)
WOC

Self-Confiden Optimistic Helpless Submissive Receiving

Instruments t Approach Approach Approach Approach Social
Support
RCSQ 0.545 0.453 −0.565 −0.400 0.386
Total .000∗ .000∗ .000∗ .000∗ .000∗
Table 5. Effect of Desensitization Intervention on Pain at PODs 2, 3, 4, and 5

Preintervention Postintervention Difference Mean

POD η2 n Mean (SD) Mean (SD) (SD)
2 0.80 8 8.38 (1.60) 5.75 (1.58) 2.63 (1.41)

3 0.75 11 9.09 (1.22) 5.18 (2.14) 3.91 (2.34)

4 0.79 15 7.87 (1.61) 5.17 (1.55) 2.70 (1.44)

5 0.86 16 6.69 (1.25) 4.25 (1.77) 2.44 (1.03)

Total 0.76 50 7.84 (1.65) 4.97 (1.80) 2.87 (1.63)

 Figure Legends

• Harus ada dengan gambar

• Harus memberikan informasi yang relevan dan mengklarifikasi
kunci singkatan ukuran sampel hasil statistic penjelasan singkat
tentang bagaimana data diperoleh
• Harus memungkinkan
• Gambar harus berdiri sendiri
• Dalam legend, Figur dijabarkan dengan lengkap
Line Graphs
• Should have two axes
• Y changes as a function of X
• Should show data collected at
regular intervals (show trends)
• Make curves most bold
• Don’t vary line patterns, vary
symbols
• Plot the length of intervals so
that slopes are not too steep.
Parts of
a Graph (line)
Bar Charts
• One measurable axis
• Interval doesn’t matter
• Make bars wider than the
spaces between them.
• Use color only in slides/posters.
Use conservative patterns for
publication
• Show significant differences
by letter or asterisk above bars
Scatter Plots
• Examines individual score on
two variables.
• Show relationship
• Independent Variable on X
(“as a function of”)
Melaporkan
instrument
 State the source of Provide the citation

Sentence the instrument

1: Source

State variable to be
measured

Fetzer
 The Nursing Work Index (NWI)
(Aiken et al., 2001) was used
to measure the effect of the
nursing environment.

Examples The WHO Quality of Life Index

(WHO, 201) translated into
Bahasa Malaysia (Lee, 2015)
assessed the quality of life of
rural elders in Jakarta.
Fetzer
 A researcher-developed
questionnaire was used to measure
knowledge of pain medications.
Items were developed through a
review of the literature and clinical
Researcher expertise.
Generated/Translated
The Job Description Index (Smith,
1996) was translated into Chinese
using a modified Breslin approach
with forward and backward
translation (Breslin, 2001)
 Number of items
Sentences How the items are scored
2-5: Number of subscales
Descriptio
How subscales are scored
n
Time required for
completion
 The self-report scale incudes 20 items
measuring satisfaction with care over 3
subscales: nursing, provider and
environment. Each item is ranked on a
Example 4 point Likert scale from 0 (worst care)
to 4 (best care). Subscales are totaled
for a mean item score. The total scale
ranges from 0 to 80, with higher scores
equal to poorer satisfaction. The scale
requires 15 minutes to complete.

Fetzer
 Provide information about
previous use of the
Sentence instrument and include
citations
6-7: Best if instrument has been
used in similar samples
Previous
Use Best if instrument has been
used in similar language

Fetzer
 The scale has been used by Liu et
al (2013) in a sample of college
students with good reliability.
Wang and others (2104) reported
Example the quality of life of HIV patients in
Taiwan.
Sentences
8-9: Provide Cronbach alphas
for one other study and
your study
Describe how validity
has been established

Reliability
and
Validity Provide references Provide statistics
 The Patient Satisfaction
Instrument has been tested by
Green (2016) with good reliability
of the total score (Cronbach alpha
Example = .83) and subscale scores
ranging from .75-.98. Validity was
established by comparison with
the Hospital Scale (White, 2012).
Reliability for the current study
was .88 for the total score and .81-
92 for the subscales.

Fetzer
Knowledge Determination Questionnaire:
Open-ended questions to evaluate knowledge of the
patients on lifestyle modifications were included in this
form. The form was composed of questions related to
fluid and fiber intake, sitz baths, exercises, and preventing
prolonged lavatory sitting.
The State Anxiety Inventory

Developed by Spielberger et al,25 the scale was adapted for the

Turkish community by Öner and Le Compte.26 The State Anxiety
Scale identifies how a person feels about himself or herself at a
certain time and under certain conditions. It contains 20 items.
The total point value obtained from the scale ranges from 10 to
40; a high score indicates a higher level of anxiety. The
response options of the State Anxiety Scale are (1) No, (2) Little,
(3) Lots, and (4) Completely. The internal consistency
coefficient of the State Anxiety Scale, measured using
Cronbach's α, was found to lie between 0.94 and 0.96.26 The
scale was completed twice by the primary caregiver, 1 day
before the surgery and before discharge.
Thirst intensity was measured using a range from 0 to 10 on an
analog numeric rating scale. 19, 20

19. Welch, J.L. Development of the thirst distress scale. Nephrol Nurs J. 2002; 29: 337–341

20. Belgüzar, K. Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the thirst distress scale in patients on hemodialysis. Asian Nurs Res.
2013; 7: 212–218.