rongga hidung/nostril
Nasofaring
Faring
Laring
Trahea
Bronkus
Bronkiolus
alveolus
Nostril
▪ Gerakannya pasif.
▪ otot-otot inspirasi relaksasi, rongga dada
mengecil, paru-paru mengempis.
▪ tekanan dalam paru-paru naik
sehingga udara dipompa keluar.
▪ tulang iga kembali pada posisi semula.
▪ diafragma relaksasi, alat-alat viscera dalam
perut kembali ke posisi semula.
The muscles of breathing at rest: inhalation on the left, exhalation on
the right. Contracting muscles are shown in red; relaxed muscles in
blue. Contraction of the diaphragm generally contributes the most to
the expansion of the chest cavity (light blue). However, at the same
time, the intercostal muscles pull the ribs upwards (their effect is
indicated by arrows) also causing the rib cage to expand during
inhalation (see diagram on other side of the page). The relaxation of all
these muscles during exhalation cause the rib cage and abdomen (light
green) to elastically return to their resting positions. Compare with Fig.
6, the MRI video of the chest movements during the breathing cycle.
• The muscles of forceful breathing (inhalation and exhalation). The
color code is the same as on the left. In addition to a more forceful
and extensive contraction of the diaphragm, the intercostal muscles
are aided by the accessory muscles of inhalation to exaggerate the
movement of the ribs upwards, causing a greater expansion of the rib
cage. During exhalation, apart from the relaxation of the muscles of
inhalation, the abdominal muscles actively contract to pull the lower
edges of the rib cage downwards decreasing the volume of the rib
cage, while at the same time pushing the diaphragm upwards deep
into the thorax.
Saraf pengontrol:
Brainstem bagian pons dan medula
Transportasi O2 dan CO2
HHb + O2 HHbO2
KHCO3+HHbO2 H2CO3+KHbO2
(kapiler paru-paru)
KHCO3
O2
+ H2CO3 + KHb
HHb
H2O
CO2
CO2 O2
Jaringan
Pengaturan Pernafasan
1. Saraf:
▪ langsung :Impuls dari pusat-pusat yang lebih tinggi
mis.: ketawa/gembira dan meningkatnya
temperatur tubuh (pernafasan lebih cepat).
▪ Reflex : batuk, bersin, menelan.
2. Zat kimia : tekanan oksigen, karbondioksida, pH
(H), 2,3-DPG (2,3-diphosphoglycerate).
3. darah: jlh eritrosit, kadar Hb, PCV, cardiac output.
4. Lain-lain: tekanan parsial gas, luas permukaan
alveoli, garam darah dan permiabilitas membran
Kurva Disosiasi Oksigen-Hemoglobin
Faktor-faktor kurva disosiasi
➢ Pergeseran kurva ke kanan:
o peningkatan suhu.
o peningkatan 2,3-DPG (2,3-diphosphoglycerate).
o peningkatan PCO2, atau penurunan pH.
▪ Menambah ventilasi
▪ mengkontrol temperatur tubuh dengan
mendinginkan atau memanaskan udara
inspirasi.
▪ Kantung udara juga dapat mengurangi
spesific gravity terutama pada waktu terbang.
▪ video