TUGAS KELOMPOK

Struktur Aljabar

KELOMPOK 2
1. Sri Malisa (2225210011)
2. Hilwa Ainusyifa (2225210013)
3. Ulfa Yulia Anggrayni (2225210057)
4. Syarahma Framdhika Sari Putri (2225210061)
 LK 3 SUBGRUP

Latihan Terbimbing

Soal 1. Misalkan 𝐻 adalah himpunan bagian tak kosong dari grup 𝐺. Maka H disebut subgrup
dari G jika dan hanya jika untuk setiap 𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑏 ∈ 𝐻 berlaku 𝑎𝑏−1 ∈ 𝐻.

Bukti ke kiri.

Diketahui 𝑎𝑏−1 ∈ 𝐻, akan dibuktikan 𝑒 ∈ 𝐻. Jika 𝑎 ∈ 𝐻, maka 𝑎−1 ∈ 𝐻. Dan jika 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈

𝐻, maka 𝑎𝑏 ∈ 𝐻.

1. Memiliki elemen identitas yang tunggal

Bukti 𝑒 ∈ 𝐻. Karena 𝐻 ≠ ∅, maka 𝐻 mempunyai anggota, misal 𝑎. Jika 𝑎 ∈ 𝐻,
maka 𝑎−1 ∈ 𝐻. Berdasarkan 𝑎𝑏−1 ∈ 𝐻 maka 𝑎𝑎−1 ∈ 𝐻 sehingga akan memperoleh
𝑒 ∈ 𝐻. Jadi, hal tersebut akan memenuhi bahwa H mempunyai elemen identitas.
2. Setiap anggota memiliki invers yang tunggal
Ambil 𝑎 ∈ 𝐻. Berdasarkan 𝑎𝑏−1 ∈ 𝐻 maka 𝑒𝑏−1 ∈ 𝐻. Perhatikan bahwa 𝑒𝑎−1 =
𝑎−1. Jadi, 𝑎 ∈ 𝐻 memiliki invers yaitu 𝑎−1∈ 𝐻. Sehingga 𝑒 ∈ 𝐻 dan setiap 𝑎 ∈ 𝐻
mempunyai invers di 𝐻.
3. Sifat tertutup
Ambil 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐻. Kita butuh membuktikan 𝑎𝑏 ∈ 𝐻. Berdasarkan sifat invers tunggal 𝐻
sebelumnya, bahwa 𝑏−1∈ 𝐻. Selanjutnya, berdasarkan yang diketahui 𝑎𝑏 ∈ 𝐻,
perhatikan bahwa 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎(𝑏−1)−1 yang akibatnya 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎(𝑏−1)−1 ∈ 𝐻. Jadi, menurut sifat
invers maka 𝑎𝑏 ∈ 𝐻. Hal ini memenuhi bahwa 𝐻 bersifat tertutup.

Maka, terbukti jika H merupakan subgrup dari G karena memenuhi ketiga sifat
grup tersebut.
Soal 2. Jika G adalah grup abelian dan n adalah bilangan asli yang ditetapkan. Maka H = {a ∈
G : an = e} adalah subgrup.
Bukti.

Ambil a dan b anggota H. Akan dibuktikan 𝑎𝑏 −1 ∈ 𝐻.

Perhatikan bahwa (𝑎𝑏 −1 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 (𝑏 −1 )𝑛 karena G merupakan grup abelian.

Selanjutnya, 𝑎𝑛 (𝑏 −1 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 (𝑏 −𝑛 )1

= 𝑒 . 𝑒 −1

𝑎𝑛 (𝑏 −1 )𝑛 = 𝑒 = 𝑎𝑛 .
Jadi, dapat dibuktikan bahwa 𝒂𝒃−𝟏 ∈ 𝑯.

Soal 3. Misalkan 𝐺 adalah grup. Maka 𝑍(𝐺) = {𝑎 ∈ 𝐺: 𝑎𝑔 = 𝑔𝑎, untuk setiap 𝑔 ∈ 𝐺} adalah
subgrup. 𝑍(𝐺) disebut center grup 𝐺.
Bukti.

Ambil 𝑎 dan 𝑏 anggota 𝑍(𝐺). Akan dibuktikan 𝑎𝑏−1∈ 𝑍(𝐺) dengan cara menunjukkan (𝑎𝑏−1)𝑔
= 𝑔(𝑎𝑏−1) untuk setiap 𝑔 ∈ 𝐺.

Berdasarkan sifat asosiatif (𝑎𝑏−1)𝑔 = 𝑎(𝑏−1𝑔). Selanjutnya digunakan sifat (𝑎𝑏)−1= 𝑏−1𝑎−1.
Ingat jika 𝑔 ∈ 𝐺, maka 𝑔−1∈ 𝐺 dan perhatikan syarat keanggotaan 𝑍(𝐺). Maka

((𝑎𝑏−1)𝑔) (𝑔(𝑎𝑏−1)−1 = ((𝑎𝑏−1)𝑔) ((𝑏−1𝑎)𝑔)−1

= (𝑎𝑏−1)𝑔 (𝑏𝑎−1)𝑔−1
= (𝑎𝑏−1) (𝑔𝑏) (𝑎−1𝑔−1)
= (𝑎𝑏−1) (𝑏𝑔) (𝑎−1𝑔−1)
= 𝑎 (𝑏−1𝑏)𝑔 (𝑎−1𝑔−1)
= (𝑎𝑔) 𝑎−1𝑔−1
= (𝑔𝑎) 𝑎−1𝑔−1
= 𝑔(𝑎𝑎−1) 𝑔−1
= 𝑔𝑔−1
=𝑒

Jadi, terbukti. Bahwa (𝒂𝒃−𝟏)𝑔 = 𝑔(𝒂𝒃−𝟏) untuk setiap 𝑔 ∈ 𝐺, sehingga 𝒂𝒃−𝟏∈ 𝑍(𝐺)
Soal 4. Misalkan 𝐺 adalah grup dan 𝑎 ∈ 𝐺. Maka Centralizer 𝑎 yaitu 𝐶(𝑎) = {𝑥 ∈ 𝐺 ∶ 𝑥𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥}
adalah subgrup.
Bukti.

Ambil 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐶(𝑎). Maka, 𝑥𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥 dan 𝑦𝑎 = 𝑎𝑦.

Akan dibuktikan 𝑥𝑦−1 ∈ 𝐶(𝑎) dengan cara menunjukkan (𝑥𝑦−1)𝑎 = 𝑎(𝑥𝑦−1)

.(𝑥𝑦−1)𝑎 = (𝑥𝑦−1)𝑎𝑒
= (𝑥𝑦−1)𝑎(𝑦𝑦−1)

= (𝑥𝑦−1)(𝑎𝑦)𝑦−1

= (𝑥𝑦−1)(𝑦𝑎)𝑦−1

= 𝑥(𝑦𝑦−1)𝑎𝑦−1

= 𝑥(𝑒)𝑎𝑦−1

= (𝑥𝑎)𝑦−1

= (𝑎𝑥)𝑦−1

= 𝑎(𝑥𝑦−1)

Jadi, terbukti jika 𝒙𝒚−𝟏 ∈ 𝑪(𝒂).

Soal 5. Jika 𝐺 adalah grup abelian dan 𝑛 adalah bilangan asli yang ditetapkan. Maka 𝐻 = {𝑎𝑛 :
𝑎 ∈ 𝐺}adalah subgrup.
Bukti.
Diambil sembarang 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐻 akan ditunjukan bahwa 𝑎𝑏−1 ∈ 𝐻. Maka hal tersebut, perlu
diperiksa apakah benar (𝑎𝑏−1)𝑛 = 𝑒 sebagai elemen H. a dan b memenuhi 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑒 dan
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑒
Perhatikan bahwa :
𝑎𝑛(𝑏−1)𝑛 = (𝑎𝑏−1)𝑛 = (𝑎𝑏𝑛)−1 (sifat 2)
= 𝑎𝑛(𝑏𝑛)−1
= 𝑒𝑒−1 (diketahui)
=e (e invers dari e)

Terbukti, jika H merupakan subgrup dari G. Karena 𝒂, 𝒃 ∈ 𝑮, maka 𝒂𝒃−𝟏 ∈ H.

Tugas Kelompok

Cari semua subgrup dari grup ℤ3 × ℤ4 .

Jawab

ℤ3 = {0,1,2}

ℤ4 = {0, 1, 2, 3}

ℤ3 × ℤ4 = {(0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,0), (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3)}

Subgrup ℤ3 × ℤ4

❖ Ambil a sehingga an, n bilangan asli.

➢ (0,0)1 = (0,0)

a = {(0,0)}

➢ (0,1)1 = (0,1)

(0,1)2 = (0,1) + (0,1) = (0,2)

(0,1)3 = (0,2) + (0,1) = (0,3)

(0,1)4 = (0,3) + (0,1) = (0,0)

(0,1)5 = (0,0) + (0,1) = (0,1)

a = {(0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (0,3)}

➢ (0,2)1 = (0,2)

(0,2)2 = (0,2) + (0,2) = (0,0)

(0,2)3 = (0,0) + (0,2) = (0,2)

a = {(0,0), (0,2)}

➢ (0,3)1 = (0,3)

(0,3)2 = (0,3) + (0,3) = (0,2)

(0,3)3 = (0,2) + (0,3) = (0,1)

(0,3)4 = (0,1) + (0,3) = (0,0)

 (0,3)5 = (0,0) + (0,3) = (0,3)

a = {(0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (0,3)}

➢ (1,0)1 = (1,0)

(1,0)2 = (1,0) + (1,0) = (2,0)

(1,0)3 = (2,0) + (1,0) = (0,0)

(1,0)4 = (0,0) + (1,0) = (1,0)

a = {(0,0), (1,0), (2,0)}

➢ (1,1)1 = (1,1)

(1,1)2 = (1,1) + (1,1) = (2,2)

(1,1)3 = (2,2) + (1,1) = (0,3)

(1,1)4 = (0,3) + (1,1) = (1,0)

(1,1)5 = (1,0) + (1,1) = (2,1)

(1,1)6 = (2,1) + (1,1) = (0,2)

(1,1)7 = (0,2) + (1,1) = (1,3)

(1,1)8 = (1,3) + (1,1) = (2,0)

(1,1)9 = (2,0) + (1,1) = (0,1)

(1,1)10 = (0,1) + (1,1) = (1,2)

(1,1)11 = (1,2) + (1,1) = (2,3)

(1,1)12 = (2,3) + (1,1) = (0,0)

(1,1)13 = (0,0) + (1,1) = (1,1)

a = {(0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,0), (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3)}

➢ (1,2)1 = (1,2)

(1,2)2 = (1,2) + (1,2) = (2,0)

(1,2)3 = (2,0) + (1,2) = (0,2)

(1,2)4 = (0,2) + (1,2) = (1,0)

 (1,2)5 = (1,0) + (1,2) = (2,2)

(1,2)6 = (2,2) + (1,2) = (0,0)

(1,2)7 = (0,0) + (1,2) = (1,2)

a = {(0,0), (0,2), (1,0), (1,2), (2,0), (2,2)}

➢ (1,3)1 = (1,3)

(1,3)2 = (1,3) + (1,3) = (2,2)

(1,3)3 = (2,2) + (1,3) = (0,1)

(1,3)4 = (0,1) + (1,3) = (1,0)

(1,3)5 = (1,0) + (1,3) = (2,3)

(1,3)6 = (2,3) + (1,3) = (0,2)

(1,3)7 = (0,2) + (1,3) = (1,1)

(1,3)8 = (1,1) + (1,3) = (2,0)

(1,3)9 = (2,0) + (1,3) = (0,3)

(1,3)10 = (0,3) + (1,3) = (1,2)

(1,3)11 = (1,2) + (1,3) = (2,1)

(1,3)12 = (2,1) + (1,3) = (0,0)

(1,3)13 = (0,0) + (1,3) = (1,3)

a = {(0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,0), (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3)}

➢ (2,0)1 = (2,0)

(2,0)2 = (2,0) + (2,0) = (1,0)

(2,0)3 = (1,0) + (2,0) = (0,0)

(2,0)4 = (0,0) + (2,0) = (2,0)

a = {(0,0), (1,0), (2,0)}

➢ (2,1)1 = (2,1)

(2,1)2 = (2,1) + (2,1) = (1,2)

(2,1)3 = (1,2) + (2,1) = (0,3)

(2,1)4 = (0,3) + (2,1) = (2,0)

(2,1)5 = (2,0) + (2,1) = (1,1)

(2,1)6 = (1,1) + (2,1) = (0,2)

(2,1)7 = (0,2) + (2,1) = (2,3)

(2,1)8 = (2,3) + (2,1) = (1,0)

(2,1)9 = (1,0) + (2,1) = (0,1)

(2,1)10 = (0,1) + (2,1) = (2,2)

(2,1)11 = (2,2) + (2,1) = (1,3)

(2,1)12 = (1,3) + (2,1) = (0,0)

(2,1)13 = (0,0) + (2,1) = (2,1)

a = {(0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,0), (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3)}

➢ (2,2)1 = (2,2)

(2,2)2 = (2,2) + (2,2) = (1,0)

(2,2)3 = (1,0) + (2,2) = (0,2)

(2,2)4 = (0,2) + (2,2) = (2,0)

(2,2)5 = (2,0) + (2,2) = (1,2)

(2,2)6 = (1,2) + (2,2) = (0,0)

(2,2)7 = (0,0) + (2,2) = (2,2)

a = {(0,0), (0,2), (1,0), (1,2), (2,0), (2,2)}

➢ (2,3)1 = (2,3)

(2,3)2 = (2,3) + (2,3) = (1,2)

(2,3)3 = (1,2) + (2,3) = (0,1)

 (2,3)4 = (0,1) + (2,3) = (2,0)

(2,3)5 = (2,0) + (2,3) = (1,3)

(2,3)6 = (1,3) + (2,3) = (0,2)

(2,3)7 = (0,2) + (2,3) = (2,1)

(2,3)8 = (2,1) + (2,3) = (1,0)

(2,3)9 = (1,0) + (2,3) = (0,3)

(2,3)10 = (0,3) + (2,3) = (2,2)

(2,3)11 = (2,2) + (2,3) = (1,1)

(2,3)12 = (1,1) + (2,3) = (0,0)

(2,3)13 = (0,0) + (2,3) = (2,3)

a = {(0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,0), (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3)}

❖ Cara Certalizer

(0,0) (0,1) (0,2) (0,3) (1,0) (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (2,0) (2,1) (2,2) (2,3)
(0,0) (0,0) (0,1) (0,2) (0,3) (1,0) (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (2,0) (2,1) (2,2) (2,3)
(0,1) (0,1) (0,2) (0,3) (0,0) (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,0) (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,0)
(0,2) (0,2) (0,3) (0,0) (0,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,0) (1,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,0) (2,1)
(0,3) (0,3) (0,0) (0,1) (0,2) (1,3) (1,0) (1,1) (1,2) (2,3) (2,0) (2,1) (2,2)
(1,0) (1,0) (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (2,0) (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (0,0) (0,1) (0,2) (0,3)
(1,1) (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,0) (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,0) (0,1) (0,2) (0,3) (0,0)
(1,2) (1,2) (1,3) (1,0) (1,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,0) (2,1) (0,2) (0,3) (0,0) (0,1)
(1,3) (1,3) (1,0) (1,1) (1,2) (2,3) (2,0) (2,1) (2,2) (0,3) (0,0) (0,1) (0,2)
(2,0) (2,0) (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (0,0) (0,1) (0,2) (0,3) (1,0) (1,1) (1,2) (1,3)
(2,1) (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,0) (0,1) (0,2) (0,3) (0,0) (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,0)
(2,2) (2,2) (2,3) (2,0) (2,1) (0,2) (0,3) (0,0) (0,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,0) (1,1)
(2,3) (2,3) (2,0) (2,1) (2,2) (0,3) (0,0) (0,1) (0,2) (1,3) (1,0) (1,1) (1,2)
 ➢ c(0,0) = {(0,0)}

➢ c(0,1) = {(0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,0), (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3)}

➢ c(0,2) = {(0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,0), (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3)}

➢ c(0,3) = {(0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,0), (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3)}

➢ c(1,0) = {(0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,0), (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3)}

➢ c(1,1) = {(0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,0), (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3)}

➢ c(1,2) = {(0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,0), (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3)}

➢ c(1,3) = {(0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,0), (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3)}

➢ c(2,0) = {(0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,0), (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3)}

➢ c(2,1) = {(0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,0), (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3)}

➢ c(2,2) = {(0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,0), (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3)}

➢ c(2,3) = {(0,0), (0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,0), (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,0), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3)}

❖ {𝒂 ∈ 𝑮 ∶ 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒆}, syaratnya komutatif

𝑛=1

𝑎 = {(0,0)}

𝑛=2

𝑎 = {(0,2)}

𝑛=3

𝑎 = {(1,0), (2,0)}

𝑛=4

𝑎 = {(0,1), (0,3)}

𝑛=6

𝑎 = {(1,2), (2,2)}

𝑛 = 12

𝑎 = {(1,1), (1,3), (2,1), (2,3)}