Struktur Sel dan Fungsinya

Endang Sutriswati Rahayu (ESR)

Endang S Rahayu
Universitas Gadjah Mada
 Homework - 3
• Gambarkan struktur sel E. coli dan Saccharomyces cerevisiae!
• Jelaskan fungsi masing-masing bagian sel!
• Gambarkan struktur jamur berikut ini serta jelaskan bagian2 dari struktur tsb.
• Rhizopus
• Aspergillus
• Penicillium
• Jelaskan sistem transport pada bakteri yang Sdr ketahui!

Endang S Rahayu
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 Content
• Prokariot – Eukariot
• Dinding Sel - Fungsi
• Gram Positif – Peptidoglikan
• Gram Negatif – Outer Membrane
• Membran Sitoplasma: Struktur dan Fungsi
• Sistem Transport
• Struktur sel lain yang penting (endospora, pili, fimbriae, flagela, ESP)

Catatan : Beberapa Foto/Gambar diambil dari google Endang S Rahayu

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Struktur Sel Bakteri Endang S Rahayu
Universitas Gadjah Mada

• Appendages - flagella, pili atau

fimbriae
• Lapisan permukaan: kapsul, outer
membrane (Gram Negatif)
• Dinding Sel
• Membran Sitoplasma
• Sitoplasma – material genetika,
ribosome, mesosome, inclusions,
dll
• Special structure - endospore
Bakteri
• Sel tunggal (uniseluler)
• Tidak memiliki membran inti (prokariot)
• Bentuk :
• Batang (rods) dengan ukuran 0.25-1.0 µm atau 0.5-
6.0 µm
Contoh: bacilli (batang lurus)
• Bulat (cocci) dengan ukuran 0.4-1.5 µm
Contoh: Staphylococci (kluster seperti buah anggur)
Streptococci (berantai)
• Spirilla (batang spiral)
Contoh: Vibrio
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Bacterial Morphology Arrangement

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Eukaryotic
• Organelle= “little organ”
• Found only inside eukaryotic cells
• All the stuff in between the organelles is
cytosol
• Everything in a cell except the nucleus is
cytoplasm

Endang S Rahayu
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Yeast
https://www.elveflow.com/microfluidic-flow-

• Ukuran lebih besar dari bakteri control-archives/temperature-control-for-s-

pombe-cell-cycle-studies/

• Memiliki membran inti (eukariot)

• Uniseluler (bentuk : bulat, elip,
silinder, 5-8 µm
• Pseudohifa
• Aseksual :
• Fission : pembelahan sel
• Budding : pembentukan tunas
• Seksual :
• Pembentukan spora

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Mold
• Berfilamen, multiseluler, ukuran
lebih besar dari bakteri dan yeast
(10-40 µm)
• Hifa (masing-masing filamen)
• Miselia (kumpulan hifa)

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Mold - Reproduksi Endang S Rahayu
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• Aseksual :
• Fragmentasi
• Pembentukan spora
aseksual (konidia,
sporangium)
• Seksual :
• Pembentukan spora
seksual
Talaromyces macrosporus
Termoresistant

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Eurotium amstelodami
Xerofilik

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 Different Shapes - Different Sizes

Struktur Sel Bakteri

• Size affects rate of nutrient and waste transport across

the cell membrane
• Small size ® more efficient exchange, support of higher
metabolic rate

Surface Area vs. Volume

Dinding Sel - Peptidoglikan Endang S Rahayu
Universitas Gadjah Mada

Gram positif dan Gram negatif

• Membentuk sel
• Melindungi isi sel dari lingkungan (osmotik)
• Membawa sifat patogenistas (bakteri pathogen)
 Peptidoglikan
• Sintesa Peptidoglikan –
dari cytoplasma menuju
ke luar membran
• Penghambatan sintesa -
penisilin ?
• Degradasi peptidoglikan
– kerusakan dinding sel –
sel mati
• Perbedaaan
peptidoglikan antara
bakteri dan archae Endang S Rahayu
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Endang S. Rahayu
Fak Teknologi Pertanian UGM
 Bacterial Cell Wall Endang S Rahayu
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• Peptidoglycan: It is made by N-
acetylglucosamine and N-
acetylmuramic acid.
• Tetrapeptide ( L-alanine-
isoglutamine-lysine-alanine) is
attached.
• The entire cell wall structure is cross
linked by covalent bonds. This
provide the rigidity necessary to
maintain the integrity of the cell.
• N-acetylmuramic acid is unique to
prokaryotic cell.
Penyusun utama peptidoglikan
Peptidoglycan Structure

peptide
cross-links

Glycosidic
links

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Peptidoglycan Sheet
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Structure of the Gram-positive Cell Endang S Rahayu
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• Thick peptidoglycan
layer
• Teichoic acid: ribitol
TA & glycerol TA
• Lipoteichoic acid.
Function of Teichoic Acid Endang S Rahayu
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• Antigenic determinant
• Participate in the supply
of Mg to the cell by
binding Mg++
• Regulate normal cell
division.
• For most part, protein is
not found as a constituent
of the G+ cell wall except
M protein on group
streptococci
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 Endang S Rahayu
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 Protoplast Formation

Low solute solution

High solute solution

Lysozyme -- a protein that breaks 1,4-glycosidic

bonds in peptidoglycan Endang S Rahayu
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Peptidoglycan Synthesis Endang S Rahayu
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• Bactoprenol (a C55
isoprenoid alcohol) -- lipid
carrier that transports
dissacharide pentapeptide
from cytoplasm to
periplasm and inserts it into
growing cell wall
• The next step,
transpeptidation, is
inhibited by penicillin
Cell wall is opened up by autolysins,
and new peptidoglycan is deposited
Gram Negative Outer Membrane and Lipopolysaccharide
(LPS)

• Thin peptidoglycan, tetrapeptide

cross linkage
• A second membrane structure:
protein and lipopolysaccharide.
• Toxicity : endotoxin on lipid A of
lipopolysaccharide. glucosamine-
glucosamine-long polysaccharide-
repeated sequences of a few
sugars (e.g. gal- mann-rham)
Porins - proteins that allow small Only in gram negative bacteria
n=10-20 O antigen
molecules to cross membrane (Part of the outer membrane)
-- specific and non-specific Endang S Rahayu
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 Endang S Rahayu
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Gram Staining

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 Endang S Rahayu
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 Endang S Rahayu
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https://sites.google.com/site/melanieswitzerbvb101/ho
me/general-archaeal-adaptations

Perbedaan dinding sel

Bakteri Gram positif,
negatif dan Eubacteria
 Membran Sitoplasma

Structure of Cytoplasmic
Membrane
• Fluid mosaic model
• Phospholipid bilayer and protein
(structure and enzymatic
function).
• Similar to eukaryotic cell
membrane but some differs.
e.g. sterols such as cholesterol in
Eukariot not in Prokariot Endang S Rahayu
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Cell Membrane: Function
• Control permeability Gambar 3-14
• Transport e’s and protons for
cellular metabolism
• Contain enzymes to synthesis and
transport cell wall substance and
for metabolism
• Secret hydrolytic enzymes
• Regulate cell division.

Endang S Rahayu
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Endang S. Rahayu
Fak Teknologi Pertanian UGM
 Function of Cytoplasmic Membrane
• Permeability Barrier
• Only small,
uncharged,
hydrophobic
molecules can pass
through by diffusion
• Protein Anchor
• Transport,
generation of
energy, chemotaxis
• Generation of
proton motive force

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 Penyusun membran sitoplasma –
LIPID BILAYER

Pada sel bakteri dan eukariot tersusun

dari gliserol dan asam lemak dengan
ikatan ester disebut gliserol diester
(terdapat ikatan rangkap);

Pada Archea, lipid bilayer tersusun

dari gliserol dengan ikatan diether
(lebih stabil, tanpa ikatan tangkap)
dan digliserol tetraether yang jauh
lebih stabil

Gambar 3.5 Endang S Rahayu

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Sistem Transport

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Active Transport and Group Translocation

Gambar 3.11 & 3.12

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Generation of proton motive force

Endang S Rahayu
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Endang S. Rahayu
Fak Teknologi Pertanian UGM
Endospore formation
• Spore former: sporobactobacilli and sporosarcinae - no medical
importance. bacillus and clostridium have medical
importance.
• Position: median, sub-terminal and terminal have small water,
high calcium content and dipicolinic acid (calcium dipicolinate)
• Extremely resistant to heat, UV, chemicals etc. may be due to
many S containing A.A for disulfide groups.
• After the active growth period approaching the stationary
growth phase, a structure called forespore develops within the
cells.
• It consists of coat, cortex and nuclear structure.
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Detailed steps in endospore formation

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How long can spores survive?

• See page 92, report that 25-40 million year old spores have been revived
• These spores were preserved in the gut of a bee that was trapped in amber

Dipicolinic acid
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Flagella (organ of bacterial
locomotion) Endang S Rahayu
Cilia (adhere) Universitas Gadjah Mada

Pili (sex factor)

 Endang S Rahayu
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 Endang S Rahayu
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http://people.rit.edu/~gtfsbi/Intr
oMicro/20071images/21_F17.jpg

Adhesion
Invasion
Toxin

Salmonella – a super pathogen

 Endang S Rahayu
Pratama N Hasan

Inhibition effect of antimicrobial substance of

TGR-2 on L. monocytogenes in 10% skim milk

10
8

log cells/ml
6
4
2
0
0 5 9 14 18 22 27 32 37 42 47 55

day

kontrol met (8,24 UA/ml) nis (8,67 UA/ml)

• Tahan garam, tahan asam

• PSIKROTROFIK • Penghasil BIOFILM
• Tumbuh pada suhu rendah • Menghindari terbentuknya biofilm
https://creativemeddoses.com/topics- (Lemari es) (pada peralatan) dengan
list/listeria-monocytogenes-with-rocket-tail/ • Hindari KONTAMINASI pembersihan tepat dan DISIKAT
SILANG • Sanitasi, higiene, CPPOB, GMP dan
INVASIF - Listeirosis • Jangan lama menyimpan HACCP
 Endang S Rahayu
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TERIMA KASIH

Endang S Rahayu
Universitas Gadjah Mada