Kinematika

• Gerakan partikel air dinyatakan oleh vektor kecepatan

aliran, yang menyatakan waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk
berpindahnya partikel air dari satu titik ke titik yang lain.
 Streamline
• Garis arus yang menunjukkan arah gerak
di berbagai titik dalam aliran.
 Inviscid Flow
(tdk mempunyai kekentalan)

• Aliran dengan shear stresses negligible

• Aliran non viscous atau frictionless
 Viscous Flow
• Air dan Silicon (10000 x lebih kental)
• Reynolds Number (Re)
• Re = ρ U L / μ
 Compressible Flow
• Gas = compressible p = ρ R T
• Air = incompressible, rapat massa konstan
 Laminair dan
Turbulen
• Laminair Re < 2100
• Turbulen Re > 4000
 Steady and Unsteady Flow
• Steady flow : Apabila Q (debit) dan h
(kedalaman aliran) tidak berubah terhadap
waktu

Q p h
=0; = 0; =0
t t t
Uniform & Nonuniform Flow
Complex 3 Dimensional Flow
 Definisi Fluida
Fluida adalah zat yang mengalir karena pengaruh gaya
geser. Saat cairan tersebut berada dalam keadaan
diam, gaya yang bekerja pada air tersebut berada
dalam seimbang.
Suatu gas adalah cairan yang mudah dimampatkan,
yang dapat mengisi setiap ruang di mana ia berada.
Zat Cair adalah fluida yang sulit untuk dimampatkan.
Suatu massa tertentu zat cair akan menempati volume
yang tetap, terlepas dari ukuran wadahnya.
Sebuah permukaan bebas akan terbentuk sebagai
batas antara zat cair dan gas yang di atasnya.
 Rapat massa
The density of a fluid is defined as its mass per unit volume. It is
denoted by the Greek symbol, .

kg
m  water= 998 kgm-3
=
kgm-3 V m3 air =1.2kgm-3

If the density is constant (most liquids), the flow is

incompressible.

If the density varies significantly (eg some gas flows), the flow
is compressible.

(Although gases are easy to compress, the flow may be treated as

incompressible if there are no large pressure fluctuations)
 Tekanan
Pressure is the force per unit area, where the force is
perpendicular to the area.

N
F pa= 105 Nm-2
p=
Nm-2
A m2 1psi =6895Pa
(Pa)

This is the Absolute pressure, the pressure compared to a vacuum.

The pressure measured in your tyres is the gauge pressure, p-pa.

 Pressure
Pressure in a fluid acts equally in all directions

Pressure in a static liquid increases linearly with depth

p= g  h
pressure increase in
increase depth (m)

The pressure at a given depth in a continuous, static body of liquid is

constant.

p1 p3 p1 = p2 = p3
p2
 Mengukur Tekanan (1)
Manometers
(negligible
p1 = px pressure change
in a gas)
p1
p2=pa px = py (since they are at
the same height)
z pz= p2 = pa
h
x y py - pz = gh
liquid p1 - pa = gh
density 

So a manometer measures gauge pressure.

 Mengukur tekanan(2)
Barometers
A barometer is used to measure the
pressure of the atmosphere. The
simplest type of barometer consists vacuum p1 =
0
of a column of fluid.

p2 - p1 = gh

pa = gh h

examples p2 = pa

water: h = pa/g =105/(103*9.8) ~10m

mercury: h = pa/g
=105/(13.4*103*9.8) ~800mm
Streamline pattern

Irrotational Vortex Rotational Vortex

Vortex
Percepatan aliran
 Systems
• Laws of Mechanics
– Written for systems
– System = arbitrary quantity of
mass of fixed identity
– Fixed quantity of mass, m

• Conservation of • Momentum • Energy

Mass – If surroundings – If heat is added
– Mass is conserved exert force on to system or
and does not change system, mass work is done by
will accelerate system, energy
will change

dm  d ( mV ) dE dQ dW
=0 F= = −
dt dt dt dt dt
Persamaan kontinuitas
Bernoulli’s Principles