Checklist On Fauna Diversity Gunung Halimun Salak National Park - Cikaniki-Citalahab

Zoo Indonesia 2020 29(2): 103-150
Checklist on Fauna Diversity Gunung Halimun Salak National Park: Cikaniki-Citalahab
CHECKLIST ON FAUNA DIVERSITY GUNUNG HALIMUN SALAK

NATIONAL PARK: Cikaniki-Citalahab
DAFTAR KEANEKARAGAMAN FAUNA TAMAN NASIONAL

GUNUNG HALIMUN SALAK: Cikaniki-Citalahab
Agmal Qodri*, Ilham Vemandra Utama, Pamungkas Rizki Ferdian, Endah Dwijayanti,
Rusdianto, Yohanna, Mulyadi, Nanang Supriatna, Rena Tri Hernawati, Fajrin Shidiq,
Encilia, Gloria Animalesto, Pangda Sopha Sushadi, Anang Setyo Budi, Syaiful Rizal,
Ujang Nurhaman, Alamsyah Elang Nusa Herlambang, Ayu Savitri Nurinsiyah
Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Gedung Widyasatwaloka, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian
Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia 16911
*Corresponding author e-mail: agmalqodri89@gmail.com
(received November 2020, revised December 2020, accepted December 2020)
ABSTRAK
Resor Cikaniki merupakan salah satu stasiun penelitian yang mudah dijangkau di kawasan Taman Nasional Gunung
Halimun Salak (TNGHS). Lokasi resor ini berdampingan dengan kampung Citalahab. Pusat Penelitian Biologi, Lembaga
Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia dan beberapa institusi lainnya telah melakukan penelitian secara intensif mengenai
keanekaragaman fauna TNGHS dari stasiun ini. Studi ini memformulasi daftar keanekaragaman fauna di sekitar stasiun
penelitian Cikaniki dan Citalahab, TNGHS dari berbagai sumber, seperti survei lapangan, koleksi museum (Museum
Zoologicum Bogoriense), publikasi ilmiah, dan laporan. Studi dilakukan dari bulan Oktober 2019 hingga Oktober 2020.
Survei lapangan terkini dilakukan pada 8-10 Oktober 2019 di bawah skema program Jungle Survival dan Manajemen
Koleksi Biologi 2019. Secara keseluruhan, terdapat 821 spesies fauna tercatat di kawasan Cikaniki-Citalahab, yang terdiri
dari 48 spesies moluska, lima spesies Malacostraca, 523 spesies serangga, 22 spesies Actinopterygii, 63 spesies amfibi
dan reptil, 115 spesies Aves, dan 45 spesies mamalia. Keanekaragaman tersebut menyumbang 62,1% dari total 1,323
spesies fauna yang diketahui di TNGHS. Lima spesies termasuk ke dalam kategori genting dan tiga spesies kritis. Selain
itu, tercatat 123 spesies endemik Jawa dan 34 spesies termasuk ke dalam daftar jenis hewan lindungan sesuai Peraturan
Menteri LHK Republik Indonesia P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018. Area Cikaniki dan Citalahab kaya akan
keanekaragaman hayati. Walaupun kedua area berada dekat dengan aktivitas manusia dan sering digunakan sebagai
lokasi riset dan ekoturisme, upaya penyadartahuan dan penegakan konservasi baik terhadap spesies maupun habitat di
wilayah ini sangat penting.
Kata kunci: hutan pegunungan tropis, keanekaragaman hayati, Cikaniki, Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak, fauna
ABSTRACT
The Cikaniki resort is one of the most accessible research stations located in the Gunung Halimun Salak National Park
(GHSNP). It is in adjacent with Citalahab village. The Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences and
other institutions have conducted intensive research on the fauna diversity of GHSNP from this station. Here we
formulate a checklist on fauna diversity surrounding the Cikaniki Research Station and Citalahab, GHNSP from various
sources, i.e. field work, museum collections (Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense), scientific publications, and technical
report. The study was conducted from October 2019 until October 2020. The latest field work was conducted from 8-10
October 2019 under the framework of the Jungle Survival and Biological Collection Management 2019 program. In total,
821 fauna species were recorded in Cikaniki-Citalahab areas which comprises of 48 species of Mollusca, five species of
Malacostraca, 523 species of Insects, 22 species of Actinopterygii, 63 species of Amphibia and Reptiles, 115 species of
Aves and 45 species of Mammals. The diversity contributes 62.1% of the total 1,323 known fauna species in GHSNP.
Five number of species were assigned as endangered and three species critical endangered by IUCN. In addition, 123
species were endemic to Java and 34 species protected by Regulation of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry
Republic of Indonesia Number P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018. The areas of Cikaniki and Citalahab are rich
in biodiversity. Although both areas are in close intact with human activity, research and ecotourism, the need of
continuously spreading awareness and enforce species and area conservation is inevitable.
Keywords: tropical mountain forest, biodiversity, Cikaniki research station, Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, fauna
INTRODUCTION Sukabumi Regencies in West Java, and Lebak

Gunung Halimun Salak National Park in Banten Province) and three mountains
(GHSNP) is the largest mountainous tropical (Gunung Endut, Halimun, and Gunung Salak
rain forest in Java. This conservation area complexes) (GHSNPMP 2007). Based on
belongs to three regencies (Bogor and geographical position, GHSNP is located
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between 6o36’–6o52’S and 106o16’–106o38’E Ng & Wowor 2018; Nurinsiyah & Hausdorf
according to Decree of the Minister of 2017; Suwito & Watabe 2010; Suwito et al.
Forestry number 282/Kpts-II/1992. There are 2013; Toda et al. 2020; Wowor & Ng 2019;
three vegetation zones in this national park, Yang et al. 2017).
i.e. the lowland forest colline zone, altitude Like many forests in tropical areas,
between 900-1,150 m asl; the submontane GHSNP though is a conservation area, still
forest zone, altitude between 1,050-1,400 m suffers from various threats. Forest
asl; and the montane forest zone, altitude degradation is one of the major threats to
above 1,500 m (Simbolon et al. 1998). GHSNP (Sahab et al. 2015). Logging and
The national park plays an important agricultural expansion by local and industrial
and strategic role in biodiversity conservation. plantation were suspected to have cause
Various conservation projects have been annual deforestration rate being around 1.2-
conducted in GHSNP. Collaboration project 2.3% from 1989 to 2003 (Kubo & Supriyanto
between Japan International Cooperation 2010). Based on landsat satellite image, forest
Agency (JICA), the Research Center for coverage of GHSNP had degraded about
Biology - LIPI, and the Directorate General 5,005.71 ha from 2003 to 2007 (Carolyn et al.
for Natural Resources and Ecosystem 2013). The presence of exotic and invasive
Conservation (KSDAE) was carried out from species, human disturbance from
1999 to 2002 in the national park to reveal the infrastructure (road paths and human
diversity of fauna species, such as fish, settlements), the increase of human
herpetofauna, birds, mammals, and in- population, and distance to villages are among
vertebrates (Kahono et al. 2002a, 2002b; the threats faced by biodiversity inhabiting
Mumpuni 2002; Noerdjito et al. 2002; this conservation area (Carolyn et al. 2013;
Prawiradilaga et al. 2002a, 2002c; Rach- Endangered Species Team GHSNPMP-JICA
matika 2003; Suhardjono 2002; Suyanto 2005; Prabowo et al. 2010). Compiling a list
2003). The Indobiosys Project in 2015-2017 of biodiversity in GHSNP is one of important
(cooperation between Research Center for efforts to record, monitor, and conserve
Biology-LIPI and Museum für Naturkunde biodiversity and its habitat in this
Berlin, Germany) also conducted research on conservation area.
invertebrate biodiversity of GHSNP (Cancian Cikaniki research station is one of the
de Araujo et al. 2017, 2018; Hilgert et al. most accessible stations in GHSNP. The
2019: Nurinsiyah et al. 2019b). Although station is located about 73-75 km from the
research on biodiversity in the national park Research Center for Biology, Cibinong, or
have been conducted for consecutive years, approximately 142 km from Jakarta, and can
researchers still reveal interesting findings for be reached by car. Citalahab village is located
instance new records and new species only two km away from Cikaniki research
(Kamitani et al. 2011; Kamitani et al. 2012; station (DESPA-KLHK 2017). It is the
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nearest village located from the research environmental factors in the Cikaniki-
station. The village is often use for ecoturism, Citalahab trail are pH (6-8.8), soil moisture
providing accommodation for visiting (40-100%), light intensity (330-4,530), tempe-
researcher, students, and ecoturist who rature (21-25 oC), humidity (72-89%). Mean
conduct activity in the Gunung Halimun Salak annual rainfall in Halimun area ranges from
National Park. 3,200 to 6,000 mm and annual temperature
Based on intensive research conducted ranges from 16 °C to 30 °C (DPJLHK 2016).
by various institutions in Cikaniki-Citalahab,
we aim to formulate a checklist of fauna Methods
covering Mollusca, Malacostraca, Insecta, The list of fauna from Cikaniki and
Actinopterygii, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Citalahab, GHSNP were collected from a)
Mammalia. The list in Cikaniki-Citalahab field work, b) museum collections, and c)
derived from various methods. The main literatures study.
objective of this study is to provide updated

list on fauna diversity surrounding the a. Field work
Cikaniki-Cilatahab of GHSNP. The field work was carried out from 8

to 10 October 2019. The loop trail between
MATERIALS AND METHODS Citalahab to Cikaniki research station of
Study Area Gunung Halimun Salak National Park were
The study area is located between surveyed (Fig. 1). The collection activities
06°44’21”S 106°31’53”E and 06°44’47”S were performed during the day with the
106°32’1”E and altitude range from 973 to exception of herpetofauna survey which
1,129 m asl or in the colline zone of lowland conducted mainly at night. Afterwards, the
forest according to Simbolon et al. (1998). collected samples were determined into
The vegetation community in this area was species level when possible. Nine classes of
dominated by kareumbi (Homalantus popul- fauna groups were sampled in this research,
neus), cangcaratan (Nauclea lanceolata) and i.e. Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Malacostraca,
mara manggong (Macaranga sp.) (Sadili Insecta, Actinopterygii, Amphibia, Reptilia,
2011). There were four dominant trees which Aves, and Mammalia. All collected
were recorded along the Cikaniki-Citalahab specimens were deposited in Museum
loop trail during the field work, Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB), Research
i.e. Lithocarpus javensis, Altingia excelsa Center for Biology, Cibinong Science Center
(Rasamala), Litsea sp., and Elaeocarpus sp. (CSC), Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI).
Based on the measurement, the results of
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Figure 1. Observation point at Cikaniki-Citalahab track.
1) Mollusca (Gastropoda and Bivalvia) 2) Crustacea (Malacostraca)

Fauna from two classes within phylum Malacostraca was collected by hand
Mollusca, namely Gastropoda and Bivalvia collection and tray net. For each sampling
were collected. Gastropoda from both location, the photo of habitat was taken.
terrestrial and freshwater were searched, and Collected specimen was photographed, label-
hand collected along the trail and at several ed, and stored in 96% alcohol. Identification
random points. Live specimens and dead based on Wowor & Ng (2019).
shells were collected and stored in collection 3) Insecta
bottles. Live specimens were stored in the Insect samples were collected by
collection bottle or vial with 70% alcohol. In several methods, using pitfall trap and sweep
addition, 5 L of soil and leaf litter from each net. Pitfall trap was used to collect insects on
point were sampled. Later, the litter was the ground surface. Each trap consisted of
sieved and sorted in the Cikaniki Research plastic cup (diameter 6.5 cm x depth 9.5 cm)
Station to collect microsnails. All specimens contained 90% alcohol and was placed for a
were determined into species level referring to day in each location. Trapped insects were
Heryanto et al. (2003), Nurinsiyah & collected and preserved into 70% alcohol and
Hausdorf (2017, 2019), Nurinsiyah et al. remained for 24 hours. This type of trap is
(2019a), and van Benthem Jutting (1948, commonly used for soil surface arthropods
1950, 1952, 1956). (Buchholz et al. 2010; Tamaddoni-Nezhad et
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al. 2013; Ubaidillah 1999). The sweep net Weber & Beaufort (1922).
technique was used to collect flying insects 5) Herpetofauna (Amphibia and Reptilia)
such as Odonata and Lepidoptera. Samples of Herpetofauna data collection was
sweep net were taken at each location from 7 conducted through an opportunistic search
AM to 3 PM. Collected insects were placed in and visual encounter survey (Heyer et al.
glassine paper envelopes (papilot paper). 1994; Kusrini 2019). Herpetofauna collection
Every specimen was identified up to genus, was carried out by tracing along the rivers and
species, and morphospecies level by a number riverbanks, as well as on land routes. Potential
of references (Beaver et al. 2019; Cameron habitat such as deadwood, every corner of the
1931, 1932; Campbell 1982; Damaska & buttress roots, in litter were searched for
Aston 2019; Endrodi 1985; Jung 2013; herpetofauna species. Specimens were
Kondorosy 2008; Löbl & Ogawa 2016; manually collected by hand, then put into
Mawdsley 1996; Oosterbroek 1998; Pace cotton bags. Captured specimens were
1999, 2014; Peggie & Noerdhito 2011; recorded (species name, sampling location,
Schawaller 1989, 2016; Schilthuizen et al. date of sampling, sample code, and name of
2019; Seevers 1978; Shanbhag & Sundararaj collector), photographed, euthanized,
2011; Sornnuwat et al. 2004; Strohecker measured, injected with formaldehyde in the
1968; Wang et al. 2013; Yamane 2009). For stomaches, and the bodies were shaped like
specimen verification, we involve reputable while still alive, then preserved with formalin.
entomologists from various institutions. After the specimens arrived at the laboratory,
4) Fishes (Actinopterygii) they were washed under running water for one
Fish samples were collected from to two hours, then the specimens were sorted
several water stream points at different habitat by species and put into collection jars
types from Citalahab to Cikaniki research containing 70% alcohol. Identifications for
station of GHSNP. Habitat characteristics at Amphibian referred to Frost et al. (2006),
the sampling location were shallow riverbanks Inger (1966), Manthey & Grossmann (1997),
with relatively slow currents with rock, litter Iskandar (1998), and van Kampen (1923);
and mud substrates and in the center of the while the reptile group referred to Das (2004),
river which is relatively deep with sand and de Rooij (1915), Manthey & Grossmann
mud substrates. Some of the fishing gears (1997), and Mausfeld et al. (2002).
used included hand net, tray net, and seine 6) Birds (Aves)
net. Collected fish specimens were preserved Bird survey was conducted by capture
in 70% ethanol for further analyses and and release method using mist-nets.
labeled containing field data. Every specimen Approximately 36 m long mist-nets (three 12
was counted and identified using several key m mist-nets) were set up in the observation
identification books such as Allen & area opened from dawn through late afternoon
Swainston (1988), Kottelat et al. (1993), and (between 06.00 a.m. and 06.00 p.m.) and
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checked continously. Recorded birds were in this museum. Here we recorded specimens
identified using field guide (MacKinnon et al. from various taxa, i.e. Mollusca, Malaco-
1998; Prawiradilaga et al. 2002b; Prawira- straca, Insecta, Actinopterygii, Amphibia,
dilaga et al. 2003). Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia with locality
7) Mammalia “Cikaniki” and “Citalahab” or locations which
Mammal collection methods were include these words.
conducted by applying direct observation and
trap method. In addition to visual encounter, c. Literatures Study
records of pellet and feces were also Secondary data from scientific
accounted as direct observation. Trap methods publications and technical reports were
were conducted using mist net and harp net collected to complement the checklist
for bats. Capturing flying bats especially for (Adhikerana et al. 1998; Assing 2016, 2017,
Megachiropthera using mist net was (2018a,b), 2019; Aswari 2004; Aswari &
commonly applied because it is inexpensive, Cholik 2002; Atmowidi & Prawasti 2013;
lightweight, compact, and easy to install. Atmowidi et al. 2007; Bordoni 2009; Chan &
Meanwhile, harp net commonly used for Setiawan 2019; Demos et al. 2017; den Boer
Microchiroptera because the principle of this 1965; Erawati & Kahono 2010; Erniwati &
trap is the wires hard to detect by Ubaidillah 2011; Esselstyn et al. 2013; Farida
echolocation, and that the bank of wires is et al. 2006; Hájek & Brancucci 2015; Hamid
sufficient to stop the flight momentum of bats et al. 2003; Hamidy et al. 2018; Harahap &
(Kunz & Kurta, 1988). Kasmin cage trap and Sakaguchi 2002; Heryanto et al. 2003;
snap trap were utilized for rats and small Hosoishi & Ogata 2015; Ito et al. 2018;
terrestrial mammals. All specimens were Kahono (2002a,b); Kamitani et al. 2004,
determined into species level referring to 2005, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2012; Katakura et al.
Corbet & Hill (1992), Payne et al. (2000), 2001; Katoh et al. 2018; Kimsey 2012;
Suyanto (2001), and Suyanto et al. (2002). Kobayashi 2003; Kojima & Ubaidillah 2003;
Kurniati 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2010;
b. Museum Collections Kusrini et al. 2017; Maharadatunkamsi 2001;
Scientific collections preserved in the Makihara et al. 2002; Marwoto 1998;
Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB), the Matsubayashi et al. 2015; Morgan et al. 2008;
largest zoology museum in Southeast Asia, Mumpuni 2001; Murwitaningsih & Dharma
become one of the data sources in this study. 2014; Nguyen et al. 2006; Noerdjito 2016;
The museum is located in the Cibinong Noske et al. 2011; Nugroho et al. 2016;
Science Center, Bogor Regency. Specimens Nurinsiyah et al. 2019b; Ohta-Matsubayashi
from previous expeditions or collection et al. 2017; Peggie 2019; Peggie & Harmonis
activities in Indonesia, including Gunung 2014; Prawiradilaga 2002; Prawiradilaga
Halimun Salak National Park were preserved 2016; Prawiradilaga et al. (2002a,b,c);
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Prawiradilaga et al. 2003; Prawiradilaga et al. of Threatened Species and Regulation

2004; Purnamasari & Ubaidillah 2007; Putra of the Ministry of Environment and
et al. 2019; Putri 2015; Rachmatika 2003; Forestry Republic of Indonesia Number
Rachmatika & Wahyudewantoro 2006; P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018
Rachmatika et al. 2001; Rachmatika et al. about protected plant and animal species.
(2002a,b); Rachmatika et al. 2004; Ridho et Meanwhile, the status of introduced species
al. 2003; Sanborn 2014; Schmidt et al. 2019; was validated through Balon (1974), CABI,
Sidik 1998; Somadikarta et al. 1970; Subekti FishBase, Nurinsiyah & Hausdorf (2019),
et al. 2008; Sulandari et al. 2001; Sutrisno Rachmatika (2003), and Rachmatika &
2008, 2009; Sutrisno & Darmawan 2012; Wahyudewantoro (2006).
Sutrisno et al. 2015; Suwito 2007; Suwito &
Watabe 2010; Suwito et al. 2013; Suyanto RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
2003; Suyanto & Sinaga 1998; Toda et al. Results
2020; Ubaidillah et al. 1998; Yahya & According to the recent field work,
Yamane 2006; Yahya et al. 2009, Yang et al. there were 98 species (Table 1; App.1)
2017; Yoneda et al. 1998; Yoshitake & recorded from Cikaniki-Citalahab, GHSNP.
Noerdjito 2004). We also added data from The most abundant group was Insecta
GBIF and Indobiosys (accessed on 14-20 Oct 2020). (62.9%). The rest of the percentage comprises
of Actinopterygii (11.4%), Gastropoda
Validation of Scientific Name and Species (9.65%), Amphibia (6.4%), Malacostraca and
Status Mammalia each 3.2%, Reptilia (2.5%), Aves
We validated the scientific names of all (0.5%), and lastly Bivalvia (0.25%).
taxa according to several comprehensive Based on all three sources, i.e. recent
database sources, i.e. Amphibian Species of field work, museum collections, and
the World, AntWeb, AntWiki, Avibase, Birds literatures, there were 821 fauna species were
of the World – Cornell Lab of Ornithology, recorded in Cikaniki-Citalahab (Table 1;
Bio-Nica.info: Lucanidae of the World, App.2). The fauna diversity comprises of
Cassidae.uni.wroc.pl, Catalogue of Life, 63.7% of Insecta, 14% of Aves, 5.7% of
Coreoidea Species File, FishBase, GBIF, Gastropoda, 5.5% of Mammals, 4.4% of
Lamiines of World, Lepidoptera – nic.funet.fi, Reptilia, 3.3% of Amphibia, 2.7% of
Lygaeoidea Species File, Molluscabase, Actinopterygii, 0.6% of Malacostraca, and
Orthoptera Species File, Startseite Plazi, the 0.1% of Bivalvia. There are 123 endemic
Biodiversity of Singapore, the Moths of species to Java inhabit the area (Table 1; App.
Borneo, the Reptile Database, Tree of Life 3). Among the fauna diversity, 34 species
Web Project, and Wikispecies. (4.1%) were assigned as protected Indonesian
The status of threatened and protected fauna under the decree P.106/MENLHK/SET-
species was validated through IUCN Red List JEN/KUM.1/12/2018, whereas five species
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(0.6%) were categorized as endangered and freshwater) Gastropoda, 8.98% for Insecta,
three species (0.4%) were categorized as 6.57% for Aves, 5.86% for Amphibia, 5.82%
critically endangered by IUCN. In addition, for Mammalia, 7.14% for non-marine
there are eleven introduced species (freshwater) Bivalvia, 4.51% for Reptilia,
recorded in the area, i.e. four 0.42% for non-marine (fresh-water)
Actinopterygii and seven Mollusca Malacostraca, and 1.77% for non-marine
(Table 2). (freshwater) Actinopterygii (Table 3). We
The proportion of our species believe the fauna diversity particularly the
compilation data compared to the fauna invertebrate species recorded in Indonesia
species data recorded in Indonesia includes were still underestimate from the actual
2.32% for non-marine (terrestrial and number in nature.
Tabel 1. Species comparison between field work and compilation data (*protected by P.106/2018;
**IUCN Red List status).
Field Work Status (species)
Compilation
No. Class Abundance Species
Data (species) Endemic Protected* EN** CR**
(individual) Richness
1 Mammalia 13 13 45 4 11 3 1
2 Aves 2 2 115 18 21 2 1
3 Reptilia 10 4 36 1 0 0 0
4 Amphibia 26 9 27 10 1 0 1
5 Actinopterygii 46 3 22 3 0 0 0
6 Insecta 254 51 523 77 1 0 0
7 Malacostraca 13 1 5 2 0 0 0
8 Gastropoda 39 14 47 8 0 0 0
9 Bivalvia 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Total 404 98 821 123 34 5 3
Table 2. Introduced species recorded in Cikaniki-Citalahab.

No. Scientific Name Local Name Native Range
Mollusca: Gastropoda
1 Allopeas clavulinum (Potiez & Michaud, Keong sumpil Africa
1838)
2 Allopeas gracile (Hutton, 1834) Keong sumpil Neotropics, Old World
3 Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1822) Keong semak Probably China
4 Physella acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) - North America
5 Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822) Keong mas South America
6 Subulina octona (Bruguière, 1789) Keong sumpil Neotropics
Mollusca: Bivalvia
7 Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834) Kijing Taiwan Eastern Asia
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Chordata: Actinopterygii
8 Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 Ikan mas Japan, China, Central Asia
9 Poecilia latipinna (Lesueur, 1821) Bungkreung, Ikan seribu Mexico, Southeasthern
USA
10 Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859 Bungkreung North & South America*
11 Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel, 1848 Cingir putri, Paris Belize, Guatemala,
Honduras, Mexico
*North America: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago
*South America: Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela
Table 3. Comparison of fauna diversity in Cikaniki-Citalahab, GHSNP, and Indonesia.

Cikaniki-Citalahab* Gunung Halimun Salak National Park* Indonesia**
No. Class
(species) (species) (species)
1 Mammalia 45 83 773
2 Aves 115 271 1,751
3 Reptilia 36 61 798
4 Amphibia 27 32 461
5 Non-marine 22 69 1,243
Actinopterygii
6 Insecta 523 713 5,825
7 Non-marine 5 7 1,200
Malacostraca
8 Non-marine 47 84 2,025
Gastropoda
9 Non-marine 1 3 14
Bivalvia
Total 821 1,323 14,090
*Based on field work, literatures, and museum collections
**Based on Amphibian Species of the World, Avibase, BOLD Systems, FishBase, Marwoto et al. (2020),
Maryanto et al. (2019), the Reptile Database, Widjaja et al. (2014)
a. Mollusca (Gastropoda & Bivalvia) Cyclophoridae (20%), while the most

Based on the recent field work, in total abundant family was Physidae (30%)
of 40 specimens of molluscs belonging to 14 (App. 1). Using the same method,
Gastropoda (snails) and one Bivalvia Heryanto (2001) reported that land snail
(mussels) species were collected (Table. 1). species (26 species from 11 families)
Although more specimens were collected were collected more than freshwater snail
from the freshwater (57.5%) compare to the species (10 species from 5 families). All
terrestrial (42.5%), they belonged to only five terrestrial gastropod species that were
species (from 15 species) of freshwater recorded in the recent field work were not
molluscs. The number of species collected new records and included in the list of
from the terrestrial (land snails) were ten land snails of GHSNP (Nurinsiyah et al.,
species. The most species-rich family was 2019b).
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Compilation data from field work, 14.9% to the total non-marine molluscs in
MZB collections, and literatures resulted 48 Java, 25% if the total mollusca in GHSNP are
species of Mollusca consists of 47 Gastropoda included. The molluscs diversity in
and one Bivalvia. In Java, there were at least GHSNP are expected to be higher than
242 species of land snails (Nurinsiyah 2018), the current record since the estimated
67 species of freshwater snails and 14 species species richness of terrestrial gastropod
of freshwater bivalves (Marwoto et al. 2020). alone might reach 93 species (Nurinsiyah
Molluscs in Cikaniki-Citalahab contributed et al. 2019).
Figure 2. Left: Geotrochus conus (Pfeiffer, 1841). Right: Japonia ciliocincta (Martens, 1865).
Figure 3. Geosesarma cikaniki at Cikaniki-Citalahab track.
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Eight species endemic to Java were specimen around 15-19 teeth. The fact
recorded in the area and all of them are corresponds to Wowor & Ng (2019).
terrestrial gastropoda (land snails), i.e. However, young male with mature pleopod,
Diplommatina halimunensis Nurinsiyah & width length (WL) 7.32-7.62 mm and
Hausdorf 2017, Pupina junghuhni Martens carapace length (CL) 6.9-7.17 mm, has only
1867, Microcystina subglobosa (Möllendorff seven tubercles on the proximal dactylus. G.
1897), Chloritis fruhstorferi Möllendorff cikaniki and O. halimun are endemic to
1897, Amphidromus alticola Fulton 1896, GHSNP. M. empulipke can be found in Java
Oospira salacana (Böttger 1890), and Sumatra (Wowor 2010), P. bogorensis
Elaphroconcha patens (Martens 1898), and and convexa occurred in Java (Esser &
Geotrochus conus (Pfeiffer 1841) (Fig. 2). Cumberlidge 2008), and M. pilimanus is
There were seven introduced species recorded distributed from Sumatra, Java, and
in Cikaniki-Citalahab which consists of four Kalimantan (Cai et al. 2004; Chace & Bruce
land snails and three freshwater species (Table 1993).
2). There were no molluscs in Cikaniki- c. Insecta
Citalahab or GHSNP in general that are Study on insects in the Halimun Salak
protected by Permen LHK P.106/2018. National Park in 2015 to 2017 under the
However, they are protected by its locality IndoBioSys project revealed the diversity of
(inhabit inside a conservation area). insect species from four orders (Coleoptera,
b. Crustacea (Malacostraca) Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Trichoptera)
Previous surveys and studies recorded reaching around 3,500 species (Cancian de
seven crustaceans from GHSNP, namely Araujo et al. 2017). Our recent field work
Geosesarma cikaniki, Malayopotamon sp., collected 254 insect specimens consisted of
Macrobrachium pilimanus, Macrobrachium nine orders, 23 families, and 51 species (Table
empulipke, Occulthusa halimun, Parathel- 1; App. 1). The family Formicidae represented
phusa bogorensis, and Parathelphusa convexa the order Hymenoptera had the highest
(Hernawati unpublished; Ng & Wowor 2018; abundance with 98 specimens (from nine
Wowor 2010; Wowor & Ng 2019). The species). This result was in accordance with
species were recorded in Cikaniki-Citalahab the research of Haneda et al. (2019), but
area, except M. empulipke and P. bogorensis. Kahono & Noerdjito (2002) reported that the
From the current study, one crustacean was order Homoptera was the most abundant
collected by hand at elevation 1,066-1,155 m during October 2000 or even from March
asl, i.e. Geosesarma cikaniki (Fig. 3). Thirteen 2000 until February 2001 by applying the
collected G. cikaniki specimens consist of same method. Suhardjono (2002) reported that
seven males, four females, and two juveniles. Formicidae and Staphylinidae were two of the
Based on the recent field work, tubercle on most abundant insect families in Cikaniki,
the dactylus is only present on adult male GHSNP. Meanwhile based on the compilation
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data from recent field work, museum No. Taxa No. of Percentage
Species (%)
collections, and literatures, in total of 523
21 Cercopidae 6
species of Insecta were recorded in Cikaniki- 22 Cicadellidae 9
Citalahab (Table 4). Ordo Coleoptera and 23 Cicadidae 6
Lepidoptera had greater members than other 24 Gerridae 1
25 Lygaeidae 1
orders. The species was dominated by family
26 Pentatomidae 1
Cerambycidae (20.07%), followed by family
27 Pyrrhocoridae 1
Nymphalidae (15.67%) and family Geo- 28 Reduviidae 2
metridae (7.45%). The three families have 29 Rhyparochromidae 1
30 Tessaratomidae 1
been recorded in Cikaniki-Citalahab and its
Hymenoptera 32 6.1
surroundings respectively by Makihara et al.
31 Apidae 8
(2002), Peggie & Harmonis (2004) and 32 Chrysididae 2
Ubaidillah et al. (1998), and Sutrisno et al. 33 Eulophidae 2
34 Eumenidae 1
(2015).
35 Formicidae 12
Table 4. Insect diversity from Cikaniki- 36 Scoliidae 5
Citalahab based on field work, MZB 37 Vespidae 2
collections, and literatures
Lepidoptera 238 45.89
No. Taxa No. of Percentage
38 Bombycidae 1
Species (%)
Blattodea 5 0.96 39 Crambidae 20
1 Blaberidae 2 40 Drepanidae 11
2 Blattidae 1 41 Geometridae 39
3 Termitidae 2 42 Hesperiidae 15
Coleoptera 162 30.98 43 Lycaenidae 20
4 Cerambycidae 105 44 Noctuidae 6
5 Chrysomelidae 10 45 Nymphalidae 82
6 Cleridae 2 46 Papilionidae 15
7 Curculionidae 2 47 Pieridae 23
8 Discolomatidae 1 48 Pyralidae 1
9 Endomychidae 1 49 Riodinidae 2
10 Hydrophilidae 1 50 Saturniidae 1
11 Lucanidae 17 51 Sphingidae 1
12 Passalidae 3 52 Thyrididae 2
13 Scarabaeidae 7 53 Uraniidae 1
14 Staphylinidae 12 Mantodea 2 0.38
15 Tenebrionidae 1 54 Mantidae 2
Dermaptera 1 0.2 Odonata 15 2.87
16 Anisolabididae 1 55 Calopterygidae 2
Diptera 13 2.49 56 Chlorocyphidae 1
17 Culicidae 3 57 Coenagrionidae 3
18 Drosophilidae 9 58 Euphaeidae 1
19 Phoridae 1 59 Libellulidae 8
Hemiptera 31 5.93 Orthoptera 22 4.2
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No. Taxa No. of Percentage recorded species, and the member of rove
Species (%)
60 Chorotypidae 1 beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) was the
61 Gryllidae 3 largest (10 species) of all insect families
62 Gryllotalpidae 1
(App.1). The greatest abundance in rove
63 Tetrigidae 1
64 Tettigoniidae beetles was represented by tribe Athetini
16
Total 523 100 (subfamily Aleocharinae; fig. 5a). This result
corresponded to Qodri et al. (2016) by the
The recent field work revealed same method (pitfall trap). Seevers (1978)
Odontoponera and Pheidole were more declared that the athetine beetles could adapt
abundant genera than the others in Formicidae in various microhabitat, so they become the
(App. 1). Odontoponera that we collected in most successful small beetles. In comparison
altitude 1,060-1,076 m asl near Cikaniki to other trap, Yamamoto et al. (2013) denoted
research station (Fig. 4) are either the tribe Athetini occupied the second
Odontoponera denticulata or O. transversa. place to Oxytelini (Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae)
Based on two characters (relative length of in abundance by the dung trap method. We
antennal scape and development of raised area also collected one individual which was
on vertex), our specimens are expected to be expected a member of genus Stilicoderus
Odontoponera transversa which is mostly (Staphylinidae: Paederinae; fig. 5b) based on
known to be found in natural habitat, while O. Cameron (1931). In Mount Halimun,
denticulata is contrary (Yamane 2009) at least Assing (2017) reported his finding of
when both species are overlapping in Stilicoderus parvus on August 2009.
distribution. Yamane’s specimens (four Another Stilicoderus was known to be
workers) from around Cikaniki are O. distributed in Java, i.e. S. bacchusi
transversa that are rather dark-colored. (Rougemont, 1986), S. brunneipennis
Nevertheless, Yamane commented to our Cameron, 1936, and S. drescheri
specimens that they are probably O. Cameron, 1936 (Assing 2016). The other
denticulata. There is a strong possibility that staphylinid beetles were from subfamily
O. transversa and O. denticulata have related Staphylininae, i.e. Philonthus sp. (Fig. 5c)
cryptic species. Moreover, there is a and Thoracostrongylus sp. (Fig. 5d).
possibility that mountain populations are Cameron (1937) has described a number
specifically different from lowland of species from these two genera that
populations (S. Yamane 2020, pers. comm.). were collected by Mr. F. C. Drescher in
Meanwhile, the beetles (Coleoptera) Java, one of which is from Mount
had the highest species richness with 21 Slamet.
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Figure 4. Odontoponera transversa from Cikaniki. Left: front side, Right: lateral side. White arrow
shows development of raised area on vertex (triangular bump form). The rest of the
antennal scape that exceeds the head is 1.7-2.6 times longer than the first funicular
segment.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
Figure 5. Rove beetles from Cikaniki. a) An athetine member (BL = ±1.5 mm), b) Stilicoderus sp.
(BL = ±4.2 mm), c) Philonthus sp. (BL = ±5 mm), d) Thoracostrongylus sp. (BL =
±8mm), e) Ystrixoxygymna sp. (BL = ±1.6 mm). Annotation: BL = Body Length.
When viewed per species, research station had the highest number of
Odontotermes sp. (termite colony; Fig. 6a-c) collected specimens (63 individuals; App.1)
of the order Blattodea which was collected at consists of 52 workers and eleven soldiers.
Curug Macan (973 m asl) near Cikaniki These termites were obtained through hand
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collections from the decayed wood which has found to be symbiotic with genus
been crushed together with the soil. Odontotermes.
Interestingly, we found a beetle from the Based on the sweep netting method, we
Tachyporine group, i.e. Ystrixoxygymna sp. collected five individual odonates and 13
(Fig. 5e), which was strongly suspected of individual lepidopterans (App. 1). The two
being associated with termites. Based on dragonfly species were identified as Vestalis
morphological characters, it was similar luctuosa (male and female; fig. 7a,b) and
to termitophilous Staphylinidae, e.g. Zygonyx ida (Fig. 7c). They were previously
Coptotermocola clavicornis (Kanao et al. recorded in Cikaniki and more frequently
2012), Discoxenus katayamai (Kanao et found near stream (Aswari 2004; Aswari &
al. 2010), and Termitodiscus sp. (Yamamoto Cholik 2002). In line with the data
et al. 2016). C. clavicornis was collected in compilation result, Nymphalidae is the most
nest of Coptotermes gestroi, while D. abundant and diverse butterfly family in
katayamai and Termitodiscus sp. were recent field work.
(a) (b) (c)

Figure 6. Odontotermes sp. from Cikaniki. (a) Pronotum shaddle shaped, b) Head: left mandible with
small tooth, c) Lateral view (scale = 1 mm).
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 7. Dragonflies from Cikaniki-Citalahab loop trail. (a) Vestalis luctuosa ♀, (b) V. luctuosa
♂, (c) Zygonix ida.
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Neptis clinia (Fig. 8a,b), Cupha recorded specimens were deposited in

erymanthis (Fig. 8c), and Tanaecia Museum Leiden. Especially for West
iapis (Fig. 8d) are representatives of Java, the specimens were known to be
Nymphalidae in our recent field work. distributed in Mega Mendung, Raja
The first species was collected near Mandala, and Sukabumi (de Vos &
Cikaniki research station, and the last Creuwels 2020). On the other hand,
two were found at Cikaniki-Citalahab Cupha erymanthis and Tanaecia iapis
loop trail. Neptis clinia was never were also recorded in the western part of
reported its presence in Halimun-Salak. Java (Banten and West Java) (Bahar et
However, Eliot (1969) described new al. 2016; Dendang 2009; Lestari et al.
subspesies (N. c. phrasylas) of N. clinia 2018; Murwitaningsih & Dharma 2014;
which was collected by Fruhstorfer one Mustari & Gunadharma 2016; Peggie
of which in Lawang, East Java in 1897. 2012; Peggie & Amir 2006; Peggie
From GBIF occurence datasets, only N. c. & Harmonis 2014; Septianella et al.
phrasylas which occurred in Java and all 2015).
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 8. Brush-footed butterflies from Cikaniki-Citalahab. (a) Neptis clinia (upper-side; W = ±4.3
cm), (b) N. clinia (down-side), (c) Cupha erymanthis (W = ±4.5 cm), (d) Tanaecia iapis
♀. Annotation: W = Wingspan.
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Highlighting the beetles, we did not (1,124 m asl). Strohecker (1968) described E.
collect longicorns due to the different method columbinus originating from Banten and
applied. However, two coleopterans were presumed to be confined to Java. In 1986,
identified to species level, i.e. Eumorphus Mawdsley (1996) examined Omadius indicus
columbinus (Endomychidae) and Omadius collected by P. M. Hammond from the Bogani
indicus (Cleridae). We collected a handsome Nani Wartabone National Park, North
fungus beetle E. columbinus (Fig. 9a) at Sulawesi. Omadius indicus recorded in Java is
Curug Macan, while two checkered beetles O. known to be deposited in the collection of
indicus (Fig 9b) was found in groups together British Museum (Gray 1849). In the
with Stigmatium sp. (Fig. 9c) in fallen rotten meantime, Stigmatium badly needs revision
wood on the Cikaniki-Citalahab loop trail (Gerstmeier 2020, pers.comm.).
(a)
(b) (c)
Figure 9. Endomychidae and Cleridae from Cikaniki-Citalahab. (a) Eumorphus columbinus (BL =
±9.7 mm), (b) Omadius indicus (BL = ±8.7 mm), (c) Stigmatium sp. (BL = ±6 mm).
Annotation: BL = Body Length.
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According to the compilation data, we than previous study by Rachmatika et al.

also calculated 77 species among the insects (2002b) which reported seven species of
were endemic to Java. A single species fishes from Cikaniki. At least, Rachmatika
(Troides helena) was reported to be protected (2003) collected five species near our study
by government (Permen LHK P.106/2018). In site, i.e. Glyptothorax platypogon, Rasbora
the meantime, several species of longhorn aprotaenia, Channa gachua, Monopterus
(Cerambycidae) and stag beetles (Lucanidae), albus, and Cyprinus carpio.
namely Bandar pascoei, Batocera parryi, Rasbora lateristriata (Fig. 10) was found
Hexarthrius rhinoceros, Odontolabis dalmani abundant during the recent field work. Rachmatika
bellicosa, Prosopocoilus astacoides, (2003) previously reported that the distribution of
Prosopocoilus zebra, and Serrognathus taurus this freshwater fish included Sundaland, Bali,
were registered in the list of Non-Appendix Lombok, and Sumbawa. However, the latest
CITES based on Decree of the Directorate records state that this species is endemic to the
General of Natural Resources and western part of Java and adapted in the upstream
Ecosystem Conservation No. SK.1/KS - and downstream rivers, with clear water condition,
DAE/ KKH/KSA.2/1/2020 concerning moderate current, and rock and gravel
quotas for harvesting natural plants and substrates (Kusuma et al. 2016; Lumban-
capturing wild animals for the period 2020. tobing 2019). In GHSNP, this species has
d) Fishes (Actinopterygii) been found at the upstream of Cisadane and
There were 46 fish specimens that we Cikaniki river, also in Kampung Central,
collected covering three species from three Citalahab (Lumbantobing 2014) and inhabited
different families, i.e. Rasbora lateristriata rocky and gravel waters with moderate flow
(33 specimens) and Poecilia reticulata (11 in Cisadane river (Rachmatika 2003). The
specimens) were collected at Cikaniki- conservation status in IUCN Red List is
Citalahab, and Channa gachua (two vulnerable (VU) and not protected by the
specimens) only found from Citalahab. We Ministry of Environment and Forestry
collected them in shallow river with gravel regulation number P.106/2018.
sand substrate and the flow is relatively swift. Poecilia reticulata is originated from part of
Those three species were also recorded by South America (Farr 1975) and had been
Rachmatika (2003). Based on the compilation introduced widely around the world (CABI
data from various methods, there were 22 [accessed on 19 Nov 2020]). This species can be
species of Actinopterygii from five orders and found in various types of freshwater and tend to be
eight families that recorded in Cikaniki- more abundant in smaller rivers or ponds than in
Citalahab (App. 2), and four species of which large, deep, or fast-flowing rivers (Magurran &
are introduced species (Table 2). Due to Philip 2001). This species is not evaluated (NE) in
sampling duration, the number of species IUCN Red List and not protected by the
found in recent field work is relatively less government regulation.
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Figure 10. Rasbora lateristriata from Curug Macan, Cikaniki.
Channa gachua is widespread in Asia 12), Limnonectes microdiscus, Philautus

region, including Indonesia (FishBase pallidipes, and Rhacophorus margaritifer.
[accessed on 19 Nov 2020]). Adults inhabit According to the previous records, eight
medium to large rivers, brooks, rapid-running endemic herpetofauna species were recorded
mountain streams, and stagnant water bodies in GHSNP, namely Rhacophorus
including sluggish flowing canals (Taki, margaritifer, Philautus pallidipes,
1978) as well tributary in Halimun-Salak Leptophryne cruentata, Microhyla achatina,
Mountain (Rachmatika 2003). The conser- Huia masonii, Philautus vittiger, and
vation status in IUCN Red List is least Spenomorphus puncticentralis (Kurniati 2005;
concern (LC) and also not protected by the Mumpuni 2001). In October 2008, Riyanto
government regulation. (2011) reported four Javan endemic anurans
e) Herpetofauna (Amphibia & Reptilia) (Huia masonii, Megophrys montana,
The recent field work recorded nine Microhyla achatina, and Rhacophorus
species of amphibian and four species of margaritifer) were found in Gunung Ciremai
reptiles. The species include five families of National Park. Eight herpetofauna
amphibians (Ranidae, Dicroglossidae, species were recorded in lowland
Bufonidae, Rhacophoridae, and forest, seven of which were
Megophryidae) and three families of reptiles Chalcorana chalconota, Limnonectes
(Scincidae, Agamidae, and Colubridae). A kuhlii, Gonocephalus chamaeleontinus,
total of 10 species (76.92%) were listed in Cyrtodactylus fumosus, Hemidactylus
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as least frenatus, Sphenomorphus sanctus, and
concern (LC). Two species of reptiles, i.e. Sphenomorphus temminckii. Meanwhile,
Gonocephalus kuhlii (Fig. 11) and Gonocephalus kuhlii was collected in the
Sphenomorphus sanctus listed as not shrub-old pine forest (1500-1600 m asl),
evaluated (NE). Among the 13 recorded secondary forest (1600-1700 m asl), and
species, five are endemic to Java, they are primary forest (1700-2000 m asl) of
Huia masonii, Leptophryne borbonica (Fig. Gunung Ciremai National Park.
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Figure 11. Gonocephalus kuhlii at Cikaniki research station.
Figure 12. Amphibian species from Cikaniki-Citalahab. (a-b-c-f) Chalcorana chalconota, (d)
Limnonectes kuhlii, (e) Leptophryne borbonica, (g) Odorrana hosii. Remarks: all
specimens were collected at Citalahab, except for L. borbonica in Cikaniki.
Based on data compilation from recent cruentata, listed as critically endangered
field work, MZB collections, and literatures, (CR).
there were 63 species recorded from Cikaniki- f) Birds (Aves)
Citalahab (Table 1). The highest number of From the mist net method, two bird
species came from family Rhacophoridae and species were recorded, i.e. Alcedo meninting
Colubridae, each with seven species (App. 2). (Blue-eared Kingfisher) and Zoothera
Two species of snakes, namely Naja sputatrix andromedae (Sunda Thrush) (Fig. 13). The
and Malayopython reticulatus were assigned small number of species obtained was
in the list of Appendix CITES for trade quota, supposed to be the result of short period of
in which regulated globally. Among the mist-netting activity and insufficient
recorded species, eleven species are endemic availability of bird catching nets. The
to Java and one species, Leptophryne presence of the blue-banded kingfisher
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(Alcedo euryzona) on the forest floor of evergreen and wet deciduous forest,
Gunung Kendeng, GHSNP was previously bamboo-forest and dense mangroves,
reported in May and October 2001, while regenerating and tall secondary forest,
Sunda Thrush (Zoothera andromedae) was forest edge, and occasionally found at
reported from August to November 2001 streams through tree plantations (Woodal
(Prawiradilaga et al. 2002). In Cikaniki, we 2020). Meanwhile, Z. andromedae can be
recorded A. meninting near the stream. A. found in understorey of dense primary mossy
meninting was reportedly suitable to inhabit hill forest and montane forest (Collar 2020).
not far from river shingles (Noske et al. 2011) Since 2016, the conservation status
and stream (Chan & Setiawan 2019). The of Alcedo meninting and Z. andromedae
natural habitat of A. meninting was was reportedly included in the least concern
streams, creeks, channels and estuaries in (LC) category (Prawiradilaga 2016).
Figure 13. Alcedo meninting (left) and Zoothera andromedae (right) in Cikaniki.
Based on the compilation data from on Permen LHK No. P.106/2018, except C.
field work, MZB collections, and literatures, cochinchinensis. Five species were registered
there were 115 species of birds recorded in in the list of Non-Appendix CITES for trade
Cikaniki-Citalahab (Table 1) consist of 12 quota regulated by the government, i.e.
orders and 42 families (App. 2). Ordo Alophoixus bres, Erythrura prasina,
Passeriformes (77 species) contributed as the Pomatorhinus montanus, Prinia familiaris,
most diverse species than others, in which, and Zosterops palpebrosus. For the migratory
family Muscicapidae (19 species) had the birds, one species (Cyornis brunneatus) was
largest members. The two bird species recorded before in Cikaniki-Citalahab (Noske
(Nisaetus bartelsi & Chloropsis et al. 2011). Mahood et al. (2013) confirmed
cochinchinensis) were categorized as that C. brunneatus as a migratory bird and its
endangered and one species (Alcedo status in the IUCN Red List was globally
euryzona) as critically endangered according vulnerable. We also recorded 16 species of
to the IUCN Red List. They were also Javan endemic birds from Cikaniki-Citalahab
assigned in the list of protected species based and surroundings. Prawiradilaga (2016)
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revealed that GHSNP is very important for the in Cikaniki Research Station (Tobing 2002,
survival of 43 endemic bird species (17 are Mustari et al. 2015). Chiroptera was captured
endemic to Indonesia, 26 are endemic to Java on this site in 2002 (Mustari et al. 2015),
and Bali), in which 32 of the total endemic however identification did not carry
species in the national park are birds with out up to species level. One of interesting
restricted distribution. findings was Sunda Stink-badger (Mydaus
g) Mammalia javanensis) which visually encountered in the
Three bats were collected during the observation track (Fig. 13). Sunda Stink-
recent field work. They consist of badger was reported to have nocturnal
two common species, i.e. Chironax activity (Higashide et al. 2018, Vickers et al.
melanocephalus and Cynopterus brachyotis 2017). Nevertheless, Mydaus javanensis at
(Fig. 14) which were both trapped in mist net. Halimun was active during the day (Suyanto
In addition, ten mammal species were 2003). At the Gunung Botol resort, also
encountered by direct observation. Cuon belongs to GHSNP, M. javanensis was
alpinus was not encountered by visual reportedly caught by camera trap between
observation but recorded by its sound. Based October and November 2012 (Mustari et
on previous studies, ten species were reported al. 2015).
Figure 14. Cynopterus brachyotis (left) from Cikaniki and Mydaus javanensis (right) at Cikaniki-
Citalahab loop trail.
Based on the recent field work, MZB field work such as Panthera pardus,
collections, and literatures there were 45 Prionailurus bengalensis, Prionodon linsang,
species of Mammalia in Cikaniki-Citalahab Amblonyx cinereus, Muntiacus muntjak, and
(Table 1). The family Pteropodidae and Muridae species. It might be caused by short
Muridae had the most species (each 11.11%), collecting time and inappropriate tools. Some
followed by Vespertilionidae and Viverridae mammals required different methods and
(each 8.89%). Another family member ranged efforts. The two species of mammals were
between 2.22%–6.67% (App. 2). However, only identified to genus level. According to
several species were not found in this recent the IUCN Red List, one mammal species was
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assigned as Critically Endangered (CR), i.e. the newly described species were insects,
Manis javanica. A single species (Viverricula namely Cardiodactylus erniae Robillard &
indica) recorded from Cikaniki-Citalahab was Gorochov 2014, Drosophila sungaicola
registered in the list of Appendix CITES and Suwito & Watabe 2010, Drosophila hitam
eleven species were listed in protected Suwito & Watabe 2010, Drosophila
species. barobusta Suwito & Watabe 2010,
Drosophila sundaensis Suwito & Watabe
Discussion 2010, Drosophila albipalpis Katoh, Toda &
There are 552 conservation areas in Gao 2018, Dichaetophora javaensis Yang &
Indonesia which covers 27.4 million ha Gao 2017, Halimunella tadauchii Kamitani
comprises of 22.1 milion ha or terrestrial 2012, Hishimonus bilobatus Kamitani 2011,
conservation area and 5.3 milion ha of marine Phortica halimunensis Toda 2020. There were
conservation area (KLHK, 2018). two Malacostraca described from GHSNP in
Approximately 59.79% from the total the past decade, i.e. Occulthusa halimun Ng &
conservation area assigned as national parks. Wowor 2018 and Geosesarma cikaniki Ng &
These areas are the center for Indonesian Wowor 2019. In addition, one terrestrial
biodiversity (DESPA-KLHK 2017). In Gastropoda was described from the national
Indonesia, there are 54 national parks which park which was Diplommatina halimunensis
covers 16.52 milion ha. Among twelve Nurinsiyah & Hausdorf 2017.
national parks in Java, Gunung Halimun Salak The fauna diversity in GHSNP also
National Park is the largest tropical mountain higher compare to most of national parks in
rain forest remaining in Java with total area of Java. Compare to Gunung Ciremai National
113,357 ha (DESPA-KLHK 2017). Based on Park (GCNP), GHSNP inhabits 2.65 times
compilation data from field work, literatures, more species of Cerambycidae (106 species)
and museum collections, at least 1,323 fauna in Cikaniki-Citalahab alone. Noerdjito (2011),
species (Table 3) inhabit the national park. Aswari (2011), and Peggie & Noerdjito
This number might underestimate the actual (2011) reported 40 species of Cerambycidae,
number of fauna diversity in GHSNP. The 20 species of dragonflies, and 109 species of
Indobiosys project estimated around 3,500 butterflies from 2006 to 2008 at Mount
insect species of specimen collection from Ciremai. The number of terrestrial gastropods
2015 to 2017 in GHSNP (Cancian de Araujo also higher in GHSNP compare to GCNP
et al. 2017). Prawiradilaga et al. (2016) which recorded 48 species (Heryanto 2012).
emphasized that GHSNP is one of the The total vertebrate species recorded in
National Parks which has the highest bird Cikaniki-Citalahab were 245 species. The
species richness in Java and Bali. number is higher compare to vertebrate
In the last decade alone, at least 13 new diversity reported from GCNP which was
species were described from GHSNP. Most of 165 species (Gunawan et al. 2008;
125
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Maharadatun & Maryati 2008; Rachmatika caused by different climatic conditions.

& Wahyudewantoro 2009; Riyanto 2011; Annual temperature and soil pH in Java
Surahman 2010). increased and the annual precipitation
Compare to the neighbouring montane decreased toward the eastern part of Java
forest, Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park (Whitten et al. 1997; Wikramanayake 2002).
(GGPNP), species richness of vertebrates Among other stations in GHSNP, fauna
recorded in GHSNP was 1.4 times greater diversity in Cikaniki-Citalahab is quite high
than the species found in GGPNP. Birds in which supported about 62.1% of fauna
GGPNP consist of 48 families and 262 diversity in GHSNP (Table 3). However,
species (Ario 2010), while in GHSNP at least increasing human activity might lead to the
53 families and 271 species were reported disruption on the fauna habitat and diversity.
(Prawiradilaga 2016). Mammals in GGPNP GHSNP, especially Cikaniki research station
consist of seven orders, 20 families, and 50 and its surroundings, is an important
species (Ario 2010). A total of 39 mammal conservation area which inhabits high number
species in GHSNP based on our compilation of endemic species. Some species among
data were also recorded in GGPNP. From the them are currently under critical or critically
seven species of fishes reported in GGPNP endangered status. This shows that
(Ario 2010), all were recorded in GHSNP and information on biodiversity needs to be
six species among them occurred in Cikaniki- continuously disclosed because of the role of
Citalahab. national park as conservation area.
The number of species richness in Furthermore, periodic research needs to be
GHSNP is slightly higher compare to Alas carried out with the aim of uncovering
Purwo National Park (APNP) which located population trends of each species group,
in the most eastern part of Java. Nugraha et al. conservation management, and uncovering
(2012) revealed 46 species of mammals, 283 new species discoveries.
species of birds, 49 species of reptiles, 15
species of amphibians, and 10 species of fish CONCLUSION
in APNP. The species composition between Gunung Halimun Salak National Park
the two national parks is somewhat different. is the largest tropical mountain rainforest in
Based on the 13 species recorded by Ainullah Java. Cikaniki and Citalahab area of GHSNP,
et al. (2015), only one species was recorded although located near human settlement, the
both in GHSNP and APNP namely Caranx number of species inhabited the area was still
sexfasciatus. Broto & Subeno (2012) recorded high. 821 species were recorded based on
18 species of reptiles and 13 species of recent field work, MZB collection, and
amphibians in 2008-2009 and eight species literatures study. 123 endemic species to Java
among them were not recorded in GHSNP. inhabit the area. Furthermore, five species
The different species composition might be were assigned as endangered, three species as
126
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critically endangered by IUCN, and 34 Natural History), Előd Kondorosy (Szent

species were included in the list of István University), Emmanuel Arriaga-Varela
protected species based on P.106/MEN- (University of Guadalajara), Floyd Shockley
LHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018. Further and (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural
comprehensive research on the fauna History), Lorenzo Pancini (Italy), Harald
biodiversity in the Gunung Halimun Salak Schillhammer (Naturhistorisches Museum
National Park are still needed. Species Wien), Hideto Hoshina (University of Fukui),
inventory and monitoring are compulsory as Hiroyuki Yoshitomi (Ehime University), Ivan
part of biodiversity conservation in particular Löbl (Muséum d'histoire naturelle de
and area conservation in general. Moreover, Genève), James C. Trager (Shaw Nature
raising awareness and enforcing conservation Reserve), Michael Geiser (Natural History
effort in these areas are very important to Museum, London), Menno Schiltuizen
protect both the species and the habitat. (Naturalis, Leiden), Munetoshi Maruyama
(The Kyushu University Museum), Roland
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Gerstmeier (München), Roger A. Beaver
This study was a part of “Jungle (Thailand), Sarah M. Smith (Michigan State
Survival and Collection Management” University), Seiki Yamane (Kagoshima
program funded by Budget Implementation University Museum), Shuhei Yamamoto (The
List Year 2019 of Research Center for Hokkaido University Museum), Wolfgang
Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences. We Schawaller (Staatliches Museum für
would like to thank Head of Research Center Naturkunde Stuttgart), Volker Assing
for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, (Hannover), Wara Asfiya (Government of
Dr. Atit Kanti, M.Sc. and Head Division of West Java), Awit Suwito, Djunijanti Peggie,
Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Erniwati, Pungki Lupiyaningdyah (Museum
Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Dr. Cahyo Zoologicum Bogoriense) for the help in
Rahmadi for all supports. Authors also identification and verification for insects;
thanked Gunung Halimun Salak National Park Amir Hamidy and Awal Riyanto (Museum
for supporting us to conduct activities inside Zoologicum Bogoriense) for the help in
the forest, and to Muhammad Rasyidi for his identification and verification for
help to sort the museum's collection database. herpetofauna; Mohammad Irham (Museum
We are very grateful to Adam J. Brunke Zoologicum Bogoriense) for the help in
(Canadian National Collection of Insects, identification and verification for Aves;
Arachnids and Nematodes), Ai-Ping Liang Sunardi and his botanical team in providing
(Chinese Academy of Sciences), Albert information on the vegetation community of
František Damaška (Prague), Andrea Cikaniki-Citalahab; and reviewers for their
Salimbeni (RE-CORD, Italy), David comments and suggestions to improve our
Emmanuel M. General (UPLB Museum of manuscript. Special thanks to the Jungle
127
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Survival 2019 team for the participation and Appendix 2. Fauna Diversity at Cikaniki-
assistance. Citalahab Resort, GHNSP
(https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12690/RIN/KN
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS T3WX)
The principal contributors were Agmal Appendix 3. Endemic Fauna at Cikaniki-
Qodri, Alamsyah Elang Nusa Herlambang, Citalahab Resort, GHSNP
Anang Setyo Budi, Ayu Savitri Nurinsiyah, (https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12690/RIN/KN
Encilia, Endah Dwijayanti, Ilham Vemandra T3WX)
Utama, Rena Tri Hernawati, Rusdianto, and
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Last Submontane Tropical Forest in
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CHECKLIST ON FAUNA DIVERSITY GUNUNG HALIMUN SALAK

DAFTAR KEANEKARAGAMAN FAUNA TAMAN NASIONAL

(received November 2020, revised December 2020, accepted December 2020)

INTRODUCTION Sukabumi Regencies in West Java, and Lebak

Mammalia. The list in Cikaniki-Citalahab field work, b) museum collections, and c)

derived from various methods. The main literatures study.

objective of this study is to provide updated

Cikaniki-Cilatahab of GHSNP. The field work was carried out from 8

MATERIALS AND METHODS Citalahab to Cikaniki research station of

Study Area Gunung Halimun Salak National Park were

neus), cangcaratan (Nauclea lanceolata) and i.e. Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Malacostraca,

mara manggong (Macaranga sp.) (Sadili Insecta, Actinopterygii, Amphibia, Reptilia,

were recorded along the Cikaniki-Citalahab specimens were deposited in Museum

Based on the measurement, the results of

Figure 1. Observation point at Cikaniki-Citalahab track.

1) Mollusca (Gastropoda and Bivalvia) 2) Crustacea (Malacostraca)

Prawiradilaga et al. 2003; Prawiradilaga et al. of Threatened Species and Regulation

Table 2. Introduced species recorded in Cikaniki-Citalahab.

Table 3. Comparison of fauna diversity in Cikaniki-Citalahab, GHSNP, and Indonesia.

a. Mollusca (Gastropoda & Bivalvia) Cyclophoridae (20%), while the most

Figure 3. Geosesarma cikaniki at Cikaniki-Citalahab track.

(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b) (c)

Neptis clinia (Fig. 8a,b), Cupha recorded specimens were deposited in

According to the compilation data, we than previous study by Rachmatika et al.

Figure 10. Rasbora lateristriata from Curug Macan, Cikaniki.

Channa gachua is widespread in Asia 12), Limnonectes microdiscus, Philautus

Figure 11. Gonocephalus kuhlii at Cikaniki research station.

Maharadatun & Maryati 2008; Rachmatika caused by different climatic conditions.

critically endangered by IUCN, and 34 Natural History), Előd Kondorosy (Szent

Ario, A. (2010). Mengenal Satwa Taman Halimun [Ecology of Dragonflies in

di Kawasan Hutan Pendidikan Gunung (Araneae) and other arthropods. Eur. J.

Data Journal, 6: e29927. Corbet, G. B. & Hill, J. E. (1992). The

descriptions of four new species. geSystem/reportFileDownload/C10202

https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK. Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park

of Biodiversity in Indonesia (Volume small carnivores in South Kalimantan,

http://dx.doi.org/10.5656/KSAE.2013.0 Project in Indonesia, A Joint Project

Conservation Project LIPI – PHKA – Kurniati, H. (2002). Frogs and Toads of

Kusuma, W. E., Ratmuangkhwang, S., Downloaded on 19 November 2020.

status of Brown-chested Jungle Matsubayashi, K. W., Kahono, S., Fujiyama,

PHPA, and JICA. Gunung Halimun Salak (The

Staphylinidae). Linzer biol. Beitr., Permukiman dalam Kawasan Taman

(2002b). Monitoring the Bird Putri, E. M. (2015). Keanekaragaman

Halimun National Park Region: Anggrek (Orchidaceae) di Resort

Indonesian species of the Biodiversity Conservation Project in

Macrotermes gilvus Hagen in The (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) based on CO I

Region. Entomological Science, 16: Networks in an Agricultural World (pp.

Widodo, W. (2016). Distribusi dan A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie,

Drosophilidae). ZooKeys, 665: 121– West Java (pp. 82-95). Bogor:

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