𝐑(u)
𝑥 𝑢 + ∆𝑢 𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑢 + ∆𝑢 𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑢 + ∆𝑢 𝑘 − [𝑥 𝑢 𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑢 𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑢 𝑘]
= lim
∆𝑢→0 ∆𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑅 𝑑2𝑅
a) . b)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑𝑅 𝑑2𝑅
c) . d)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
du 𝑑𝑈
u ′
y=e →y = e u 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑈 → 𝑦′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑈
dx 𝑑𝑥