Fenomena Sel

Basic Structure of a Cell

2
Pada awalnya sel digambarkan pada
tahun 1665 oleh seorang ilmuwan
Inggris Robert Hooke yang telah
meneliti irisan tipis gabus melalui
mikroskop yang dirancangnya sendiri.
Kata sel berasal dari kata Latin cellulae
yang berarti 'kamar-kamar kecil'
Anton van Leeuwenhoek melakukan banyak
pengamatan terhadap benda-benda dan
jasad-jasad renik dan menunjukkan
pertama kali pada dunia ada "kehidupan di
dunia lain" yang belum pernah dilihat oleh
manusia melalui “mikroskop”.

Perkembangan mikroskop selama hampir

200 tahun berikutnya telah memberikan
kesempatan bagi para ahli untuk meneliti
susunan tubuh makhluk hidup.
Serangkaian penelitian telah dilakukan
oleh 2 orang ilmuwan dari [Jerman] yaitu
Matthias Schleiden (ahli tumbuhan,
1804-1881) dan Theodor Schwann (ahli
hewan, 1810-1882).
Mereka menyimpulkan bahwa setiap
mahluk hidup tersusun atas sel
Selanjutnya pada tahun 1885 seorang
ilmuwan Jerman, Rudolf Virchow,
mengamati bahwa sel dapat membelah
diri dan membentuk sel-sel baru.
Person
 Anton van Leeuwenhoek
In 1674, Leeuwenhoek
(a Dutch microscope
maker), was first to
view organism (living
things)
Leeuwenhoek used a
simple, handheld
microscope to view
pond water & scrapings
from his teeth

8
In 1665, Robert
Hooke used a
microscope to
examine a thin
slice of cork (dead
plant cells)
What he saw looked
like small boxes

9
Hooke is responsible
for naming cells
Hooke called them
“CELLS” because
they looked like the
small rooms that
monks lived in called
Cells

10
 Virchow
Cell Specialization
11
Prokaryotes dan Eukaryotes
 Cells May be Prokaryotic or
Eukaryotic

§ Prokaryotes include bacteria &

lack a nucleus or membrane-bound
structures called organelles
§Eukaryotes include most other
cells & have a nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles (plants,
fungi, & animals)
13
 Eukaryotic Cell

Contain 3 basic cell

structures:
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm with
organelles

14
 Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cells include the
bacteria and archaea.
Bacterial cells have these constant
features:
Outer Boundary: Cell wall

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm: Ribosomes

3-15 Thylakoids (Cyanobacteria)

 Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells have a
nucleus that controls the
workings of the cell.

All cells are surrounded by

a plasma membrane made of
phospholipids and proteins.
3-16
 Two Main Types of Eukaryotic
Cells

Animal Cell
17 Plant Cell
SEL
Sel adalah satu unit dasar dari tubuh manusia dimana setiap
organ merupakan penyatuan dari berbagai macam sel yang
dipersatukan satu sama lain oleh struktur-struktur interselluler.

Sel merupakan tingkatan struktur

terendah yang mampu melakukan
semua aktivitas kehidupan
Sel merupakan sekumpulan materi
yang paling sederhana yang dapat
menjalankan proses hidup
 Contoh Sel
Amoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Bacteria
Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell
•Prokariotik (Prokaryotic)
•Eukariotik (Eukaryotic)
 Prokaryotic

 Tidak memiliki
membran
 Struktur sederhana
 Satu sel organisme
misal :
Bacteria
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html
 Eukaryotic
 Memiliki membran
 Terdapat organel
 Individu yang komplek

Tanaman Ternak/Binatang/Hewan

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
 Table 1: Comparison of features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Typical organisms bacteria, archaea protists, fungi, plants, animals

~ 10–100 µm (sperm cells, apart from the

Typical size ~ 1–10 µm
tail, are smaller)

Type of nucleus nucleoid region; no real nucleus real nucleus with double membrane

linear molecules (chromosomes) with

DNA circular (usually)
histone proteins

RNA-synthesis inside the nucleus

RNA-/protein-synthesis coupled in cytoplasm
protein synthesis in cytoplasm

Ribosomes 50S+30S 60S+40S

highly structured by endomembranes and
Cytoplasmatic structure very few structures
a cytoskeleton

flagella and cilia containing microtubules;

Cell movement flagella made of flagellin lamellipodia and filopodia containing
actin

one to several thousand (though some lack

Mitochondria none
mitochondria)
Chloroplasts none in algae and plants
single cells, colonies, higher multicellular
Organization usually single cells
organisms with specialized cells
Mitosis (fission or budding)
Cell division Binary fission (simple division)
 Tipe Sel Ternak/Binatang

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
Tipe Sel Tanaman
Table 2: Comparison of structures between animal and plant cells
Typical animal cell Typical plant cell
Organelles  Nucleus  Nucleus
o Nucleolus (within o Nucleolus (within
nucleus) nucleus)
 Rough endoplasmic  Rough ER
reticulum (ER)  Smooth ER
 Smooth ER  Ribosomes
 Ribosomes  Cytoskeleton
 Cytoskeleton  Golgi apparatus
 Golgi apparatus (dictiosomes)
 Cytoplasm  Cytoplasm
 Mitochondria  Mitochondria
 Vesicles  Vacuole(s)
 Lysosomes  Cell wall
 Centrosome
o Centrioles
Organela
Fenomena Sel
Membran sel

 Sel luar yang

mengontrol masuk dan
keluarnya dari sel
 Lapisan ganda
Dinding Sel
 Dinding sel luar pada
tanaman dan bakteri
 Mendukung dan
melindungi sel
Inti sel (Nucleus )

 Pengendali aktivitas
 Berada dalam Sitoplasma dibatasi oleh
membran nukleus
 Mengandung material DNA
Membran nukleus (nucleus membrane)

 Dinding nukleus
 Terdiri dari dua lapis
 Mengatur keluar
masuknya material
dalam inti sel
Kromosom (Chromosomes)

 Di dalam inti sel

 Mengandung DNA

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Nucleolus
 Didalam inti sel
 Mengandung RNA
dan protein
Sitoplasma (Cytoplasm)
 Menyerupai cairan
 Berada diseluruh sel
 Mengandung material pewarisan sifat
Retikulum Endoplasmik
( Endoplasmic Reticulum)

 Material bergerak di
dalam sel
 Tipe RE halus (Smooth
ER) : tidak memiliki
ribosom
 Tipe RE kasar (Rough
ER) : memiliki ribosom
dipermukaan RE
Ribosom (Ribosomes)
 Pembuatan protein
 Masing-masing sel
mengandung ribuan
ribosom
 Sel tanaman dan
ternak memiliki
ribosom
 Mitokondria (Mitochondria)
 Produksi energi melalui
proses pemecahan lemak
dan karbohidrat
 Pengendali air dan
material lain dalam sel
 Daur ulang dan
dekomposisi protein,
lemak dan karbihidrat
Badan Golgi (Golgi Bodies)
 Protein 'packaging
plant'
 Mengatur
pergerakan material
masuk dan keluar sel
Lisosom (Lysosome)
 Alat pencernaan protein,
lemak, dan karbohidrat
 Alat transportasi
material tidak tercerna
keluar dari dinding sel
 Dapat rusak jika
lisosom pecah
Vakuola (Vacuoles)
 Kantong sebagai
penyimpan, pencerna
dan pengeluaran sisa
metabolisme
 Mengandung air
 Pembentuk
permukaan pada sel
tanaman
Kloroplas (Chloroplast)
 Hanya dimiliki oleh
sel tanaman
 Mengandung hijau
daun (green
chlorophyll)
 Tempat fotosintetis
 A surrounding
membrane
 Protoplasm – cell
contents in thick
fluid
 Organelles –
structures for cell
function
 Control center
with DNA
 Prokaryotic

 Eukaryotic
 First cell type on earth
 Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea
 No membrane bound nucleus
 Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
 Organelles not bound by membranes
  Nucleus bound
by membrane
 Include fungi,
protists, plant,
Protozoan
and animal
cells
 Possess many
organelles
 Animal Cell
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2

Cytoplasm

Nucleolus
Nucleus
Cell Membrane

Go to
Section:
1. Nucleus
◦ Nickname: “The Control Center”
◦ Function: holds the DNA
◦ Parts:
1. Nucleolus: dark spot in the
middle of the nucleus that helps
make ribosomes
 Animal Cell
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2

Cytoplasm

Nucleolus Ribosomes
Nucleus Cell Membrane

Go to
Section:
2. Ribosomes
◦ Function: makes proteins
◦ Found in all cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic
3. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
◦ Nickname: “Roads”
◦ Function: The internal delivery system of the
cell
 Animal Cell
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2

Cytoplasm

Nucleolus Ribosomes
Nucleus Cell Membrane

Smooth
Rough Endoplasmic
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Reticulum

Go to
Section:
◦ 2 Types:
1.Rough ER:
Rough appearance because it has ribosomes
Function: helps make proteins, that’s why it
has ribosomes
2.Smooth ER:
NO ribosomes
Function: makes fats or lipids
 Animal Cell
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2

Cytoplasm

Nucleolus Ribosomes
Nucleus Cell Membrane

Smooth
Rough Endoplasmic
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Reticulum

Golgi Complex

Go to
Section:
4. Golgi Complex
◦ Nickname: The shippers
◦ Function: packages, modifies, and transports
materials to different location inside/outside of
the cell
◦ Appearance: stack of pancakes
 Animal Cell
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2

Cytoplasm

Nucleolus Ribosomes
Nucleus Cell Membrane

Smooth
Rough Endoplasmic
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Reticulum

Golgi Bodies

Go to
Section:
5. Lysosomes: circular, but bigger than
ribosomes)
◦ Nickname: “Clean-up Crews”
◦ Function: to break down food into particles the
rest of the cell can use and to destroy old cells
 Animal Cell
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2

Cytoplasm

Nucleolus Ribosomes
Nucleus Cell Membrane
Mitochondria

Rough Smooth
Endoplasmic Endoplasmic
Reticulum Reticulum

Golgi Bodies
6. Mitochondria
◦ Nickname: “The Powerhouse”
◦ Function: Energy formation
 Breaks down food to make ATP
 ATP: is the major fuel for all cell activities
that require energy
 Animal Cell
Cytoplasm

Nucleolus Ribosomes
Nucleus Cell Membrane
Mitochondria

Rough Smooth
Endoplasmic Endoplasmic
Reticulum Reticulum

Golgi Bodies
 Now let’s talk about structures only found in
PLANT Cells!!
 Section 7-2
Plant Cell
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

Vacuole

Cell Membrane

Go to
Section:
7. Vacuoles
◦ Function: stores water
 This is what makes lettuce crisp
 When there is no water, the plant wilts
 Section 7-2
Plant Cell
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

Vacuole

Chloroplasts

Cell Membrane

Go to
Section:
8. Chloroplasts
◦ Function: traps energy from the sun to produce
food for the plant cell
◦ Green in color because of chlorophyll, which is a
green pigment
 Section 7-2
Plant Cell
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

Vacuole

Chloroplasts

Cell Membrane

Cell Wall

Go to
Section:
9. Cell Wall
◦ Function: provides support and
protection to the cell membrane
◦ Found outside the cell membrane
in plant cells
 Plant Cell
Cytoplasm
Vacuole Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Chloroplasts

Cell Membrane

Cell Wall

Nucleolus
Golgi Bodies
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Rough ER
Comparing Plant and Animal Cells

Plant
Animal
 Onion Epidermal Cells Guard Cells
root hair

Root Hair Cell

38
white blood cell

Amoeba

red blood cell

muscle cell
sperm
cheek cells
nerve cell
Paramecium 39
 Both have a cell membrane
surrounding the cytoplasm

Both have a nucleus

Both contain mitochondria

40
Animal cells Plant cells

Relatively Relatively larger

smaller in size in size
Irregular shape Regular shape
No cell wall Cell wall present

41
Animal cells Plant cells
Vacuole small or Large central
absent vacuole
Glycogen as food Starch as food
storage storage

Nucleus at the Nucleus near

center cell wall 42
 Prokaryotic cells include the bacteria and
archaea.
 Bacterial cells have these constant features:
Outer Boundary: Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm: Ribosomes
Thylakoids
(Cyanobacteria)
Many enzymes
Nucleoid: Chromosome (DNA
only)
3-
43
 Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
that controls the workings of the
cell.

 All cells are surrounded by a

plasma membrane made of
phospholipids and proteins.

3-
44