STAG2212 GEOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN

Kuliah #4: Groundwater

(Hydrogeology)

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wan Zuhairi Yaacob

Program Geologi
UKM

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 Groundwater
(Our Hidden Asset)

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 Istilah
1. Groundwater
2. Hydrogeology
3. Hidrogeologi
4. Air bawah tanah
5. Air tanah
6. Air bumi
7. Air bawah permukaan
8. Air telaga
9. Air sumur
10.“Mata air”
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 Groundwater
1. Aquifer (permeable)
2. Aquitard Impermeable
3. Akuiklude
4. Saturated / unsaturated zones
5. Artesian well
6. Recharge/discharge
7. Water table
8. Perched aquifer
9. Piezometric surface

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 Groundwater

Piezometric surface

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 Istilah air bawah tanah (1)
• Akuifer
– Unit geologi telap & tepu air yang boleh mengalirkan
air
– eg. Batu pasir, gravel, batuan retak —akuifer yg baik

• Akuiklude
– Unit geologi tepu air yang tidak boleh mengalirkan
sejumlah kuantiti air
– Zon bahan bumi yang mampu menakung air tetapi
tidak berupaya untuk mengalirkan air cukup banyak
untuk dipam keluar
– Akuifer yang tidak bagus (shale atau lempung padat)

• Akuitard
– Lapisan tidak telap air dalam lapisan stratigrafi
– Lempung (clay) dan batu padat (dense rock)
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 Istilah air bawah tanah (2)
• Zon tepu air (saturated zone)
– Rongga tanah diisi sepenuhnya oleh air

• Zon tak tepu air (unsaturated) – Vadose zone

– Rongga tanah yang tidak diisi sepenuhnya oleh air

• Paras air tanah (water table) – Meja air?

– Satu lapisan yang terletak diantara zon tepu air dan
zon tak tepu air
– Memisahkan kedua-dua lapisan
– Tekanan air pada paras ini = tekanan atmosphere

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 Istilah air bawah tanah (3)
• Recharge air tanah
• Sebarang proses yang
menambah air dalam
akuifer
• Air masuk ke zon tepu
samada dari air hujan atau
salji yg cair
10 - 15% of the total precipitation

• Discharge air tanah

• Sebarang proses yang
mengeluarkan air dari zon
tepu air
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 Istilah air bawah tanah (4)
• Perched water table
• aquifer that occurs above the regional water table, in
the vadose zone

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 Jenis akuifer
2 jenis akuifer:- clay

1. Tak terkekang (unconfined) sand

• Tiada lapisan penindih yang
menindih zon akuifer tersebut
clay

2. Terkekang (confined)
• Ada lapisan tak telap air yang
menindih lapisan tersebut
• Air berasa di bawah tekanan
(artesian)
• Bila digali pada zon ini, air akan
keluar ke permukaan dengan
sendiri tanpa di pam (flowing
artesian)
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 Borehole /piezometer/ monitoring
well / wells / Telaga / Sumur

Aquifer

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Piezometer or monitoring well

Dia : 5-10cm

Opening at the
bottom or small
screen on the Screen
side

Piezometer / standpipe Monitoring well

– casing/piping open at a bottom - larger opening (screen)
– Small screen; <0.3 m for retrieving water

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Malaysia
 Perkaitan air permukaan dan air bawah
tanah
• Influent streams (losing stream) Losing stream

– Water in stream moves down

to the water table
– Water pollution in the stream
may pollute the groundwater

• Effluent streams (Gaining stream)

– Groundwater seeps into the
channel, maintaining stream Gaining stream

flow

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 Darcy’s Law
manometer

Darcy’s Law:
Q = K.I.A ; I = h/ ᶩ

Q/A = K.I

V (Darcy velocity) = K.I

Q = discharge
V = Vs.n
I = hydraulic gradient
K = hydraulic conductivity
Vs = V / n
V = Darcy velocity
A = Cross sectional area
V = Darcy velocity
Vs = seepage velocity;
n = effective porosity

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 Example of Darcy’s Law
Darcy’s Law, Q = k.i.A
• A confined aquifer has a source of recharge.
• The discharge, Q = 37500 m3/day
• The piezometric head in two wells 1000 m apart is 55 m and 50
m respectively, from a common datum.
• The average thickness of the aquifer is 30 m, and the average
width is 5 km.

5 km

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 JAWAPAN

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 Nilai Ketertelapan (hydraulic conductivity /
Permeability)

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 Arah pergerakan air bawah tanah

Well 2

Well 3

Well 1

Berapa bilangan telaga minima yang diperlukan untuk menentukan arah

pergerakan air bawah tanah??
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 Groundwater and Engineering
Geology Problems

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1. Groundwater & Mining
PENJOM GOLD MINE, MALAYSIA
How to manage the influx of groundwater into the open pit mine?

Groundwater to mining engineer (eg. Penjom Gold Mine)

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2. Groundwater & Stability of Dam
Vaiont Dam, Italy

After
Before
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Trigger factor: the fluctuation of groundwater level

Ancient Slip surface

Old landslide area Dam Reservoir

Water level before

Water level after

WL After

WL Before

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3. Groundwater & Foundation
Jalan Puteri 9/2, Puchong, Selangor

Bungalow RM 7 M

Problem: The foundation of the house failed, Crack developed under the house and
Resulting cracks and unstable foundation. surrounding area

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Groundwater & Foundation

Before development After development

Retaining
Wall
Old river (diverted)
Fill material

Original WT

Reason for failure

- Fill material = silt + gravel + boulder material
- High K values
- Channeling (old river)
- Higher new water level/high water pressure
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Groundwater & Foundation
Groundwater Modeling using Visual MODFLOW Pro

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 Hydrogeological Assessment on
Existing Seepage Problems At PPR
Kibabaig, Penampang, Sabah.

Date: 29 August 2017

Wan Zuhairi Yaacob Assoc Prof, PhD. P. Geol

Geology Programme, School of Environmental Sciences and
Natural Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
43600 Bangi, Selangor, MALAYSIA.
Tel: +603-89215390 | Mobile: +6019-3396975

drwzwy :: Geology UKM ::

29.08.2017
 Massive sandstone

drwzwy :: Geology UKM ::

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sst Sandy Silt

sst
Sandy Silt
sst
sst
Sandy Silt

drwzwy :: Geology UKM ::

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 sst

sst

sst

drwzwy :: Geology UKM ::

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Water discharge from sandstone

drwzwy :: Geology UKM ::

29.08.2017
 Selesai Kuliah #4

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