Jaringan otot adalah jaringan yang berperan dalam pergerakan tubuh hewan.

Karena jaringan
otot inilah kita bisa menari, berlari, melompat, mencerna makanan, buang air besar,
memompa darah, dan sebagainya.

Jaringan otot ini terdiri dari sel-sel otot. Sel-sel otot yang ada dapat dikelompokkan menjadi
tiga jenis yaitu sel otot lurik, sel otot polos, dan sel otot jantung.

1. Sel otot lurik

Sel otot ini dinamai sel otot lurik karena miofibrilnya tersusun tidak homogen
sehingga membentuk garis-garis lurik pada jaringan otot. Bentuk sel otot lurik adalah
silinder dengan nukleus yang banyak. Nukleus-nukleus ini terletak di pinggir. Sel otot
lurik sifatnya sadar dan tidak tahan lelah. Sel otot lurik melekat pada rangka tubuh.
Karena melekat pada rangka tubuh, sel otot lurik juga sering disebut sel otot rangka.

2. Sel otot polos

Sel otot ini dinamai sel otot polos karena memiliki miofibril yang homogen.
Bentuknya adalah gelendong dengan satu nukleus di tengahnya. Sel otot polos
sifatnya tidak sadar dan tahan lelah. Sel otot polos terdapat pada organ-organ dalam
tubuh seperti ginjal, uterus, organ reproduksi wanita dan pria, organ sistem
pencernaan, organ sistem pernapasan, iris mata, dan pembuluh darah. Sel otot ini juga
dikenal dengan nama sel otot licin.

3. Sel otot jantung

Sel otot ini dinamai sel otot jantung karena hanya ditemui pada jantung. Bentuknya
seperti anyaman yang bercabang-cabang. Miofibrilnya tersusun tidak homogen
sehingga terlihat berlurik-lurik, mirip dengan sel otot lurik. Sel otot jantung sifatnya
tidak sadar dan sangat tahan lelah. Sel otot jantung inilah yang berperan dalam
pemompaan darah oleh jantung.
Animal Tissues

The development of a fertilized egg into a newborn child requires an average of 41 rounds of
mitosis (241 = 2.2 x 1012). During this period, the cells produced by mitosis enter different
pathways of differentiation; some becoming blood cells, some muscle cells, and so on.

There are more than 100 visibly-distinguishable kinds of differentiated cells in the vertebrate
animal. These are organized into tissues; the tissues into organs. Groups of organs make up
the various systems - digestive, excretory, etc. - of the body.

The actual number of differentiated cell types is surely much larger than 100.
All lymphocytes, for example, look alike but actually represent a variety of different
functional types, e.g.,B cells, T cells of various subsets.
The neurons of the central nervous system must exist in a thousand or more different
functional types, each representing the result of a particular pathway of differentiation.

This page will give a brief introduction to the major types of animal tissues. The links along
the left side of the figure will take you directly to the individual paragraphs indicated.
1. Epithelial

Epithelial tissue is made of closely-packed cells arranged in flat sheets. Epithelia form the
surface of the skin and line the various cavities and tubes of the body. The epithelia that form
the inner lining of blood and lymph vessels are called endothelia.

The apical surface of epithelial cells is exposed to the "external environment", the lunen of
the organ or the air.
The basolateral surface is exposed to the internal environment (ECF). The entire sheet of
epithelial cells is attached to a layer of extracelullar matrix that is called the basement
membrane or, better (because it is not a membrane in the biological sense), the basal lamina.

The function of epithelia always reflects the fact that they are boundaries between masses of
cells and a cavity or space. Some examples:

The epithelium of the skin protects the underlying tissues from

mechanical damage
ultraviolet light
dehydration
invasion by bacteria

The columnar epithelium of the intestine

secretes digestive enzymes into the intestine;
absorbs the products of digestion from it.
An epithelium also lines our air passages and the alveoli of the lungs. It secretes mucus which
keeps it from drying out and traps inhaled dust particles. Most of its cells have cilia on their
apical surface that propel the mucus with its load of foreign matter back up to the throat.
2. Muscle

Three kinds of muscle are found in vertebrates:

Skeletal muscle is made of long fibers whose contraction provides the force of locomotion
and other voluntary body movements.
Smooth muscle lines the walls of the hollow structures of the body, such as the intestine,
urinary bladder, uterus, and blood vessels. Its contraction, which is involuntary, reduces the
size of these hollow organs.
The heart is made of cardiac muscle.

3. Connective

The cells of connective tissue are embedded in a great amount of extracellular material. This
matrix is secreted by the cells. It consists of protein fibers embedded in an amorphous
mixture of protein-polysaccharide ("proteoglycan") molecules.

Supporting connective tissue

Gives strength, support, and protection to the soft parts of the body.

cartilage. Example: the outer ear

bone. The matrix of bone contains collagen fibers and mineral deposits. The most abundant
mineral is calcium phosphate, although magnesium, carbonate, and fluoride ions are also
present.

Binding connective tissueIt binds body parts together.

Tendons connect muscle to bone. The matrix is principally collagen, and the fibers are all
oriented parallel to each other. Tendons are strong but not elastic.

Ligaments attach one bone to another. They contain both collagen and also the protein elastin.
Elastin permits ligaments to be stretched.

Fibrous connective tissue

It is distributed throughout the body. It serves as a packing and binding material for most of
our organs. Collagen, elastin, and other proteins are found in the matrix.

Fascia is fibrous connective tissue that binds muscle together and binds the skin to the
underlying structures.

Adipose tissue is fibrous connective tissue in which the cells have become almost filled with
oil. The oil is confined within membrane-bound droplets. The cells of adipose tissue, called
adipocytes, secrete several hormones, including leptin and adiponectin.

All forms of connective tissue are derived from cells called fibroblasts , which secrete the
extracelullar matrix.
4. Nerve

Nerve tissue is composed of

nerve cells called neurons and

glial cells.

Neurons

Neurons are specialized for the conduction of nerve impulses. A typical neuron consists of

a cell body which contains the nucleus;

a number of short fibers — dendrites — extending from the cell body
a single long fiber, the axon.

The nerve impulse is conducted along the axon.

The tips of axons meet:

other neurons at junctions called synapses

muscles (called neuromuscular junctions)

glands

Glia

Glial cells surround neurons. Once thought to be simply support for neurons (glia = glue),
they turn out to serve several important functions.
There are three types:

Schwann cells. These produce the myelin sheath that surrounds many axons in the peripheral
nervous system Oligodendrocytes. These produce the myelin sheath that surrounds many
axons in the central nervous sistem (brain and spinal cord).
Astrocytes. These — often star-shaped — cells are clustered around synapses and the nodes
of Ranvier where they perform a variety of functions:

stimulating the formation of new synapses;

modulating the activity of neurons;
repairing damage;
supplying neurons with materials secured from the blood. (It is primarily the metabolic
activity of astrocytes that is being measured in brain imaging by positron-emission
tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

In addition, the central nervous system contains many microglia — mobile cells that respond
to damage (e.g., from an infection) by

engulfing cell debris

secreting inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1)
5. Blood

The bone marrow is the source of all the cells of the blood. These include:

red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes)

five kinds of white blood cells (WBCs or leukocytes)
platelets (or thrombocytes)