Welding Term & Definition

“Welding Inspector Training”
12 December 2021
“Welding Terms and Definitions”

Created By. Epriyanto
Pelatihan Inspektur Las Indonesia
Sesuai dengan tugas dan tanggung jawab

“Welding Inspector Comprehensive” SKKNI 098 :
C.24LAS01.031.1 1.1.5
“MELAKUKAN INSPEKSI VISUAL PENGELASAN”
1. MEMAHAMI JENIS – JENIS KAMPUH LAS SESUAI DENGAN

STANDARD
2. DAPAT MEMASTIKAN KESESUAIAN TYPE SAMBUNGAN
PENGELASAN
WELD JOINT GEOMETRY
(AWS A3.0)  Standard Wedling Terms And Definitions
(BS EN 499 )  Welding Terms And Symbol
BS EN 29692 ISO 9692  Joint Preparation For Steel

PLATE / FILLET WELD POSITION

WELDING POSITION DESIGNATION

WELDING POSITION DESIGNATION

Glossary
1F, pipe. (PA)

Penunjukan posisi uji las untuk las fillet melingkar yang diterapkan pada
sambungan pipa, dengan sumbunya kira-kira 45° dari horizontal, di mana las
dibuat dalam posisi pengelasan datar dengan memutar pipa pada sumbunya
1F, plate. (PA)

Penunjukan posisi uji pengelasan untuk las fillet linier yang diterapkan pada
sambungan di mana las dibuat dalam posisi pengelasan datar. Lihat di bawah
1G, pipe. (PA)
Penunjukan posisi uji pengelasan untuk las alur melingkar yang diterapkan pada
sambungan dalam pipa, di mana las dibuat dalam posisi pengelasan datar dengan
memutar pipa pada sumbunya.
1G, plate. (PA)

Penunjukan posisi uji las untuk las alur linier yang diterapkan pada sambungan di
mana las dibuat dalam posisi las datar.
2F, pipe. (PB)

Penunjukan posisi uji pengelasan untuk las fillet melingkar yang diterapkan pada
sambungan dalam pipa, dengan sumbunya kira-kira vertikal, di mana las dibuat
dalam posisi pengelasan horizontal.
2F, plate. (PB)

sambungan di mana las dibuat dalam posisi pengelasan horizontal.
2FR, pipe. (PB)

Penunjukan posisi uji pengelasan untuk lasan Fillet melingkar yang diterapkan pada
sambungan dalam pipa, dengan sumbunya kira-kira horizontal, di mana lasan dibuat
dalam posisi pengelasan horizontal dengan memutar pipa pada sumbunya.
2G, pipe. (PC)

Penunjukan posisi uji pengelasan untuk las alur melingkar yang diterapkan pada
sambungan dalam pipa, dengan sumbunya kira-kira vertikal, di mana las dibuat
dalam posisi pengelasan horizontal
2G, plate. (PC)

Penunjukan posisi uji pengelasan untuk las alur linier yang diterapkan pada
sambungan plate di mana las dibuat dalam posisi pengelasan horizontal.
3F, plate. (PF-Up Hill) (PG – Down Hill)

sambungan di mana las dibuat dalam posisi pengelasan vertikal.
3G, plate. (PF-Up Hill) (PG – Down Hill)

sambungan di mana las dibuat dalam posisi pengelasan vertikal.
4F, pipe.(PD)
Penunjukan posisi uji pengelasan untuk las fillet melingkar yang diterapkan pada
sambungan dalam pipa, dengan sumbu vertikal, di mana las dibuat pada posisi
pengelasan di atas kepala
4F, plate. (PD)

Penunjukan posisi uji pengelasan untuk lasan Fillet linier yang diterapkan pada
sambungan di mana lasan dibuat pada posisi pengelasan di atas kepala.
4G, plate. (PE)

sambungan di mana las dibuat pada posisi pengelasan di atas kepala.
5F, pipe.
Penunjukan posisi uji pengelasan untuk lasan Fillet melingkar yang diterapkan pada
sambungan dalam pipa, dengan sumbunya kira-kira horizontal, di mana lasan dibuat
pada posisi pengelasan horizontal, vertikal, dan overhead. Pipa tetap terpasang
sampai pengelasan sambungan selesai.
5G, pipe.
Penunjukan posisi uji las untuk las alur melingkar yang diterapkan pada sambungan
dalam pipa dengan sumbu horizontal, di mana las dibuat dalam posisi pengelasan
datar, vertikal, dan overhead. Pipa tetap terpasang sampai pengelasan sambungan
selesai.
6F, pipe.
Penunjukan posisi uji las untuk las fillet keliling yang diterapkan pada sambungan
dalam pipa, dengan sumbunya kira-kira 45° dari horizontal, di mana las dibuat
dalam posisi pengelasan datar, vertikal, dan overhead. Pipa tetap terpasang sampai
pengelasan selesaimenyelesaikan.
6G, pipe.
dalam pipa, dengan sumbunya kira-kira 45° dari horizontal, di mana lasan dibuat
dalam posisi pengelasan datar, vertikal, dan overhead. Pipa tetap terpasangSampai
pengelasan selesai.
6GR, pipe.
dalam pipa, dengan sumbunya kira-kira 45° dari horizontal, di mana lasan dibuat
dalam posisi pengelasan datar, vertikal, dan overhead. Sebuah cincin pembatasan
ditambahkan,Berdekatan dengan sambungan, untuk membatasi akses ke lasan. Pipa
tetap terpasang sampai pengelasan selesai.
Part Of the Weld Joint
 Joint Root
 Groove Face
 Root Face
 Root Opening
 Bevel
 Bevel Angle
 Groove Angle
 Groove Radius
JOINT ROOT
 Joint Root
 Root Of Preparation BS 499

 Groove Face
 Root Face
 Root Edge
 Bevel angle
 Depth of bevel
 Groove angle
 Groove radius
 Root opening
Gap, Root Face, Root Radius, Land, Included Angle,

and Angle of Bevel (BS EN 29692, ISO 9692)
PENGELASAN
Las menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (1994),
" adalah penyambungan besi dengan cara Dipanaskan/membakar.
"Las adalah ikatan metalurgi pada sambungan logam paduan yang dilakukan
dalam keadaan lumer atau cair “  Deutsche Industrie Normen (DIN)
"Salah satu cara menyambung dua bagian logam secara permanen dengan
menggunakan tenaga panas“  Maman Suratman (2001.1)
“Las adalah suatu cara untuk menyambung benda padat dengan cara
mencairkannya melalui pemanasan.“  Sriwidharto
maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa kerja las adalah menyambung dua bagian
logam atau lebih dengan menggunakan energi panas.
QS 18 - 96 33
1. Terms and Definitions

Note:
The following definitions are taken from BS 499-1: Welding terms and symbols And
ANSI AWS 3.0 “Standard Welding Term And Definitions
– Glossary for welding, brazing and thermal cutting.
Welding
Operation in which two or more parts are united by means of heat or pressure or both,
in such a way that there is continuity in the nature of the metal between these parts.
Brazing
Process of joining generally applied to metals in which, during or after heating, molten
filler metal is drawn into or retained in the space between closely adjacent surfaces of
the parts to be joined by capillary attraction. In general, the melting point of the filler
metal is above 450° C but always below the melting temperature of the parent material.
Braze welding
Joining of metals using a technique similar to fusion welding and a filler metal with a
lower melting point than the parent metal, but neither using capillary action as in
brazing nor intentionally melting the parent metal.
Weld
Union of pieces of metal made by welding.
Joint
Connection where the individual components, suitably prepared and assembled, are
joined by welding or brazing.
2. Type of joint
EDGE
TEE CRUCIFORM
BUTT LAP CORNER

BUTT JOINT
Square Edge
Closed Open
Single Sided Butt

Vee Bevel
Double Side Butt

Vee Bevel
TYPE OF JOINT SINGLE V and SINGLE U
SINGLE V Butt SINGLE U Butt

TYPE OF JOINT SINGLE BEVEL and SINGLE J
Single Bevel Butt

Single J Butt
3. TYPE OF WELDS
Two Commonly Used Welds Types
Butt Weld
Fillet Weld
TYPES OF WELDS
Fillet Weld Edge Weld Compound weld
Butt Weld Plug Weld Spot Weld

TYPES OF WELDS
TYPES OF WELDS
4. Features of the completed weld

• Parent metal
Metal to be joined or surfaced by welding, braze welding or brazing.
• Filler metal
Metal added during welding, braze welding, brazing or surfacing.
• Weld metal
All metal melted during the making of a weld and retained in the weld.
• Heat-affected zone (HAZ)
The part of the parent metal metallurgically affected by the heat of welding or thermal
cutting but not melted.
• Fusion line
Boundary between the weld metal and the HAZ in a fusion weld.
• Weld zone
Zone containing the weld metal and the HAZ.
• Weld face
The surface of a fusion weld exposed on the side from which the weld has been made.
Features of the completed weld
• Root
Zone on the side of the first run furthest from the welder.
• Toe
Boundary between a weld face and the parent metal or between runs. This is a very
important feature of a weld since toes are points of high stress concentration and often are
initiation points for different types of cracks (eg fatigue and cold cracks). To reduce the stress
concentration, toes must blend smoothly into the parent metal surface.
• Excess weld metal

Weld metal lying outside the plane joining the toes. Other non-standard terms for this
feature are reinforcement and overfill.
Labelled features of a butt weld

Labelled features of a fillet weld.

5. Weld preparation
A preparation for making a connection where the individual components,
suitably prepared and assembled, are joined by welding or brazing. The
dimensions below can vary depending on WPS.
Angle of bevel
The angle at which the edge of a component is prepared for making a weld.
For an MMA weld on carbon steel plates, the angle is:
• 25-30° for a V preparation.
• 8-12° for a U preparation.
• 40-50° for a single bevel preparation.
• 10-20° for a J preparation.
Included angle
The angle between the planes of the fusion faces of parts to be welded. For single and
double V or U this angle is twice the bevel angle. In the case of single or double bevel,
single or double J bevel, the included angle is equal to the bevel angle.
Root face
The portion of a fusion face at the root that is not bevelled or grooved. Its value depends
on the welding process used, parent material to be welded and application; for a full
penetration weld on carbon steel plates, it has a value of 1-2mm (for the common welding
processes).
Gap
The minimum distance at any cross-section between edges, ends or surfaces to be joined.
Its value depends on the welding process used and application; for a full penetration weld
on carbon steel plates, it has a value of 1-4mm.
Root radius
The radius of the curved portion of the fusion face in a component prepared for a single or
double J or U, weld.
Land
Straight portion of a fusion face between the root face and the radius part of a J or U
preparation can be 0. Usually present in weld preparations for MIG welding of aluminium
alloys.
Types of preparation
Open square butt preparation
Used for welding thin components from one or both sides. If the root gap is zero (ie if
components are in contact), this preparation becomes a closed square butt preparation (not
recommended due to problems caused by lack of penetration)!
Fig. Open square butt preparation.

Single V preparation
One of the most common preparations used in welding and can be produced
using flame or plasma cutting (cheap and fast). For thicker plates a double V
preparation is preferred since it requires less filler material to complete the joint
and the residual stresses can be balanced on both sides of the joint resulting in
lower angular distortion.
Fig. Single V preparation.

Double V preparation
The depth of preparation can be the same on both sides (symmetric double V
preparation) or deeper on one side (asymmetric double V preparation). Usually, in
this situation the depth of preparation is distributed as 2/3 of the thickness of the
plate on the first side with the remaining 1/3 on the backside. This asymmetric
preparation allows for a balanced welding sequence with root back gouging, giving
lower angular distortions. Whilst a single V preparation allows welding from one
side, double V preparation requires access to both sides (the same applies for all
double sided preparations).
Fig. Double V preparation.

Single U preparation
U preparations can be produced only by machining (slow and expensive), however,
tighter tolerances give a better fit-up than with V preparations. Usually applied to
thicker plates compared with single V preparation as it requires less filler material
to complete the joint, lower residual stresses and distortions. Like for V
preparations, with very thick sections a double U preparation can be used.
Fig. Single U preparation.

Double U preparation
Usually this type of preparation does not require a land, (except for aluminium
alloys).
Fig. Double U preparation.

Single V preparation with backing strip

Backing strips allow production of full penetration welds with increased current
and hence increased deposition rates/productivity without the danger of
burnthrough. Backing strips can be permanent or temporary. Permanent types are
made of the same material as being joined and are tack welded in place. The main
problems with this type of weld are poor fatigue resistance and the probability of
crevice corrosion between the parent metal and the backing strip. It is also difficult
To examine by NDT due to the built-in crevice at the root of the joint. Temporary
types include copper strips, ceramic tiles and fluxes.
Fig. Single V preparation With Backing Strip.

Fig. Single Bevel preparation
Fig. Double Bevel preparation

Fig. Single J preparation
Fig. Double J preparation

Fig. Full Penetration Butt Weld (CJP)
Fig. Partial Penetration Butt Weld

Fig. Full penetration butt weld ground flush.
Fig. Butt weld between two plates of different thickness.

Run (pass)
The metal melted or deposited during one pass of an electrode, torch or blowpipe.
Fig. Single Run Weld Fig. Multi Run Weld
Layer
A stratum of weld metal consisting of one or more runs.
Layer
A stratum of weld metal consisting of one or more runs.
Fig. Single side weld. Fig. Double side weld.

Size of fillet welds

Unlike butt welds, fillet welds can be defined using several dimensions.
Actual throat thickness

Perpendicular distance between two lines, each parallel to a line joining the outer toes, one
being a tangent at the weld face and the other being through the furthermost point of
fusion penetration.
Design throat thickness

The minimum dimension of throat thickness used for design purposes, also known as
effective throat thickness. (a on drawings).
Leg length
Distance from the actual or projected intersection of the fusion faces and the toe of a fillet
weld, measured across the fusion face (z on drawings).
6. Fillet Weld
A fusion weld, other than a butt, edge or fusion spot weld, which is approximately triangular
in transverse cross-section.
Fig. Filled weld.

Shape of fillet welds

Mitre fillet weld
A flat face fillet weld in which the leg lengths are equal within the agreed
tolerance. The cross-section area of this type of weld can be considered to be a
right angle isosceles triangle with design throat thickness a and leg length z. The
relation between design throat thickness and leg length is:
a = 0.707 X z or z = 1.41 X a
Fig. Mitre fillet weld.

Convex fillet weld

A fillet weld in which the weld face is convex. The above relation
between leg length and design throat thickness for mitre fillet welds
is also valid for this type of weld. Since there is excess weld metal
present, the actual throat thickness is bigger than the design throat
thickness.
Fig. Convex fillet weld

Concave fillet weld
A fillet weld in which the weld face is concave. The relation between leg length and design
throat thickness specified for mitre fillet welds is not valid for this type of weld. Also, the
design throat thickness is equal to the actual throat thickness.
Due to the smooth blending between the weld face and the surrounding parent material,
the stress concentration effect at the toes of the weld is reduced compared with the
previous type. This is why this type of weld is highly desired in applications subjected to
cyclic loads where fatigue phenomena might be a major cause for failure.
Fig. Concave fillet weld.

Asymmetrical fillet weld
A fillet weld in which the vertical leg length is not equal to the horizontal leg
length. The relation between leg length and design throat thickness is not valid for
this type of weld because the cross-section is not an isosceles triangle.
Fig. Asymmetrical fillet weld.

Deep penetration fillet weld

A fillet weld with a deeper than normal penetration. It is produced
using high heat input welding processes (ie SAW or MAG with spray
transfer). This type of weld uses the benefits of greater arc
penetration to obtain the required throat thickness whilst reducing
the amount of deposited metal needed thus leading to a reduction in
residual stress level.
To produce consistent and constant penetration, the travel speed
must be kept constant at a high value. Consequently this type of weld
is usually produced using mechanised or automatic welding
processes. Also, the high depth-towidth ratio increases the
probability of solidification centreline cracking. To differentiate this
type of weld from the previous types, the throat thickness is
symbolised with s instead of a.
Fig. Deep Penetration fillet weld.

Compound of butt and fillet welds

A combination of butt and fillet welds used for T joints with full or partial
penetration or butt joints between two plates with different thickness. Fillet welds
added on top of the groove welds improve the blending of the weld face towards
the parent metal surface and reduce the stress concentration at the toes of the
weld.
Fig. Double Bevel Compoun Weld

6 - Welding position, slope and rotation

Welding position
Orientation of a weld expressed in terms of working position, weld slope and weld
rotation (for further details see ISO 6947).
Weld slope
Angle between root line and the positive X axis of the horizontal reference plane,
measured in mathematically positive direction (ie counter-clockwise).
Fig. Weld Slop

7 – WPS And PQR

According to QW-200.1 ASME Sec. IX
Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) is written document
that provides direction to the welder or welding operator for
making production weld in accordance with Code
requirement.
According to QW-200.2 ASME Sec. IX
A PQR (Procedure Qualification Record) is a record of the
welding data used to weld a test coupon. The PQR is a record
of variables recorded during the welding of the test coupons.
It also contains the test result of the test specimens. Recorded
variable normally fall within a small range of the actual
variables that will be used in production welding.
SOAL EVALUASI
1. Buat Joint Design Untuk Material Tebal 25 mm. Type of Joint

Double Bevel, Root Gap 4 mm, Root Face 2 mm.
2. Sebutkan macam-macam posisi las untuk Pelat dan Pipa.
3. Sebutkan jenis sambungan las yang saudara ketahui.
4. Gambarkan secara lengkap fitur las lasan.
5. Apa yang dimaksud dengan WPS dan PQR.

Welding Term &amp; Definition

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“Welding Inspector Training”

“Welding Terms and Definitions”

Sesuai dengan tugas dan tanggung jawab

1. MEMAHAMI JENIS – JENIS KAMPUH LAS SESUAI DENGAN

WELD JOINT GEOMETRY

(AWS A3.0)  Standard Wedling Terms And Definitions

(BS EN 499 )  Welding Terms And Symbol

BS EN 29692 ISO 9692  Joint Preparation For Steel

PLATE / FILLET WELD POSITION

WELDING POSITION DESIGNATION

WELDING POSITION DESIGNATION

1F, pipe. (PA)

1F, plate. (PA)

1G, pipe. (PA)

1G, plate. (PA)

2F, pipe. (PB)

2F, plate. (PB)

2FR, pipe. (PB)

2G, pipe. (PC)

2G, plate. (PC)

3F, plate. (PF-Up Hill) (PG – Down Hill)

3G, plate. (PF-Up Hill) (PG – Down Hill)

4F, plate. (PD)

4G, plate. (PE)

Part Of the Weld Joint

 Root Of Preparation BS 499

Gap, Root Face, Root Radius, Land, Included Angle,

1. Terms and Definitions

BUTT LAP CORNER

Single Sided Butt

Double Side Butt

TYPE OF JOINT SINGLE V and SINGLE U

SINGLE V Butt SINGLE U Butt

TYPE OF JOINT SINGLE BEVEL and SINGLE J

Single Bevel Butt

Fillet Weld Edge Weld Compound weld

Butt Weld Plug Weld Spot Weld

4. Features of the completed weld

Features of the completed weld

• Excess weld metal

Labelled features of a butt weld

Labelled features of a fillet weld.

Fig. Open square butt preparation.

Fig. Single V preparation.

Fig. Double V preparation.

Fig. Single U preparation.

Fig. Double U preparation.

Single V preparation with backing strip

Fig. Single V preparation With Backing Strip.

Fig. Single Bevel preparation

Fig. Double Bevel preparation

Fig. Single J preparation

Fig. Double J preparation

Fig. Full Penetration Butt Weld (CJP)

Fig. Partial Penetration Butt Weld

Fig. Full penetration butt weld ground flush.

Fig. Butt weld between two plates of different thickness.

Fig. Single Run Weld Fig. Multi Run Weld

Fig. Single side weld. Fig. Double side weld.

Size of fillet welds

Actual throat thickness

Design throat thickness

Fig. Filled weld.

Shape of fillet welds

Welding Term & Definition

Welding Term & Definition