Our musculoskeletal system is a

complex network of bones,

muscles and joints. These
components, along with
tendons, ligaments, and
cartilage, work together to allow
us the freedom to move about
and do practically anything we
please
Sistem Gerak
Sistem Rangka
Sistem Otot
SISTEM RANGKA
 Tulang

⚫ Fungsi tulang:
− Alat gerak pasif
− Formasi bentuk tubuh
− Formasi sendi-sendi
− Perlekatan otot
− Bekerja sebagai pengungkit
− Penyokong berat badan serta daya tahan untuk
menghadapi tekanan
− Proteksi
− Hemopoesis
− Fungsi imunologis
− Penyimpanan kalsium
 Jenis-jenis Tulang

⚫ Berdasarkan zat penyusunnya tulang dibagi atas:

− Tulang rawan
− Tulang keras
⚫ Berdasarkan bentuknya tulang dibagi atas:
− Tulang pipa
− Tulang pipih
− Tulang pendek
− Tulang tak beraturan
− Tulang sesamoid
 Tulang Rawan

⚫ Kartilago disusun oleh kondrosit yang dibentuk oleh

kondroblas.
⚫ Setiap kondrosit terletak dalam rongga kecil yang
disebut lakuna.
⚫ Lakuna dikelilingi matriks tulang rawan yang berupa
serabut elastin, fibrosa, kolagen.
⚫ Berdasarkan kandungan matriksnya, kartilago dibagi
atas:
− Tulang rawan hialin
− Tulang rawan elastin
− Tulang rawan fibrosa
⚫ Umumnya kartilago bersifat lentur.
Tulang rawan hialin
⚫ Warnanya bening
⚫ Matriksnya memiliki serat kolagen yang tersebar dalam bentuk
anyaman halus dan rapat
⚫ Terdapat pada cakra epifise, saluran pernapasan dan ujung
tulang rusuk
Tulang rawan elastin
⚫ Serat kolagennya tidak tersebar
⚫ Bentuk serat elastin bergelombang
⚫ Terdapat pada epiglotis dan daun telinga
Tulang rawan fibrosa
⚫ Mengandung serat kolagen kasar dan tidak teratur
⚫ Terletak pada perlekatan ligamen, sambungan tulang
belakang, dan simfisis pubis.
Perichondrium

lacunae
 Tulang Keras

⚫ Osteon tersusun atas osteosit.

⚫ Osteosit dibentuk oleh osteoblas
⚫ Osteosit terletak dalam lakuna, tersusun dlm lapisan
konsentris yang disebut lamela.
⚫ Lamela mengelilingi saluran havers yang
mengandung serabut saraf dan pembuluh darah.
⚫ Di antara osteosit terdapat saluran yang berperan
dalam suplai makanan yang bernama kanalikuli.
⚫ Selain osteoblas, terdapat pula osteoklas. Sel yang
berfungsi untuk merombak tulang dan mengatur
bentuk tulang.
 Tulang Keras

⚫ Permukaan luar tulang keras dibungkus oleh

membran yang disebut periosteum.
⚫ Periosteum berfungsi untuk melindungi tulang keras
dan menyediakan tempat perlekatan bagi tendon dan
ligamen.
⚫ Periosteum menutupi hampir seluruh tulang keras
kecuali pada bagian persambungan antar tulang.
⚫ Periosteum mengandung banyak pembuluh darah dan
saraf.
⚫ Tulang keras dibedakan atas tulang kompak dan
tulang spons.
 Tulang Keras

⚫ P
 Pembagian rangka

Rangka dibagi
menjadi 2
kelompok:
− Rangka
Aksial
− Rangka
Apendikuler
 Rangka Aksial

⚫ Skull
⚫ Sternum
⚫ Costae
⚫ Vertebrae
 Rangka Apendikuler
⚫ Clavicula
⚫ Scapula
⚫ Upper limb
•Humerus (upper arm)
•Radius; ulna
•Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
⚫ Lower limb
•Femur
•Patella
•Tibia, fibula
•Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Sendi
Joints (sendi)

Immovable (synarthoses) bones sutured together

by connective tissue: skull

Slightly movable (amphiarthoses) connected by

fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage:
vertebrae, rib/sternum joint, pubic
symphysis

Freely movable (diarthroses)- separated

ligaments- hold bones together
tendons- muscle to bone
lined by synovial membrane
Types of movement and examples (with muscles)

flexion- move lower leg toward upper

extension- straightening the leg

abduction- moving leg away from body

adduction- moving leg toward the body

rotation- around its axis

supination- rotation of arm to palm-up position
pronation- palm down

circumduction- swinging arms in circles

inversion- turning foot so sole is inward

eversion- sole is out
SISTEM OTOT
Superficial Muscles: Anterior
Superficial Muscles: Posterior
 The skeleton and muscles interact in movement
• Muscles pull on bones, which act as levers that produce
movement
– Tendons connect muscles to bone
• Antagonistic pairs of muscles produce opposite
movements

• NOTES:
Muscles perform work only when contracting
A muscle is returned to an extended position by being pulled by other parts of the skeleton
(due to contractions of antagonistic muscles)
 The Muscular System
• Muscles are responsible for all types of body
movement – they contract or shorten and are the
machine of the body
• Three basic muscle types are found in the body
• Skeletal muscle
• Cardiac muscle
• Smooth muscle

Muscle ability:
• Irritability – ability to receive and respond to a stimulus
• Contractility – ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus
is received
 Function of Muscles

• Produce movement
• Maintain posture
• Stabilize joints
• Generate heat
• Support soft tissue
• Guards entrance and exit
• Store nutrients
 Muscle tissue types
•All types of muscle cells can shorten (contractility) in response to a
stimulus (excitability), then relax back to their original length
(elasticity)

Three types of muscle cells:

– Skeletal: moves the body by
pulling on the bones of the
skeleton
– Cardiac: contracts the
chambers of the heart
– Smooth: pushes/squeezes
fluids and solids along
digestive tract, etc
Smooth Muscle Characteristics
• Has no striations
• Spindle-shaped cells
• Single nucleus
• Involuntary – no
conscious control
• Found mainly in the
walls of hollow
organs
• Slow, sustained and
tireless
Cardiac Muscle Characteristics
• Has striations
• Usually has a single
nucleus
• Joined to another
muscle cell at an
intercalated disc
• Involuntary
• Found only in the
heart
• Steady pace!
Skeletal Muscle Characteristics

• Most are attached by tendons to bones

• Cells are multinucleate
• Striated – have visible banding
• Voluntary – subject to conscious control
• Cells are surrounded and bundled by
connective tissue = great force, but tires
easily
The structure of a skeletal muscle
Connective Tissue Wrappings of
Skeletal Muscle

• Endomysium –
around single
muscle fiber
• Perimysium –
around a fascicle
(bundle) of fibers
Connective Tissue Wrappings of
Skeletal Muscle

• Epimysium –
covers the entire
skeletal muscle
• Fascia – on the
outside of the
epimysium
Skeletal Muscle Attachments

• Epimysium blends into a connective tissue

attachment
• Tendon – cord-like structure
• Aponeuroses – sheet-like structure
• Sites of muscle attachment
• Bones
• Cartilages
• Connective tissue coverings
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle

• Cells are multinucleate

• Nuclei are just beneath the sarcolemma
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle
• Sarcolemma – specialized plasma
membrane
• Sarcoplasmic reticulum – specialized
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle
• Myofibril
• Bundles of myofilaments
• Myofibrils are aligned to give distrinct bands
• I band =
light band
• A band =
dark band
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle

• Sarcomere
• Contractile unit of a muscle fiber
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle
• Organization of the sarcomere
• Thick filaments = myosin filaments
• Has ATPase enzymes
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle
• Organization of the sarcomere
• Thin filaments = actin filaments
• Composed of the protein actin, tropomiosin,
troponin
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle

• Myosin filaments have heads (extensions, or

cross bridges)
• Myosin and
actin overlap
somewhat
https://youtu.be/ousflrOzQHc
Muscles and Body Movements

• Movement is
attained due to a
muscle moving an
attached bone
Muscles and Body Movements

• Muscles are
attached to at least
two points
• Origin – attachment
to an immovable
bone
• Insertion –
attachment to a
moveable bone
JUST THE FACTS:
• Humans and giraffes have the same number of
bones in their neck. Giraffe neck bones are just
bigger.
• You have over 230 moveable and semi-moveable
joints in your body.
• You have 27 bones in your hand.
• You have 14 bones in your face.
• The smallest bone in your body is the stirrup bone
in the ear, which measures 1/10 of an inch.
• The longest bone in your body is the femur (thigh
bone), which is about 1/4 of your height.
Gangguan dan kelainan pada sistem rangka
1. Kelainan sejak lahir
2. Infeksi
1. Artritis eksudatif – peradangan pd selaput sendi
2. Artritis sika – ke-an cairan sinovial
3. Efek samping STD berupa nyeri pangkal paha
3. Kerusakan tulang karena gangguan mekanis
1. Urai sendi
2. Fraktura
3. Fisura
4. Nekrosis
5. Kelainan pada tulang belakang – lordosis,
kifosis, skoliosis
6. Layuh semu
7. Osteoporosis
8. Osteomalasia
9. Kanker tulang
 Gangguan dan kelainan pada sistem otot

⚫ Gangguan karena penyakit

− Tetanus
− Polio
⚫ Gangguan aktivitas
− Kram
− Atrofi
⚫ Hernia abdominalis