UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA,

81310 UTM JOHOR BAHRU, JOHOR MALAYSIA.

LAB REPORT 4:
SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUIT

SHPE 1332-01 ASAS TEKNOLOGI ELEKTRONIK

(BASIC TECHNOLOGY ELECTRONIC)

NO. NAME MATRIX NO.

1. SITI NURAINA BINTI MOHD AZHARI A22HP0226

2. NURAIN ZHAHIRAH BINTI MOHD ZULKEPLI A22HP0175

LECTURER:

DR HANIFAH BINTI JAMBARI

CLASS:

1 SHPEH

DATE:

12TH APRIL OF 2023

SHPE 1332-ASAS TEKNOLOGI ELEKTRONIK
MARKAH LAPORAN SHPE1332- COMMUNICATION SKILLS (30%)

KRITERIA PENILAIAN SKOR MARKAH

KANDUNGAN LAPORAN
1. Pengenalan
• Pengenalan kepada amali serta ujikaji yang dilaksanakan 1 2 3 4 5
2. Objektif
• Menyenaraikan objektif yang ingin dicapai selepas amali dilaksanakan 1 2 3 4 5

3. Keselamatan Bengkel / Langkah keselamatan

• Menerangkan prosedur keselamatn bengkel dan langkah-langkah keselamatan yang 2 4 6 8 10
perlu dilaksanakan. berkaitan dengan amali yang dilaksanakan
PENILAIAN LAPORAN SHPE1332

4. Alatan tangan dan kegunaannya

• Menerangkan dan menggunakan alatan tangan yang betul dan sesuai beserta gambar 2 4 6 8 10
serta maklumat yang berkaitan
5. Langkah-langkah kerja
• Menerangkan dan mengaplikasikan Prosedur/Kaedah perlaksanaan amali dengan betul dan 2 4 6 8 10
jelas .
6. Hasil kerja
Pelajar dapat menyatakan dapatan ujikaji/amali dimana:
• Dapatan amali keseluruhan perlulah bersertakan maklumat seperti litar
amali, komponen, dan lain-lain yang bersesuaian dengan ujikaji
• Dapatan amali keseluruhan adalah lengkap dan dapat menyelesaikan 8 16 24 32 40
persoalan yang dinyatakan dalam helian kerja.
• Dapatan amali adalah lengkap di dalam jadual dan pengiraan ataugraf
atau gambarajah,

7. Perbincangan
Membuat perbicngan terhadap amali yang dilaksanakan dengan 2 4 6 8 10
menghubungkaitkan antara teori dan praktikal
8. Kesimpulan
• Membuat rangkuman amali yang diperolehi 1 2 3 4 5

9. Lampiran/Rujukan
• Menyenaraikan serta menyertakan rujukan yang berkaitan dan 1 2 3 4 5
bersesuaian dengan amali yang dilaksanakan

JUMLAH MARKAH
100
KOMEN/CATATAN :

NAMA DAN TANDATANGAN PENSYARAH : TARIKH :

INTRODUCTION
A series-parallel circuit is a combination of a series and parallel in one circuit. Some components
in this kind of circuit are connected in series, while others are connected in parallel. The behavior
of components in a series-parallel circuit may be quite complex and therefore, it is important to
consider individual properties as series and parallel has different properties when analyzing the
behavior of the circuit as a whole. This experiment aims to analyze the properties of series-parallel
circuits and study their behavior.

The series-parallel circuit is used in a wide range of everyday items like home appliances, vehicles,
and electronic devices. Electrical engineers must understand the behavior of series-parallel circuits
since they frequently use such circuits in their work.

In this lab report, the experimental result of a series-parallel circuit will be recorded. Based on the
analysis of the current and voltage behavior, conclusions will be made. The experimental setup,
measurement techniques, and data analysis strategies will all be covered in the report.

OBJECTIVES

1. To design a series-parallel circuit on the strip board.

2. To measure and calculate the value of the resistance, voltage and current for the circuit.
3. To analyze series-parallel circuit.

WORKSHOP SAFETY / SAFETY PRECAUTION

1. Make sure to wear the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as safety
shoes.
2. Make sure to handle the tools with care, keep them sharp and in good condition, and store
them in a safe and organized manner when not in use.
3. Avoid using electrical equipment that is damaged or faulty. Use only properly grounded
equipment, and avoid using extension cords as a permanent solution.
4. Keep the workshop clean and organized to prevent tripping hazards and to ensure that tools
and materials are easily accessible.
5. Do not play around the lab and be serious during the practical.
6. Clean tools and keep in trays or boxes when not in use.
7. Use equipment correctly according to Safe Operating Procedures that is already set.
MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
MATERIALS
RESISTORS
R1= 1K Ω, R2= 4.7KΩ, R3= 3.3KΩ, R4= 2KΩ,
R5= 10KΩ, R6= 20KΩ
POWER SUPPLY (DC) 9V
STRIP BOARD
FUNCTION
Reduce the current flowing through a circuit to
avoid component damage. Manage the signal’s
gain or increase in an amplifier circuit. To generate
a specific voltage at a specific point in a circuit,
construct voltage dividers. To evaluate or calibrate
other components in a circuit, include a load or
“dummy” load.
Electrochemical devices that convert chemical
energy into electrical energy that supply the power
in series circuit. Rechargeable batteries have long-
lasting power.
Stripboard is used to make up permanent, soldered
circuits. It is ideal for small circuits with one or two
ICs (chips) but with the large number of holes it is
very easy to connect a component in the wrong
place. Stripboard has parallel strips of copper track
on one side. The tracks are 0.1" (2.54mm) apart and
there are holes every 0.1" (2.54mm).
TOOL DESCRIPTION
TOOLS
ANALOGUE MULTIMETER
SOLDERING IRON AND SOLDERING WIRE
FUNCTION
An electronic measuring instrument that combines
several measurement functions in one unit. A
typical multimeter may include features such as the
ability to measure voltage, current and resistance.
Also, to use the analog multimeter, we first need to
select the appropriate measurement range using a
selector switch. This ensures that the meter can
accurately measure the expected range of values.
A hand tool used in soldering. It supplies heat to
melt solder so that it can flow into the joint
between two workpieces. A soldering iron is
composed of a heated metal tip (the bit) and an
insulated handle.
PROCEDURES

Figure 1

1. R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 were measured without multimeter using multimeter before
soldering. The value of resistor was recorded in Table 3.
2. The resistors were connected in a series-parallel circuit as shown in Figure 1.
3. The value of voltage across resistor which are VR1, VR2, VR3, VR4, VR5, VR6 and VR7
were measured with multimeter by using 9V DC power supply. The values of voltage were
recorded in Table 1.
4. The value of current I1, I2, I3, I4 and I5 was recorded by using multimeter. The values of
current were recorded in Table 2.
RESULT

Voltages (V) VR1 VR2 VR3 VR4 VR5 VR6 VR7

Measured 1.8 3.4 2.4 1.4 7.4 7.4 7.4

Calculated 1.80 3.38 2.38 1.44 7.20 7.20 7.2

TABLE 1

Currents (mA) I1 I2 I3 I4 I5

Measured 2.0 1.5 0.7 0.7 2.2

Calculated 1.80 1.80 0.72 0.72 0.36

TABLE 2

Resistance
Resistance Limit Resistance
First Second Third Fourth Value
No (Min and Max Value
Digit Digit Digit Digit (Color
Value) (Measured)
code)
5% x 1KΩ = 50Ω
Brown Black Red Gold
R1 1KΩ ±5% Max = 1.05KΩ 1KΩ
1 0 X100 (±5%) Min = 0.95KΩ
5% x 4.7KΩ = 235Ω
Yellow Violet Red Gold
R2 4.7KΩ ±5% Max = 4.94KΩ 4.47KΩ
4 7 X100 (±5%) Min = 4.47KΩ
5% x 3.3KΩ = 165Ω
Orange Orange Red Gold
R3 3.3KΩ ±5% Max = 3.47KΩ 3.3KΩ
3 3 X100 (±5%) Min = 3.14KΩ
5% x 2KΩ = 100Ω
Red Black Red Gold
R4 2KΩ ±5% Max = 2.1KΩ 2KΩ
2 0 X100 (±5%) Min = 1.9KΩ
5% x 10KΩ = 500Ω
Brown Black Orange Gold
R5 10KΩ ±5% Max = 10.5KΩ 10KΩ
1 0 X1000 (±5%) Min = 9.5KΩ
5% x 20KΩ = 1KΩ
Red Black Orange Gold
R6 20KΩ ±5% Max = 21KΩ 20KΩ
2 0 X1000 (±5%) Min = 19KΩ

TABLE 3
QUESTION

Explain what will happen to the circuit if the components stated below:

i. Resistor R1 is opened
- This will result in open circuit because current can not flow through the circuit and
no energy is transferred from the source of the electrical energy to the load or the
electrical device that is supposed to be powered by the circuit. The voltage across
the circuit will be equal to the voltage of the power source, but no current will flow
through the circuit because there is no path for the electrons to follow.

ii. Resistor R3 is opened

- There circuit is closed but there will be a change in the resistance current flow in
the circuit as there will be no current flow at I4. The current will only flow through
R1, R5 and R6. The current flow through R5 and R6 will increase when compare
to the original circuit as the resistance in parallel decreases.

CALCULATION

R 2 + R 3 + R 4 = 4.7K + 3.3 + 2K
R 2 + R 3 + R 4 = 10KΩ
1 1 1 −1
R2;3;4;5;6 = (R + R +R )
5 2 +R3 +R4 6
1 1 1 −1
=( + + )
10K 10K 20K
= 4KΩ
R TOTAL = R1 + R2;3;4;5;6
= 1K + 4K
= 5KΩ

VTOTAL=IR
V
ITOTAL = R
9
= 5 KΩ

= 1.8 mA
R1
VR1= ×VTOTAL
RTOTAL
1KΩ
= 5KΩ× 9V

=1.8V

VR2; R3; R4 = VR5 = VR6 = VR7 = 9 − 1.8

= 7.2V
 R2
VR2 = R ×VTOTAL
2 +R3 +R4
4.7KΩ
= × 7.2V
10KΩ

= 3.384V
R3
VR3 = R ×VTOTAL
2 +R3 +R4
3.3 KΩ
= × 7.2V
10KΩ

= 2.376V
R4
VR4 = R ×VTOTAL
2 +R3 +R4
2KΩ
= 10KΩ× 7.2V

= 1.44V

I1 = I2 = ITOTAL
= 1.8 mA
VR5
I3 = R5
7.2 V
I3 = 10KΩ

= 0.72 mA
VR2; R3; R4
I4 = R
2 +R3 +R4
7.2 V
I4 = 10KΩ

= 0.72 mA

I5 = I2 – (I3 + I4)
I5 = 1.8mA – (0.72 mA + 0.72 mA)
I5 = 0.36 mA
DISCUSSION

Theoretically, series-parallel circuit contains the properties of both series and parallel such as the
total resistance of the series circuit increases, as the individual resistances of each component add
together. When components are connected in parallel, the total resistance of the circuit decreases,
as the inverse of the individual resistances of each component add together. It is important to make
sure all the properties are considered when analysing and calculating the value of the voltage,
current and resistance.
Based on the result we recorded, the experimental value is quite similar to the value of the
theoretical value. There might be slight difference between the results but the percentage
difference between the experimental value and the theoretical value is less than 10% except for the
value measured for I2. The percentage difference is bigger than 10% which is 16.67%. Despite this
anomalous result, other values are reliable enough as the percentage differences are in the range
of 2% to 3%.
To avoid damaging the metre or obtaining error in measurements, it is critical to use the correct
range on the analogue multimeter. This could explain why there is a little difference in the results
when compared to the theoretical value. One of the explanations could be parallax mistake. To
avoid errors in recording findings, make sure the metre is parallel to our eyes level when collecting
measures. Furthermore, when measuring voltage, set the multimeter to a range higher than the
expected voltage to avoid overloading the metre.
In conclusion, reliable voltage and current measurement in a series-parallel circuit is critical for
understanding circuit behaviour and validating theoretical models. We can demonstrate our
mastery of the fundamentals of voltage and current measurement in a parallel circuit by addressing
the methods and sources of errors in the lab report.
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, by understanding the theory about voltage and current in series and parallel circuit,
we can design a series-parallel circuit on strip board by our own. By carefully measuring the
voltage and current in the circuit, we can acknowledge theoretical calculations and identify any
source of errors in the practical session.
We also discussed the sources of errors in voltage and current measurements in the practical
session, such as errors due to unsuitable range used to measure voltage and current leads to
unreliable results. We discussed how to minimize this error, such as by using a smaller ranger
depends on the total voltage and resistance. Not just that, parallax error could be avoid by
measuring the value with our eyes are parallel to the multimeter.
Overall, by accurately measuring voltage and current in a series-parallel circuit, we can gain better
understanding about the behaviour of the circuit and analyse theoretical calculations. We can also
identify any errors and take steps to correct them. This lab report highlights the importance of
precise and accurate measurement techniques in understanding the behaviour of electrical circuits.

REFLECTION
When we consider the voltage and current measurements in this time practical lab report, we realise
that precise measurements are critical to understanding the behaviour of electrical circuits. In this
lab, we used an analogue multimeter to measure the voltage and current in this series-parallel
circuit. To avoid damaging the metre or obtaining inaccurate outcomes, we learned that it is critical
to set the multimeter to the correct range.
When working with electrical circuits in the future, we will be more conscious of the significance
of precise and accurate measurement techniques. We will also focus on the sources of inaccuracy
and take methods to reduce them in order to achieve reliable measurements.
Overall, this lab provided us with valuable hands-on experience in soldering components on to
strip board and measuring voltage and current in a series-parallel circuit. It helped us develop a
deeper understanding of the characteristics of electrical circuits and the importance of accurate
measurement techniques.
ATTACHMENT