Course 4.

Economics Aspect of
Fisheries ECONOMY

Zuzy Anna Prof. Dr. Zuzy Anna

Department of Fisheries, FPIK , UNPAD

 Magna Carta
• Perikanan telah menjadi struktur ekonomi penting
peradaban manusia.
• Sebelum abad modern perikanan masih dianggap “res
communis”. Konsep kelautan ini meyakini jika perairan
tidak bisa dimiliki masing-masing negara. Res communis
dikembangkan oleh Hugo de Groot (1608) dari Belanda,
dalam bukunya Mare Liberum (Laut Bebas).
• Di sisi lain konsep Res nullius menyatakan jika perairan
laut tidak ada yang memilikinya atau tidak menjadi hak
milik siapapun. Konsep kelautan meyakini jika perairan
bisa diambil serta dimiliki oleh tiap negara. Res nullius
dikembangkan oleh John Sheldon (1584-1654) dari
Inggris, dalam bukunya yang berjudul Mare Clausum-The
Right and Dominion of the Sea.
• Magna Carta merupakan dokumen pertama yang
mengatur “the right to fish”
Treaty of Paris
• Treaty of Paris (The Treaty of Paris was
signed by U.S. and British Representatives
on September 3, 1783, ending the War of
the American Revolution. Based on a1782
preliminary treaty, the agreement
recognized U.S. independence and granted
the U.S. significant western territory.)
mengatur perizinan perikanan secara
tertulis
• Inggris memberikan hak perikanan kepada
bekas jajahannya (Amerika) untuk
menangkap ikan di beberapa wilayah
• Treaty ini menjadi cikal bakal perizinan
perikanan Treaty of Paris 1783
Pengaturan di zaman modern
• 1882 North Sea Fisheries Convention (International Convention for
regulating the police of the North Sea fisheries outside territorial
waters)
• 1974 First UNCLOS to protect the fisheries
• 1983 UNCLOS III to established EEZ
• Rio Convention, Kyoto Convention
• Kesemuanya mengatur ekstraksi sumber daya ikan dan pengaturan
terhadap perlindungan sumber daya ikan
Rational: Panglossian vs Cassandra
dalam pembangunan ekonomi

Super optimistic

Doomsday
•Sejalan dengan pertumbuhan
• Sejak usai Perang Dunia ke II, Ekonomi dunia ekonomi, kerusakan lingkugan
mengalami Great Leap dari GDP US$ 6 trilyun juga terjadi dalam skala yang
(1950) ke US$ 43 trilyun (2000) tidak terjadi sebelumnya
• Konteks Indonesia: GDP per kapita US$ 70 •Degradasi hutan Indonesia
(1969) -> US$ 1100 (1997) sebelum krisis termasuk yang tercepat di dunia
(1.8 juta ha per tahun)
• Rata-rata produktifitas pertanian meningkat •Overfishing, overgrazing,
dari 1,1 ton per ha pada tahun 1950 menjadi overharvesting, overconsumption
2,8 ton per ha tahun 2000 •Illegal logging, illegal fishing,
• More malls, more cars, more money illegal dumping, illegal mining..
•Lapindo, banjir, kebakarn hutan
Pangloss Curve
 Panglossian Indonesian Fisheries

Produksi

6000000
6,204,668
6,115,469 6,696,336
6,424,114
5000000 6,037,654
5,707,013
5,435,633
5,345,729
5,039,446
4000000
Pada 2010-2018, produksi
perikanan tangkap laut terus
3000000 Produksi meningkat (rata-rata 3,6% per
tahun)
2000000

1000000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
“Cassandra” dalam Perikanan
• Awal 1800s Stock declining di Greenland
• 1871 Spence Bird ditugaskan oleh US untuk mencari akar
krisis perikanan di US
• 1900s kolapsnya Atlantic whale
• Thompson-Burkenroad Debate timbul
• 1943 Michael Graham memberikan first warning melalui
bukunya Fish Gate
• 1970s Peruvian Anchovy, Atlantic Cod, Pacific Salmon
were in trouble.
• 1980s FAO Code of Conduct (mulai mendengar
Cassandra0
• 1990s Mc Goodwin’s Fisheries in Crisis menimbulkan
Cassandra baru

Cassandara and Apollo

The last 100 years marked with…
• 1918 mark the first sign of resource stress in
Atlantic whale
• 1970-1980 collapses of some important
economically fishing industries (Peruvian
Anchovies, Pacific Salmon, Cod, Halibut,
etc)
• 2000 FAO reports that
• 47% world fish resources are fully exploited
• 19% over-exploited
• 9 % depleted
• Tremendous pressure due to anthropogenic
Activities are getting severe
• More than 50% coastal resources are under
severe threat (WRI)
• Need more regulations and control
Hear what they say…
• Ludwig: “Fisheries management is
just like a fashion”
• Thompson-Burkenroad debate
• Kavanagh:” Too much of the focus
went toward studying the fish,
and not enough toward studying
the fishers.” `

Ludwig in His Lab

 Timeline

Feature < 1900s 1950a 1970s 1980 2000s Beyond

Main Issue Biology, natural How to get the most Welfare effect, Rationalization, Integarated multi Sustainability,
phenomena from the fish stock Opportunity cost of multiple use, conflict discipline,multi transboundary, IUU,
capital (including stock over use and acccess dimensional etc
of fish)

Model Developed Oceanography, biology MSY Copes (1972) McKelvey, Bishop & Ecopath, Ecosym, Game Theoretical
(Verlhust model first Gordon-Scahefer Clark & Munro (1975) Sample, Charles Rapfish, Bioeconomic approach, Agent
developed) Model (GS) Dupont, etc Plus (MPA, etc) BAsed Modeling,
Refining

Main features Why stock is declining Open access is Welfare effect can be Specialist- generalist, Integrated analysis, More complex
inefficient, MEY was measured, Golden Rule multiple Golden Rule, “one bullet many calculation assisted by
introduced of capital can be Allocation among targets” computer
applied competing groups development. Agent
plays a role!

Strong & Weakness No economics sense (-) (+) take into account (+) more realistic (+) more realistic (+) integrated model (+) More realistic
economics factor model, dynamic model model, dynamic, (-) intractable model
(-) static (instantaneous (-) need rigourous policy instruments (-) Lieur!
adjustment) mathematical approach (-) cumbersome

“AhA effect” none “we can control the “Trajectory can be “Wow!!” “Back to the Future” “New discount rate”
fishery!!” identified”
 Course 5.
Economics Aspect of
Fisheries ECONOMY

Zuzy Anna Prof. Dr. Zuzy Anna

Department of Fisheries, FPIK , UNPAD

Namun…harus hati-hati

“…For most of the world’s fisheries,

government control has replaced
no control. Today’s tragedy is
that government control
has not halted overexploitation
but has greatly increased costs...”
• Ikan masih dianggap Ferae
Naturae namun kenapa anda
harus membayar untuk
memperolehnya
• Semestinya ikan dipandang
sebagai Domintae Naturae
sehingga instrumen kebijakan
dapat diberlakukan
• Kerancuan terhadap keduanya
menyebabkan “system
breakdown” pada kebijakan
perikanan
Efektifitas pembangunan perikanan
• Diperlukan ketersedian informasi mengenai stok ikan yang reliable
• Stok assessment per spesies basis khususnya untuk High Values
Species
• Diperlukan analisis kapasitas perikanan yang komprehensif
• Long-arm approach to enforcement atau Lacey Clause
• Civil Penalty Schemes
• Konsultasi
• Devolution of function
Management Review
•Restrictiveness correlated with success.

•Complexity of fishery, success inversely related.

•Unpopular programs do not succeed.

•Failure necessary before restrictions accepted.

•Success creates pressure to increase access.

Belajar dari Seth Roberts Pavlovian Theory:
• Seth Roberts Professor Psikologi dari UC Berkeley
yang pernah memiliki berat badan 200 pons
• Dia pernah dijuluki “ a man with problems”
karena hidupnya yang susah
• Seth Roberts menggunakan weigth control yang
sangat unconventional yang disebut sebagi set
point atau Shangri La diet
• Perikanan juga bisa menggunakan set point
tersebut
 Reminder…Semmelweis Factors
• Instrumen ekonomi seperti Licensing
dalam hal perikanan sering mendapatkan
Semmelweis Sindrom
• The Semmelweis reflex or "Semmelweis
effect" is a metaphor for the reflex-like
tendency to reject new evidence or new
knowledge because it contradicts
established norms, beliefs, or paradigms
• Penting, cured tapi diabaikan..
• Ekonomi untuk perikanan tidak sama
dengan dan tidak sekedar Benefit-Cost
Analysis
• Economic approach can be useful but
need to be understood by all
 Paradoks Pembangunan Perikanan

SDI Keragaan
Sektor

Export Value
Devisa (US $ 2 milyar)
Negara

Depresiasi &
2.7 juta Overcapacity “Overfishing”
Degradasi
Tenaga kerja
Penyerap
Tenaga
Kerja

Non- Non-
Kemiskinan
(US$ 7 – 10) optimal Sustainable

Sumber
Protein Kons/kap Dissipasi Economic
50.25 kg Loss
Rente SD

Sumber
Penerimaan PDB (2%) Quest box
Negara

Gap?
What is Fisheries Development?
• Fisheries development is a process which is aimed at improving the economic and social
well being of producers and consumers, through the development of sustainable systems
of exploitation and utilisation of fisheries resources.
• There are many issues involving fisheries development. Among other things are:
• Post Harvest Losses of Dried Fish
• Resource Management
• Fisheries Trade and Quality Control
• Fish Quality and Safety Legislation
• Utilisation of Small Pelagic Fish
Multiple Objectives Dalam Pembangunan Perikanan
Different Approach to Manage Fishery Resources
Objective Main purpose
Economic
Sustainability Efficiency Equity
1. Maximize catches •

2. Maximize profit •

3. Conserve fish stocks •

4. Stabilize stock levels •

5. Stabilize catch rates •

6. Maintain healthy ecosystem •

7. Provide employment •

8. Increase fishers’ incomes •

9. Reduce conflicts among fisher groups or with nonfishery stakeholders •

10. Protect sports fisheries • •

11. Improve quality of fish

12. Prevent waste of fish • •

13. Maintain low consumer prices •

14. Increase cost-effectiveness •

15. Increase women’s participation •

16. Reserve resource for local fishers •

17. Reduce overcapacity • •

18. Exploit underutilized stocks • •

19. Increase fish exports •

20. Improve foreign relations • •

21. Increase foreign exchange •

22. Provide government revenue •

Overfishing Issue
• Economic overfishing in some coastal areas

90000.00
80000.00
Prod (tonnes)

70000.00
60000.00
50000.00
40000.00
30000.00
20000.00
10000.00
0.00
74

76

78

80

82

84

86

88

90

92

94
19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19
Year
Prod. Optimal Prod. Aktual
Sustainability Issue
Ecology
100
Ecology
100
50
Ethics Economy 50
Ethics Economy
0
0

Social Techology
Social Techology

Bgntcp Jrgakt Pancing

Pcgtonda Sero Bubu Payang Dogol PktCncn Gillnet

Source: Fauzi, A., And Suzy Anna., 2002. Evaluasi Status Keberlanjutan Pembangunan Perikanan: Aplikasi Pendekatan Rapfish
(Studi Kasus Perairan Pesisir DKI Jakarta). Jurnal Pesisir dan Lautan Volume 4. No.3 2002: pp: 43- 55.
Isu Efisiensi

Sumber: Fauzi and Anna, 2002

Isu degradasi sumber daya ikan

Using Sustainable Yield

0.50
0.40
Koef Degradasi

0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
-0.101985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Tahun

Scenario 1 Poly. (Scenario 1)

From: Fauzi & Anna, 2002

Pengendalian industri

• Market mechanism (Rasionalisasi)

• Pajak
• Quota (ITQ)
• Limited entry
• Licensing
• User fee
• Non market mechanisme
• Property right regime
• Kerjasama antar wilayah dan negara
• Selective consumption
• Community Awareness
• Ecolabelling
• Moratorium policy
• Community resetllment
• Custodial management