ENGLISH GRAMMAR

FOR VOCATIONAL
STUDENTS

DODY P. SETIA BUDI, S.Sos

 CAUSATIVE

Adalah kalimat menyuruh orang lain agar melakukan

perbuatan yang diinginkan penyuruh. Orang yg
disuruh (active object) kadang disebutkan (bila
penting), kadang pula tidak disebutkan(diabaikan).
S + Have + AO + V1 + O
Make S + get + AO + to +V1 + O
Let
Bila orang yg disuruh tidak disebutkan, maka :
S + Have + O + V3
Make
Let
Get
 Example :
 I make Rudi clean the blackboard
 I make the blackboard cleaned

 Mother gets me to sweep the floor

 Mother gets the floor swept

 Exercise ! (UNAS 2009)
1. Faisal : Sup, your car looks 2. Usman : Dim, your coat
shiny. Do you clean is very smart
it yourself? Dimas : Really ?
Yusup : No, I don’t. I Usman : Sure ! Did you
always get it ....... make it
A. Clean yourself?
B. Cleans Dimas : No, I ........
C. Cleaned A. Make it
D. Cleaning B. Had it made
E. To clean C. Made it
D. Have it made
 Past Form Causative

 Have  Had

 Make  Made

 Let  Let

 Get
 Got
 CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Adalah kalimat pengandaian yang diungkapkan

apabila seseorang berandai-andai mengharapkan
sesuatu yang diimpikan (mungkin terjadi/ tidak
mungkin terjadi saat ini / tidak pernah terjadi
sampai kapanpun (penyesalan).
Ilustrasi : I will go to New York if I have some
money
I would go to New York if I had
some money
I would have gone to New York if I
had had some money
There are three types of Conditional
Sentence:
Type I : Real Present
Adalah kalimat berandai-andai terhadap apa yg
diinginkan / diimpikan, dan ada kemungkinan
terjadi dalam waktu dekat. Kalimat ini umumnya
mengungkapkan kejadian-kejadian sehari-hari yg
menjadi kebiasaan.
Rumus :
S + will/shall + V1 + O IF S + V1 + O / S + V1 + s/es + O
S + don’t/doesn’t + V1 + O
 Example :
 If it rains, I won’t go to the
drugstore
 If I don’t come, I won’t see her
performance
 Type II : Unreal Present

Adalah kalimat berandai-andai terhadap apa yg

diinginkan / diimpikan, tetapi tidak mungkin
terjadi saat ini karena sudah lewat (waktunya)
Rumus :
S + V2 + O
S + would + V1 + O IF
S + didn’t + V1 + O

Example :
 If it happened to me, I wouldn’t do it anymore. If it
didn’t happen to me, I would do it anymore
 They would visit us regularly if we fulfilled their wish.
 Type III : Unreal Past ( Regret )
Adalah kalimat berandai-andai terhadap apa yg
diinginkan / diimpikan, tetapi tidak akan pernah
terjadi dari dulu hingga sekarang. Kalimat ini disebut
pula dengan Penyesalan.
Rumus : S + would have + V3 + O IF S + had + V3 + O
Example :
 The Government would have enlarged the job
opportunities if the job seekers had tried to improve
their skills.
 I would have married her if her parents hadn’t
forbidden us.

Forbid -forbade-forbidden = melarang

 REAL FACT (Keadaan yg sebenarnya)

Pada Conditional Sentence Type II dan Type III,

menunjukkan bahwa apa yg diandai-andaikan
tidak mungkin terjadi, Maka hal ini berlawanan dg
fakta / keadaan yg sebenarnya.
Type II : Unreal Present
S + V2 + O
S + would + V1 + O IF
S + didn’t + V1 + O
Real Fact :
S + don’t / doesn’t
S + don’t / doesn’t + V1+ O because
+ V1+ O
 Example :
 I would repair my car as soon as possible if I were an
automotive mechanic
Real Fact :
I don’t repair my car as soon as possible
Because I am not an automotive
mechanic
 If the director came, we would report some events
Real Fact :
Because the director doesn’t come, we
don’t report any events.
 Type III : Unreal Past (Regret)
S + would have + V3 + O IF S + had + V3 + O
REAL FACT :
S + didn’t + V1+ O BECAUSE S + didn’t + V1+ O

Example :
 He would have felt happier if I had accompanied

him
Real Fact :
He didn’t feel happier because I didn’t
accompany him.
 SUBJUNCTIVE
Adalah susunan kalimat yang digunakan utk mengungkapkan
situasi/keadaan yg berlawanan dg kondisi/situasi yg
sebenarnya.
Terdapat 5 (lima) macam Subjunctive, yaitu :
Wish + S + V2 + O
Ungkapan ini merupakan hasrat/keinginan yg tidak realistis
utk keadaan sekarang karena sangat kecil kesempatan
terjadi atas perubahan yg muncul.
 I wish I lived in Australia

 I wish I graduated soon

 I wish I had wings

 I wish She accepted me as her boyfriend

 Wish + S + Had + V3 + O

Ungkapan ini merupakan suatu hasrat/keinginan

bahwa perbuatan/peristiwa di masa lampau
sudah berbeda dengan apa yg diharapkan
(saat ini).
 I wish I hadn’t decided to work in this company

 I wish They had forgiven me

 Wish + S + would + V1 + O

Ungkapan ini merupakan suatu hasrat/keinginan

utk situasi yang akan berubah baik sekarang
maupun di masa depan. Perubahan bisa jadi
muncul/terjadi, tetapi pada umumnya
tergantung pada tindakan/perbuatan
seseorang/hal tertentu.
 I wish you would give up smoking

 I wish father would fulfill my needs

1. I wish father would fulfill my needs
From the sentence above we know that father …..
Fulfill my needs.
A. will
B. can
C. would
D. won’t
E. can’t
2. I wish they might visit our place.
From the sentence above we know that they ………
visit our place.
A. can’t
B. may not
C. mustn’t
D. shall not
E. won’t
3. I wish I had wings.
From the sentence above we know that I ….. Wings.
A. didn’t have
B. doesn’t have
C. don’t have
D. am not have
E. hadn’t have
Wish IF ONLY (andai saja)

If only bisa digunakan mengantikan wish dalam

bentuk 3 (tiga) tenses diatas. If only
mempunyai makna tidak realistis lebih kuat
dibandingkan dengan wish.
 If only I had wings

 If only She had understood my feeling

 If only The Government would give me a

better job.
Wish AS IF (seolah-olah) atau
AS THOUGH (seakan-akan)

As if atau as though biasanya digunakan untuk

memberikan saran atas situasi yang berlawanan
dengan kenyataan, sambil membayangkan atau
berilusi apa yg diinginkan terjadi.
 I realized as if I had enough time to finish my
homework
 She told me as though she had known about the
accident.
 Tom asked as if he had seen a ghost

 Ibnu nodded as if he had understood the lesson

 DEGREE OF COMPARISON
(DERAJAT PERBANDINGAN)
1. Positive Degree
Adalah membandingkan dua objek / subjek
yang sama dg tujuan memberikan informasi
bahwa keduanya tidak ada yang melebihi.
As + adjective + as
Example :
 This box is as big as the one under the table.

 Bali island is as fascinating as other islands in

the world
 2. Comparative Degree

Adalah membandingkan dua objek / subjek yg

kedudukannya tidak sama (melebihi / kurang dari).
Adjective dibedakan berdasarkan suku kata (syllable).
one syl. two syl. three syl. four syl.
big, small, happy, clever, expensive, beautiful,
cheap, long, lazy, ugly , wonderful, fascinating,
short, amazing interesting

Adjective + er + than More + Adjective + than

Example :
 She is cleverer than her sister

 I think, this pen is more expensive than mine

 3. Superlative Degree
Adalah tingkat perbandingan yg tidak ada bandingannya, artinya
tidak ada yg menyamai.
The + adjective + est The most + adjective
Example :
 I think, my father is the kindest man in the world

 I am the happiest man today

 Do you agree if Borobudur is the most amazing temple in the

world?
Exception (pengecualian) :
 Good better than the best
 Bad worse than the worst
 Far further than the furthest
 PRONOUN CLAUSE
(KLAUSA PENGGANTI)
Apabila kita menjumpai kalimat majemuk terdiri dari induk
kalimat (main clause) dan anak kalimat (sub clause), dimana
pada kedua kalimat tersebut mempunyai kandungan maksud
yg sama, baik itu subjek, objek, keadaan, maupun
keterangan tempat/waktu maka dalam bhs. Inggris wajib
diganti dengan Pronoun clause.
 Who = pengganti orang pertama/subjek

 Whom = pengganti orang kedua

 Whose = pengganti kepunyaan / milik

 Which = pengganti objek / benda

 When = pengganti keterangan waktu

 Where = pengganti keterangan tempat

 That = pengganti keadaan

 Example :

 My father is an architect. He is a hard worker

My father who is a hard worker is an architect
 I see the man at the corner of this street. The police arrested him
yesterday.
I see the man whom the police arrested at the corner of this
street yesterday.
 The motorbike outside is mine. My motorbike is made in Japan.
The motorbike outside whose is made in Japan is mine
 Do you agree if we can’t live without TV? TV can separate our
family as well as gather them.
Do you agree if we can’t live without TV which can separate
our family as well as gather them?
 Example
 I knew what you did yesterday. You were
shopping with your family
I knew what you did when you were shopping
with your family
 Surabaya is a hero city. I has never been there
Surabaya where I has never been is a hero city.
 This computer is very sophisticated. It has a
great number of memories
This computer that has a great number of
memories is very sophisticated
 ADVERB OF FREQUENCY
(Kata keterangan Berulang)
S + AF + V1 + O / S + AF + V1 + s/es + O

Always ( I always love you )

Usually ( She usually brings my bag )
Often ( They often visit us )
Ever ( Mother ever punishes me )
Seldom ( We seldom prepare our lesson )
Rarely ( You rarely change your bad habit )
Hardly ( I hardly aware my faults )
Sometimes ( He sometimes gives his smile to me )
Never ( We never put off till tomorrow what
we can do today )
Note : apabila terdapat auxiliaries dalam kalimat
maka letaknya mendahulukan auxiliaries
(do, does, is,am, are, has, have, did, was,
were, had, will, would) kemudian diikuti
Adverb of Frequency
Example :
 I will always do my best

 They are usually here

 We were seldom in holiday visiting our grandpa

 ELLIPTICAL CONSTRUCTION

Untuk menghindari pengulangan kata kerja yg tidak

perlu, kata-kata so, too, either, and neither, serta but
dalam pola kalimat tertentu dapat digunakan.
So dan too (dipergunakan dalam kalimat
affirmative/positive)
 Ani read a novel and so did I

 Ani read a novel and I did too

Either dan neither (dipergunakan dalam kalimat negative)

 Ali didn’t do his homework and I didn’t either

 Ali didn’t do his homework and neither did I

But (dipergunakan menghindari pengulangan kalimat dengan
makna berlawanan)
 Rudi can operate a computer, but I can’t

 She likes onion, but he doesn’t

Either.....or..... dan Neither ...... nor....... (baik...maupun....) dan

(bukan... bukan pula...)
 Either you or her aren’t my wife

 Neither breakfast nor lunch I have today

Not only ... but also ... (bukan hanya ... tetapi juga...)
 I really happy today, she is not only giving smile to me
but also accepting my truly love
 GERUND

Gerund adalah kata benda yang dibentuk dari kata

kerja yang ditambah akhiran –ing. Perlu diketahui
bahwa –ing yang dimaksud bukanlah continous
tenses (lihat 16 tenses). Penjelasan lebih lanjut
lihatlah contoh berikut ini :
 Father has been
smoking since this
morning
 Smoking is not a good
habit
 Berikut ini beberapa fungsi GERUND
dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris :
Functions Example
Gerund as Subject Reading is a smart habit
Writing is my hobby
Swimming is a good sport
Gerund as Object I don’t like fishing
She likes singing and dancing
Gerund after Preposition ( in, Are you interested in collecting stamps?
for, before, on, after ) I am sorry for coming late
Before eating, you should pray first
On opening the window, I saw the wind was blowing quickly
I will inform you after finding the result
Contoh Soal :
I will inform you after ..... the result
A. Find
B. Found
C. To find
D. Finding
Gerund after certain verb + to This is dedicated to respecting his many
 advance to services
 confess to John confessed to stealing the money
 object to She object to accepting his love
 dedicated to I look forward to hearing from you soon
 be used to I am used to buying books after earning
 get used to salary
 be accustomed to She gets used to living near campus
 key to I am accustomed to wearing spectacles
 look forward to I look forward to hearing from you soon
 be opposed to She was opposed to solving her many
problems

Gerund comes after the following phrases: It is no use studying without practicing
 No use It is worth writing essays
 Be worth She is busy cooking for the dinner
 Be busy He usually can’t help laughing when he hears
 Can’t help a joke
 Can’t bear I can’t stop loving you
 Can’t stop
Gerund comes after the following verbs: I enjoy watching that film
 Avoid Would you mind helping me?
 Advise She finished her working before three
 Admit pm.
 Appreciate The journalist reported seeing the
 Claim explosion
 Consider We should avoid consuming some
 Delay prohibited drugs
 Deny It would be better if you consider taking
 Enjoy my decision
 Finish
 Mind
 Miss
 Postpone
 Practice
 Recall
 Recent
 Report
 Resist
 Resume
 Risk
Gerund as complement Her job is sorting the mail
My hobby is climbing
Gerund comes after Possessive Adjective His writing is illegible
(my, your, their, our, his, her) She hates his wearing earrings
His acting may not take sympathy from its
audiences
 PASSIVE VOICE

 Adalah kalimat pasif yg bertujuan untuk menunjukkan

bahwa subyek / pelaku dari suatu perbuatan/
tindakan dianggap tidak penting/diabaikan/tidak
diketahui.
 Kalimat pasif hanya digunakan pada Kata Kerja
Transitif (kata kerja yg mempunyai obyek). Dalam
bahasa Indonesia, kalimat pasif terjadi perubahan
arti dari “me....” menjadi “di......”
Cara penulisan Passive Voice bergantung pada
tenses. Lihatlah tabel berikut!
No. Active Voice Passive Voice
1. S +V1 + O S +is/am/are + V3
S + V1+ s/es + O A letter is written
I write a letter Fried rice is cooked
Mother cooks fried rice
2. S + is/am/are + Ving + O S + is/am/are + being + V3
She is cleaning class Class is being cleaned

3. S + has/have + V3 + O S + has/have +been + V3

He has brought history books History books have been brought

4. S + has/have + been + Ving + O S + has/have + been + being + V3

Habibi has been driving a new Avanza A new Avanza has been being driven
5 S + V2 + O
I moved two tables
6 S + was/were + Ving + O
We were studying English
7 S + had + V3 + O
They had forgiven us
8 S + had + been + Ving + O
She had been singing a nice song
9 S + will + V1 + O
S+is/am/are+going to+V1+O
I will always love you
I am going to prepare a final report
10 S + will + be + Ving + O
She will be cleaning the bathroom
11 S + will + have + V3 + O
We will have planted some roses in the
garden
12 S + will + have + been + Ving
+O
You will have been painting the fence
S + was/were + V3
Two tables were moved
S + was/were + being + V3
English was being studied
S + had + been+ V3
We had been forgiven
S + had + been + being + V3
A nice song had been being sung
sing – sang – sung
S + will + be + V3
S+is/am/are+going to+be + V3
You will always be loved
A final report is going to be prepared
S + will + be + being + V3
The bathroom will be being cleaned
S + will + have + been + V3
Some roses will have been planted in the
garden
S + will + have + been + being +
V3
The fence will have been being painted
13 S + would + V1 + O
Mother would give me some money
14 S + would + be + Ving + O
He would be drinking a bottle of milk
15 S + would + have + V3 + O
I would have built my own house
S + would + be + V3
I would be given some money
S + would + be + being + V3
A bottle of milk would be being drunk
drink – drank - drunk
S + would + have + been + V3
My own house would have been built

16 S + would have + been + Ving S + would have + been + being +

+O V3
The government would have been The new regulation would have been being
producing the new regulation produced
17 S + MA + V1 + O S + MA + be + V3
MA=Modal Auxiliaries A car can be driven
Can May Must English must be studied
Shall Will
They can drive a car
We must study English
18 S + PMA + V1 + O S + PMA + be + V3
PMA=Past Modal Auxiliaries That heavy boxes could be taken
Could Might had to A help to anybody should be given
Should Would give – gave - given
I could take that heavy boxes
You should give a help to anybody
Bila kita ingin mengungkapkan bahwa
subyek/obyek lebih bagus daripada
subyek/obyek yg lain maka kita menggunakan
Preference.
Rumus : S + like + ....... + better than + .......

“.......” merupakan subyek / obyek yang dinyatakan

lebih bagus/baik.
“.......” ditulis dengan to + V1 /Noun/V-ing
Example :
 I like to play football better than to clean the yard
 I like mango better than pineapple
 I like swimming better than jogging
 S + prefer + ...... + to + ......

“......” ditulis dengan Noun / V-ing

Example :
I prefer umbrella to raincoat
I prefer studying at the university to getting a job
S + would rather + ....... + than + ........

“ ......” ditulis dengan V1 / Noun / V-ing

Example :
 I would rather clean the bedroom than sweep the
floor
 I would rather continuing my study than applying
for a job.
 I would rather magazine than newspaper
 PREFIXES ( Awalan )
Prefix is a syllable added to the beginning of the root
word. The prefix can change the meaning of the
root word.
 Dis means “not”
Dislike = not like
Disappear = not appear
 Un means = “not”
Uncomfortable = not comfortable
Un-interest = not interest
 Multi means “many”
Multilingual = many language
Multicolored = many color
 Out means “more than”
Outgrow = grow more than
Outtalk = talk more than
 Re means “again”
Refill = fill again
Resend = send again
 Pre means “before”
Prearrange = arrange before
Precook = cook before
 Example :
 My mother really dislike the taste of coffee so she
never drink it
 It’s hard to get along with him because he is un-
interest
 The film is produced in multilingual so you can
understand
 Mary is very talkative girl who can outtalk everyone
I know
 Mr. Kartono didn’t get your e-mail message so you will
have to resend it.
 Don’t worry about making plans for your trip,
everything is prearrange.
 SUFFIXES ( akhiran / imbuhan )
Suffix is a syllable added to the end of the root
word. The suffix can change the grammatical
structure of the root word.
suffixes root word grammatical suffixes root word grammatical
structure structure
---ary secret secretary. ---is analyze, crise analysis, crisis
---aire million millionaire ---ism critic, racis critism, racism
---ant serve, apply servant,applicant artist,industrialist
---ist art, industry
---ian library, pedestry librarian,pedestrian relation, religion
---ician beauty, beautician
---ion relate, religy enjoyment,
---ance distant, important distance,importance ---ment enjoy,govern government
---ence absent absence ---ness happy,sad,cold happiness,sadness,
---ancy lieutenant lieutenancy ---ship friend, leader coldness
---ency current currency ---t high friendship,
---dom free, wise freedom, wisdom leadership
---th long, strong
---ee employ, train employee,trainee height
---er teach, play teacher,player
---ty active, sovereign length, strength
---ar line linear activity,
---or tail, sail, act tailor,sailor,actor sovereignity
---hood man, Child manhood,childhood
---ic, ics log, physic logic, physics
 Exception
New = baru, news = berita
Good = baik, bagus goods=barang
Service = pelayanan services = jasa
Time = waktu times = kali (once, twice, three
times, four times)
2 x 4 = 8 ( two times four equal to eight )
Book = buku, book = memesan
How many books do you need ?
Could I book a single room for next Friday ?
I would like to book two business rooms tonight?
 Complete with suitable affixes !
1. Store = .............. Restore
2. Occupy =........... Occupation
3. Invent =............ Inventory
Successful
4. Success =..........
Performance
5. Perform =......... Resign /signature
6. Sign =............... Responsive
7. Response =....... /respond/respondent
8. Attract =........... Attractive /attraction
9. Complain =...... Complaint
10.Behave =......... Behavior
Fill in the blanks with the words provided !
1. C. Ronaldo is the probably most .........
footballer of all time
2. My brother’s got a very interesting ..... he’s a
television announcer
3. I don’t know what’s the matter with Tony
lately. His .......seems to be getting worse
4. Hendri is nice person. He is kind, generous,
sympathetic. But, I couldn’t go out with him.
He is just so ...... to look at.
5. Elisabeth Taylor won an Academy for her .....
in “Who’s afraid of Virginia’s wolf”
6. Although the painting looks like a genuine
Picasso, the .....was definitely a fake
7. When “Panorama” advertising for a new
production manager, they received over fifty
......for the job
8. The morning following by the showing of
documentary of wild animal. The BBC was
flooded with ......from angry viewers.
9. I sometimes wonder whether the world wouldn’t
have been better a place without the ..... of
television
10. I am afraid you will have to see Mr. Patrick. All
matters concerning finance are his.................
 QUESTION TAG
Adalah suatu pertanyaan yang tidak membutuhkan
jawaban, dikarenakan pertanyaan ini bertujuan
untuk mengkonfirmasi / menegaskan /
meyakinkan bahwa pernyataan yang dimaksud
telah dilakukan / belum. Dalam bahasa
Indonesia Question Tag ini diartikan
“........, bukan ?”

Note : 1. Bila pernyataan positive, maka question

tag negative
2. Bila pernyataan negative, maka question
tag positive
 Statement , Question tag + Subject?
+ -
Question Tag sangat bergantung pada
penggunaan Tenses, jadi kita harus
menggunakan Auxilliaries (kata bantu)
dan Modal Auxilliaries.
Do, does, is, am, are,
was, were, has, have,
did, had, will, would,
can, may, must, will
should, shall,
 You have eaten an apple, haven’t you?
 Mother prepared our lunch, didn’t she?
 You won’t do that again, will you?
 She can’t accept your apologize, can she?
 Let’s go to the restaurant, don’t we?
 Your father always reads a morning
newspaper, doesn’t he?
 Tenses yang WAJIB dihafalkan :
No. Tenses Pattern
A1 SIMPLE PRESENT S +V1 + O
S + V1+ s/es + O
A2 PRESENT CONTINOUS S + is/am/are + Ving + O

A3 PRESENT PERFECT S + has/have + V3 + O

A4 PRESENT PERFECT S + has/have + been + Ving + O

CONTINOUS
B1 SIMPLE PAST S + V2 + O

B2 PAST CONTINOUS S + was/were + Ving + O

B3 PAST PERFECT S + had + V3 + O

B4 PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS S + had + been + Ving + O

 Tenses yang WAJIB dihafalkan :
No. Tenses Pattern
C1 SIMPLE FUTURE S + will/shall + V1 + O
S+is/am/are+going to+V1+O
C2 FUTURE CONTINOUS S + will/shall + be + Ving + O

C3 FUTURE PERFECT S + will/shall + have + V3 + O

C4 FUTURE PERFECT S + will/shall + have + been + Ving +

CONTINOUS O
D1 PAST FUTURE S + would + V1 + O

D2 PAST FUTURE S + would + be + Ving + O

CONTINOUS
D3 PAST FUTURE PERFECT S + would + have + V3 + O

D4 PAST FUTURE PERFECT S + would have + been + Ving + O

CONTINOUS
 REPORTED SPEECH
Adalah kalimat menceritakan kembali, dalam
bahasa Indonesia reported speech dapat
diartikan sebagai kalimat tidak langsung
(kalimat yang dilaporkan kembali). Berikut ini
ilustrasi sederhana pemahamannya :
I am the I am the
first second

Direct Indirect
Speech Speech
Dalam penggunaannya reported
speech dibagi dalam tiga bentuk :
 Statement (kalimat pernyataan)
 Command (kalimat perintah)
 Question (kalimat pertanyaan)
 STATEMENT
Note : Perlu diperhatikan bahwa jika kalimat
pernyataan (statement) tsb merupakan informasi
atau fakta, maka tidak perlu ada perubahan tenses
pada kalimat Reported Speech
Example :
 John : “My brother is at Jember University”
John said that his brother was at Jember University
or John said that his brother is at Jember University
 Mandy : “The sun rises from the East”
Mandy said that the sun rose from the East or
Mandy said that the sun rises from the East
Note : bila main verb yang terdapat pada
kalimat tidak langsung (Indirect Speech)
adalah simple present, present perfect,
dan simple future, maka tidak terjadi
perubahan tenses pada Direct Speech.
Example :
 Myrna : “We must not take any excuse
from someone’s wrong doing!”
Myrna tells me that we must not take any
excuse from someone’s wrong doing
 Susan : “ I work at the office”
Susan says that she works at the office
 Peter : “I felt satisfied with this company’s
service”
Peter has told me that he felt satisfied with this
company’s service
 Wayne : “ I am going to continue my study at
university”
Wayne will say that he is going to continue his
study at university

Note : bila main verb dalam Indirect Speech

adalah Past Tense, maka terjadi perubahan
tenses (lihat tabel perubahan tenses)
Example :
Rony : “I don’t know about the lesson”
Rony said that he didn’t know about the lesson
 PERUBAHAN TENSES
NO DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
1 S +V1 + O (S+don’t+V1+O) S + V2 + O (S+didn’t+V1+O)
S + V1+ s/es + O (S+doesn’t+V1+O) Simple Past Tense
Simple Present
2 S + is/am/are + Ving + O S + was/were + Ving + O
Present Continous Past Continous
3 S + has/have + V3 + O S + had + V3 + O
Present Perfect Past Perfect
4 S + V2 + O S + had + V3 + O
Simple Past Tense Past Perfect
5 S + was/were + Ving + O S + had + been + Ving + O
Past Continous Past Perfect Continous
6 S + will + V1 + O S + would + V1 + O
Simple Future Past Future
7 S + MA + V1 + O S + PMA + V1 + O
MA=Modal Auxiliaries PMA=Past Modal
Can May Must Auxiliaries
Shall Will Could Might had to
Should Would
 PERUBAHAN WAKTU
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
this (evening, morning) that (evening, morning)
today / this day that day
these (days) those (days)
now then / later
(a week, a month) ago (a week, a month) before
last weekend the weekend before / the
previous weekend
here there
next (week) the following (week)
Tomorrow The following day
Yesterday The day before
 Exercise (Latihan Soal) !
You met four friend, Tom. He told you everything
about his experience in daily life. Here are some
things he said to you:
Example : “My parents are very well”
Tom said that his parents were very well
1. “I am going to give up my job”
2. “Anna has bought a new car”
3. “I can’t come to the party on Friday”
4. “I want to go on holiday but I don’t know where
to go”
5. “I am going away for a few days. I will phone you
when I get back”
 COMMAND (Kalimat Perintah)
If you put a command into reported speech there
are some steps which are the same like in
statement (changing of the person, backshift of
tenses, changing of time)
Pattern: Main verb + to + V1

Example: (Positive Command)

• Father: “Do your home work!”
Father told me to do my home work
(Negative Command)
• Teacher: “Don’t talk to your neighbor!”
Teacher said to me not to talk to my neighbor
 QUESTION (Kalimat Pertanyaan)
If you put a question into reported speech there are
some steps which are the same like in statement
(changing of the person, backshift of tenses,
changing of time).
In reported speech there is no question anymore,
the sentence becomes a statement. That’s why
the word order is: Subject + Verb

Example : (Question with yes or no answer)

• Peter : “Do you play football?”
Peter asked me whether if I played football
(Question with question word)
• Peter : “When do you play football?”
Peter asked me when I played football
You met four friend, Tom. He told you everything about
his experience in daily life. Here are some things he
said to you:
Example : “My parents are very well”
Answer : Tom said that his parents were very
well

1. “I am going to give up my job”

2. “Anna has bought a new car”
3. “I can’t come to the party on Friday”
4. “I want to go on holiday but I don’t know where to
go”
5. “I am going away for a few days. I will phone you
when I get back”
 Answer Key
1. Tom said that he was going to give up his
job
2. Tom said that Anna had bought a new car
3. Tom said that he couldn’t come to the
party on Friday
4. Tom said that he wanted to go on holiday
but he didn’t know where to go
5. Tom said that he was going away for a few
days. He would phone me when he got
back
 Exercise (Latihan Soal) !
Yesterday you met a friend of yours, Charlie. He told you a lot of
things. Here are some of the things he said to you:

1. “I am thinking of going to live in Canada”

2. “My father is in hospital”
3. “Nora and Jim are getting married next month”
4. “I haven’t seen Bill for a while”
5. “I have been playing tennis a lot recently”
6. “Margaret has had a baby”
7. “I don’t know what Fred is doing”
8. “I hardly ever go out these days”
9. “I work fourteen hours a day”
10. “ I will tell Jim I saw you”
11. “You can come and stay with me if you are ever in
London”
12. “ Tom had an accident last week but he wasn’t injured”
13. “I saw Jack at a party a few months ago and he seemed
fine”
 Answer Key
1. Charlie told me that he was thinking of going to live in Canada
2. Charlie told me that his father was in hospital
3. Charlie told me that they were getting married the following
month
4. Charlie told me that he hadn’t seen Bill for a while
5. Charlie told me that he had been playing tennis a lot recently
6. Charlie told me that she had had a baby
7. Charlie told me that he didn’t know what Fred was doing
8. Charlie told me that he hardly ever went out those days
9. Charlie told me that he worked fourteen hours a day
10. Charlie told me that he would tell Jim he had seen me
11. Charlie told me that I could come and stay with him if I were
ever in London
12. Charlie told me that Tom had had an accident the week before
but he hadn’t been injured
13. Charlie told me that he had seen Jack at a party a few months
before and he had seemed fine