MANAGEMENT
PowerPoint Presentation by ACCOUNTING
Gail B. Wright
Professor Emeritus of Accounting 8TH EDITION
Bryant University & Diterjemahkan
oleh Hadi Cahyono SE,MM BY
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PEMBEBANAN BIAYA
Traceability kemampuan
membebankan biaya pada objek biaya
dengan xara yang layak secara ekonomi
berdasarkan hubungan sebab akibat.
Direct costs (biaya langsung) dengan
mudah ditelusuri.
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PEMBEBANAN BIAYA
Indirect costs biaya yang tidak dapat
ditelusuri dengan mudah dan akurat sebagai
objek biaya.
Example: Gaji seorang menejer pabrik, dimana beberapa
departemen di pabrik di tetapkan sebagai objek
biaya
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Dapatkah anda
menyebutkan 2 cara untuk
menentukan biaya produk?
1. Direct tracing
2. Driver tracing
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Metode Penelusuran
Tracing pembebanan aktual biaya pada objek biaya
dengan menggunakan ukuran yang dapat diamati atas
sumber daya yang dikonsumsi oleh objek biaya.
Penelusuran biaya pada objek biaya dapat melalui dua cara:
Direct tracing adalah suatu proses pengidentifikasian dan
pembebanan biaya yang berkaitan secara khusus dan secara
fisik dari suatu objek.
Driver tracing adalah penggunaan penggerak (driver) untuk
membebankan biaya pada objek biaya.
Drivers adalah faktor yang menyebabkan perubahan dalam
penggunaan sumber daya dan memiliki hubungan sebab akibat
dengan biaya yang berhub dengan objek biaya.
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LO 2
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Cost Assignment Methods
Direct Driver
Allocation
Tracing Tracing
Objek Biaya
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LO 2
DIFFERENCES
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Interface of Services with
Management Accounting
• Jasa tidak dapat disimpan.
• Tidak ada perlindungan paten.
1. Intangibility • Jasa tidak dapat dipajang.
•• Harga
Services
sulitbenefits expire quickly.
untuk ditetapkan.
2. Perishability • Services may be repeated often for one
• Customer
customer. directly involved with
3. Inseparability production of service.
• Centralized mass production of
• Wide
services difficult.
variation in service products
4. Heterogeneity possible.
Derived Properties
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Interface of Services with
Management Accounting
• No inventories.
• Strong ethical code.
1. Intangibility • Price difficult to set.
• No inventories.
Demand for more accurate cost
2. Perishability • Need • for standards
assignments.
Costs and consistent
often accounted for by
high quality.
customer type.
3. Inseparability • Demand for measure-ment and
control of quality
• Productivity to maintain
and quality measurement
4. Heterogeneity consistency.
and control must be ongoing.
• Total quality management critical.
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Product cost adalah pembebanan biaya
yang mendukung tujuan manajerial yang
spesifik. Jadi, arti “harga pokok produk”
tergantung pada tujuan manajerial yang
sedang berusaha dicapai
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LO 2
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Product Costing Definitions
Value-Chain Product Operating Product Traditional Product
Costs Costs Costs
Research and
Development
Marketing Marketing
Customer Customer
Service Service
Pricing Decisions
Product-Mix Decisions Strategic Design Decisions External Financial
Strategic Profitability Tactical Profitability Reporting
Analysis Analysis
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LO 2
EXHIBIT 2-3
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LO 2
PRODUCTION COST
(BIAYA PRODUK)
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PRODUCTION COST
(BIAYA PRODUK)
Direct materials
Barang yang dapat ditelusuri secara langsung pada barang atau
jasa yang sedang diproduksi
Contoh:
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PRODUCTION COST
(BIAYA PRODUK)
Direct labor
Tenaga kerja yang dapat ditelusuri secara langsung pada barang
atau jasa yang sedang diproduksi
Pekerja di Pabrik
Koki pada sebuah restaurant
Airline pilot
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PRODUCTION COST
(BIAYA PRODUK)
Overhead
Selain bahan dan tenaga kerja langsung
Depresiasi pada bangunan dan peralatan
Perawatan
Persediaan
Pengawasan
Listrik
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PRODUCTION COST
(BIAYA PRODUK)
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PRODUCTION COST
Prime Cost :
Direct Materials Costs + Direct Labor Costs
Conversion Cost:
Direct Labor Costs + Overhead Costs
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LO 3
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LO 3
INCOME STATEMENT:
Manufacturing Firm
EXHIBIT 2-5
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Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured
For the Year Ended December 31, 2008
Direct materials:
Beginning inventory $200,000
Add: Purchases 450,000
Materials available $650,000
Less: Ending inventory 50,000
Direct materials used $ 600,000
Direct labor 350,000
Manufacturing overhead:
Indirect labor $122,500
Depreciation 177,500
Rent 50,000
Utilities 37,500
Property taxes 12,500
Maintenance 50,000 450,000
Total manufacturing costs added $1,400,000
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Service Organization
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2008
Sales $300,000
Less expenses:
Cost of services sold:
Beginning work in process $ 5,000
Service costs added:
Direct materials $ 40,000
Direct labor 80,000
Overhead 100,000 220,000
Total $225,000
Less: Ending work in process 10,000 215,000
Gross margin $ 85,000
Less operating expenses:
Selling expenses $ 8,000
Administrative expenses 22,000 30,000
Income before income taxes $ 55,000
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LO 3
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LO 4
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LO 4
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LO 4
MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
SYSTEMS (FBM)
Functional-based management system (FBM)
Cost view
Only uses drivers related to the production function to
assign costs
Direct materials, direct labor, machine hours
Operational efficiency view
Holds managers of each function (e.g., engineering)
responsible for controlling costs to derive operating
efficiency
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LO 4
MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
SYSTEMS (ABM)
Activity-based management system (ABM)
Cost view
Driver analysis, activity analysis, performance
evaluation
A tracing-intensive system
Operational efficiency view
Focuses on managing activities and improving values
for operational efficiency
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LO 4
EXHIBIT 2-10
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CHAPTER 2
THE END
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