CHAPTER
Activity-Based
Costing
4 -2
Tujuan Belajar
1. Mendiskusikan pentingnya biaya per unit
2. Menjelaskan pendekatan perhitungan biaya
berdasarkan fungsi
3. Menjelaskan mengapa pendekatan
perhitungan biaya berdasarkan fungsi dapat
menimbulkan distorsi biaya
4. Menjelaskan bagaimana sistem perhitungan
biaya berdasarkan aktivitas sesuai untuk
perhitungan biaya produk
continued
4 -3
Tujuan Belajar
5. Memberikan penjelasan rinci tentang
bagaimana aktivitas dapat dikelompokkan ke
dalam kelompok sejenis untuk mengurangi
jumlah tarif aktivitas
4 -4
Proses menghubungkan
biaya, setelah diukur, dengan
unit yang diproduksi disebut
cost assignment.
4 -8
Sistem Pengukuran
Dua kemungkinan sistem pengukuran
adalah actual costing and normal costing.
Sistem Pengukuran
A predetermined overhead rate
adalah suatu tarif yang
didasarkan pada perkiraan
data.
Units
(of
driver) Theoretical
Practical
Expected actual
Normal
Time
4 -13
Functional-Based Costing: Plantwide Rate
(tarif keseluruhan pabrik)
Biaya Overhead
Belring, Inc.
Belring,Inc memproduksi dua telepon :
cordless dan regular model. Perusahaan
memiliki data perkiraan dan aktual sbb:
.
Budgeted overhead $360,000
Expected activity (DLH) 100,000
Actual activity (DLH) 100,000
Actual overhead $380,000
4 -15
Belring, Inc.
Predetermined Budgeted (estimated) cost
Overhead Rate =
Estimated activity usage
Predetermined $360,000
Overhead Rate =
100,000 DLH
Predetermined
Overhead Rate = $3.60 per DLH
Overhead rate
Overhead yang
= x
dibebankan
Actual activity
output
4 -17
Belring, Inc.
Applied
= Overhead rate x Actual activity output
overhead
= $360,000
4 -18
Per-Unit Cost
Belring, Inc.
Cordless Regular
Prime costs $ 78,000 $ 738,000
Overhead costs:
$3.60 x 10,000 36,000 ---
$3.60 x 90,000 --- 324,000
Total manufacturing costs $114,000 $1,062,000
Units produced 10,000 100,000
Unit cost $ 11.40 $ 10.62
4 -19
Functional-Based Costing Department Rates
Overhead Costs
Allocation
Direct Tracing
Pembebanan Biaya Driver Tracing
Belring, Inc.
Fabrication Assembly
Budgeted overhead $252,000 $108,000
Expected and actual usage (dlh):
Cordless 7,000 3,000
Regular 13,000 77,000
20,000 80,000
Expected and actual usage (mh.):
Cordless 4,000 1,000
Regular 36,000 9,000
40,000 10,000
4 -21
Belring, Inc.
Applied
= ($6.30 x actual mh) + ($1.35 x actual dlh)
overhead
= $252,000 + $108,000
= $360,000
4 -22
Belring, Inc.
Per-Unit Cost: Departmental Rates
Cordless Regular
Prime costs $ 78,000 $ 738,000
Overhead costs:
($6.30 x 4,000) + ($1.35 x 3,000) 29,250 ---
($6.30 x 36,000) + (1.35 x 77,000) --- 330,750
Total manufacturing costs $107,250 $1,068,750
Units produced 10,000 100,000
Unit cost $ 10.73 $ 10.69
4 -23
Symptoms of an Outdated
Functional Cost System
6. Pelanggan tidak mengeluh atas naiknya harga.
7. Departemen akuntansi menghabiskan banyak waktu
untuk memberikan data biaya bagi proyek khusus.
8. Beberapa departemen menggunakan sistem akuntansi
sendiri .
4 -25
Belring, Inc.
Product-Costing Data
Cordless Regular Total
Units produced per year 10,000 100,000 110,000
Prime costs $78,000 $738,000 $816,000
Direct labor hours 10,000 90,000 100,000
Machine hours 5,000 45,000 50,000
Production runs 20 10 30
Number of moves 60 30 90
Activity Usage
Measures
4 -28
Belring, Inc.
Product-Costing Data
Activity Activity Cost
Setups $120,000
Material handling 60,000
Machining 100,000
Testing 80,000
Total $360,000
Overhead Activities
4 -29
Belring, Inc.
Product Diversity: Consumption Ratios
Overhead Cordless Regular Activity
Activity Phone Phone Driver
a a
Setups 0.67 0.33 Production runs
Material
b b
handling 0.67 0.33 Number of moves
c c
Machining 0.10 0.90 Machine hours
d d
Testing 0.10 0.90 Direct labor hours
a 20/30 (cordless) and 10/30 (regular)
4 -30
Belring, Inc.
Product Diversity: Consumption Ratios
Overhead Cordless Regular Activity
Activity Phone Phone Driver
a a
Setups 0.67 0.33 Production runs
Material
b b
handling 0.67 0.33 Number of moves
c c
Machining 0.10 0.90 Machine hours
d d
Testing 0.10 0.90 Direct labor hours
b 60/90 (cordless) and 30/90 (regular)
4 -31
Belring, Inc.
Product Diversity: Consumption Ratios
Overhead Cordless Regular Activity
Activity Phone Phone Driver
a a
Setups 0.67 0.33 Production runs
Material
b b
handling 0.67 0.33 Number of moves
c c
Machining 0.10 0.90 Machine hours
d d
Testing 0.10 0.90 Direct labor hours
c 5,000/50,000 (cordless) and 45,000/50,000 (regular)
4 -32
Belring, Inc.
Product Diversity: Consumption Ratios
Overhead Cordless Regular Activity
Activity Phone Phone Driver
a a
Setups 0.67 0.33 Production runs
Material
b b
handling 0.67 0.33 Number of moves
c c
Machining 0.10 0.90 Machine hours
d d
Testing 0.10 0.90 Direct labor hours
d 10,000/100,000 (cordless) and 90,000/100,000 (regular)
4 -33
Belring, Inc.
Activity Rates
Belring, Inc.
Activity Rates
Cordless
$4,000 Regular
$4,000
Prime costs $ 78,000
x
$667 $ 738,000
x
$667
Overhead costs: 20
x 10
x
$2 $2
Setups 60
x
80,000 30
x
40,000
$0.80 $0.80
Material handling 5,000
x
40,000 45,000
x
20,000
Machining 10,000
10,000 90,000
90,000
Testing 8,000 72,000
Total manufacturing costs $216,000 $ 960,000
Units produced 10,000 100,000
Unit cost (total costs/units) $ 21.60 $ 9.60
4 -35
Belring, Inc.
Comparison of Unit Costs
Cordless Regular
Plantwide rate(slr pabrik) $11.40 $10.62
Departmental rate 10.73 10.69
Activity rate 21.60 9.60
4 -36
Cost of Resources
Direct Driver
Assign Costs
Tracing Tracing
Activities
Direct
Assign Costs
Tracing
Products
4 -37
Classification of Activities
Classification of Activities
Classification of Activities
Product-level (sustaining) activities adalah aktivitas yang
dilakukan bila diperlukan untuk mendukung berbagai
produk yang diproduksi oleh perusahaan. Aktivitas ini
mengkonsumsi input yang mengembangkan produk atau
memungkinkan produk diproduksi dan dijual.
Examples: Engineering changes, process engineering, and
expediting.
4 -42
Classification of Activities
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
Activit
y Level
Filter
Customer
Costing versus
Product Costing
4 -45
Example
Large Customer Ten Smaller Customers
(50% of sales) (50% of sales)
Example
Activity Costs
Repairing products $800,000
Expending products 200,000
4 -47
Example
Murray Inc. Plata Associates
Part A 1 Part B2 Part A 1 Part B2
Unit purchase price $20 $52 $24 $56
Units purchased 80,000 40,000 10,000 10,000
Failed units 1,600 380 10 10
Late shipments 60 40 0 0
Example
Murray Inc. Plata Associates
Part A 1 Part B2 Part A 1 Part B2
Purchase cost $1,600,000 $2,080,000 $240,000 $560,000
Repairing products 640,000 152,000 4,000 4,000
Expediting products 120,000 80,000
Total costs $2,360,000 $2,312,000 $244,000 $564,000
Units ÷ 80,000 ÷ 40,000 ÷ 10,000 ÷ 10,000
Total unit cost $ 29.50 $ 57.80 $ 24.40 $ 56.40
4 -49
Chapter Four
The End
4 -50