Oleh:
Muhammad Rezza
Pembimbing:
dr. Syafruddin Gaus, Ph.D.,Sp.An, KMN, KNA
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Cheng JC, Castelein RM, Chu WC, Danielsson AJ, Dobbs MB, Grivas TB, Gurnett CA, Luk KD, Moreau A, Newton PA, Stokes IA, Weinstein SL,
Burwell RG. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Nat Rev. 2015;1(9623):1527-37.
\
PENDAHULUAN
Sekitar 1-4%
INSIDENSI
Wanita > Pria
1. Crabb I. Anaesthesia for spinal surgery. Anaesth Intens Care Med. 2003:80-4.
2. Allman KG, Wilson IH. Oxford handbook of anaesthesia 4th ed. In: Allman KG, Wilson IH, O’Donnell AM, eds. Oxford: Oxford University
Press; 2016. p.463-7.
\
DEFINISI SKOLIOSIS
Skoliosis: Deviasi lateral tulang belakang dengan sudut Cobb >100 (ukuran
kelengkungan tulang belakang maksimum yang diukur pada scoliosis).
1. Crabb I. Anaesthesia for spinal surgery. Anaesth Intens Care Med. 2003:80-4.
EPIDEMIOLOGI SKOLIOSIS
Australia
Timur Tengah
Israel Low
Spanyol
0 2 4 6 8
Timbulnya bisa terjadi saat lahir tetapi mulai Nampak pada masa kanak-
kanak atau remaja awal, paling sering menjadi antara usia 10 dan 15 tahun.
1. Cheng JC, Castelein RM, Chu WC, Danielsson AJ, Dobbs MB, Grivas TB, Gurnett CA, Luk KD, Moreau A, Newton PA, Stokes IA, Weinstein SL,
Burwell RG. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Nat Rev. 2015;1(9623):1527-37.
2. Kynes JM, Evans FM, Hodgetts V, Wilson K. Surgical correction of scoliosis anaesthetic considerations. Pediatr Anaesth. 2015:1-7.
KLASIFIKASI SKOLIOSIS
1. Cheng JC, Castelein RM, Chu WC, Danielsson AJ, Dobbs MB, Grivas TB, Gurnett CA, Luk KD, Moreau A, Newton PA, Stokes IA, Weinstein SL,
Burwell RG. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Nat Rev. 2015;1(9623):1527-37.
SKOLIOSIS BERDASARKAN LOKASI KURVATUR. A. TORAKAL, B. TORAKOLUMBAL, C. LUMBAL.
(Dikutip Dari Cheng JC, Castelein RM, Chu WC, Danielsson AJ, Dobbs MB, Grivas TB, Gurnett CA, Luk KD,
Moreau A, Newton PA, Stokes IA, Weinstein SL, Burwell RG. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Nat Rev.
2015;1(9623):1527-37.)
1. Cheng JC, Castelein RM, Chu WC, Danielsson AJ, Dobbs MB, Grivas TB, Gurnett CA, Luk KD, Moreau A, Newton PA, Stokes IA, Weinstein SL,
Burwell RG. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Nat Rev. 2015;1(9623):1527-37.
PATOFISIOLOGI SKOLIOSIS
Meliputi 6 teori, antara lain: genetik, proses sistem saraf pusat, pertumbuhan
skeletal tulang belakang, kelainan metabolik, biomekanika, dan penyebab
lainnya.
1. Burwell RG, Clark EM, Dangerfield PH, Moulton A. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS): a multifactorial cascade concept for pathogenesis and
embryonic origin. Scol Spinal Dis. 2016;11(8):1-7.
2. Cheng JC, Castelein RM, Chu WC, Danielsson AJ, Dobbs MB, Grivas TB, Gurnett CA, Luk KD, Moreau A, Newton PA, Stokes IA, Weinstein SL,
Burwell RG. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Nat Rev. 2015;1(9623):1527-37.
DIAGNOSIS SKOLIOSIS
1. Kynes JM, Evans FM, Hodgetts V, Wilson K. Surgical correction of scoliosis anaesthetic considerations. Pediatr Anaesth. 2015:1-7.
2. Deng H, Coumans JV, Anderson R, Houle TT, Peterfreund RA. SPinal anasthesia for lumbar spine surgery correlates with fewer total medications and less frequent
use of vasoactive agents. PLos One. 2019; 14(6):1-19.
3. Tandon MS, Saigal D. Spinal surgery. In Prabhakar H. ed. Essentials of neuroanasthesia. London: Academic Press Elsevier nc: 2017. p.418-20.
DIAGNOSIS SKOLIOSIS
1. Kynes JM, Evans FM, Hodgetts V, Wilson K. Surgical correction of scoliosis anaesthetic considerations. Pediatr Anaesth. 2015:1-7.
2. Deng H, Coumans JV, Anderson R, Houle TT, Peterfreund RA. SPinal anasthesia for lumbar spine surgery correlates with fewer total medications and less frequent
use of vasoactive agents. PLos One. 2019; 14(6):1-19.
DIAGNOSIS SKOLIOSIS
Pemeriksaan radiologi,
ditemukan deformitas
struktural tulang belakang,
yang dinilai dari sisi
Anterior-Posterior, dengan
sudut Cobb> 10o.
1. Kynes JM, Evans FM, Hodgetts V, Wilson K. Surgical correction of scoliosis anaesthetic considerations. Pediatr Anaesth. 2015:1-7.
2. Cheng JC, Castelein RM, Chu WC, Danielsson AJ, Dobbs MB, Grivas TB, Gurnett CA, Luk KD, Moreau A, Newton PA, Stokes IA, Weinstein SL, Burwell RG.
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Nat Rev. 2015;1(9623):1527-37.
EVALUASI PERIOPERATIF ANESTESI
Evaluasi Jalan Nafas dan Paru-Paru
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Kynes JM, Evans FM, Hodgetts V, Wilson K. Surgical correction of scoliosis anaesthetic considerations. Pediatr Anaesth. 2015:1-7.
EVALUASI PERIOPERATIF ANESTESI
Evaluasi Jalan Nafas dan Paru-Paru
Tabel Hubungan derajat gangguan pernapasan dengan sudut kelengkungan
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Kynes JM, Evans FM, Hodgetts V, Wilson K. Surgical correction of scoliosis anaesthetic considerations. Pediatr Anaesth. 2015:1-7.
EVALUASI PERIOPERATIF ANESTESI
Evaluasi Kardiovaskular
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Kynes JM, Evans FM, Hodgetts V, Wilson K. Surgical correction of scoliosis anaesthetic considerations. Pediatr Anaesth. 2015:1-7.
EVALUASI PERIOPERATIF ANESTESI
Evaluasi Neuromuskular
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Kynes JM, Evans FM, Hodgetts V, Wilson K. Surgical correction of scoliosis anaesthetic considerations. Pediatr Anaesth. 2015:1-7.
EVALUASI PERIOPERATIF ANESTESI
Evaluasi Muskuloskeletal
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Kynes JM, Evans FM, Hodgetts V, Wilson K. Surgical correction of scoliosis anaesthetic considerations. Pediatr Anaesth. 2015:1-7.
EVALUASI PERIOPERATIF ANESTESI
Evaluasi Laboratorium
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Kulkarni AH, M A. Scoliosis and anesthetic considerations. I J Anaesth. 2007;51(6):486-95.
TEKNIK ANESTESI
Anestesi
Anestesi Umum
Subarachnoid
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. King A, Joshi GP, Nussmeier NA. Induction of general anesthesia: overview[Internet]. UpToDate. 2018 [cited 11 February 2019]. Available from:
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/induction-of-general-anesthesia-overview
3. King A, Joshi GP, Walls RM, Nussmeier NA. General anesthesia: intravenous induction agents[Internet]. UpToDate. 2018 [cited 11 February
2019]. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/general-anesthesia-intravenous-induction-agents
4. Li F, Gorji R. Spine Surgery and Intraoperative Monitoring. In: Aglio LS, Urman RD, eds. Anesthesiology clinical case review. Boston: Springer;
2017. p.121-32
TEKNIK ANESETESI
Anestesi Umum
Agen Intravena
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. King A, Joshi GP, Nussmeier NA. Induction of general anesthesia: overview[Internet]. UpToDate. 2018 [cited 11 February 2019]. Available from:
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/induction-of-general-anesthesia-overview
TEKNIK ANESETESI
Anestesi Umum
Agen Intravena
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. King A, Joshi GP, Nussmeier NA. Induction of general anesthesia: overview[Internet]. UpToDate. 2018 [cited 11 February 2019]. Available from:
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/induction-of-general-anesthesia-overview
Agen induksi anestesi intravena
(dikutip dari King A, Joshi GP, Walls RM, Nussmeier NA. General anesthesia: intravenous induction
agents[Internet]. UpToDate. 2018 [cited 11 February 2019]. Available from:
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/general-anesthesia-intravenous-induction-agents)
Agen induksi anestesi intravena
(dikutip dari King A, Joshi GP, Walls RM, Nussmeier NA. General anesthesia: intravenous induction
agents[Internet]. UpToDate. 2018 [cited 11 February 2019]. Available from:
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/general-anesthesia-intravenous-induction-agents)
Efek psikotomimetik
(halusinasi, mimpi
buruk, mimpi jelas)
Meningkatkan CBF
dan ICP; dapat
meningkatkan CMRO
2
Efek EEG yang unik
dapat menyebabkan
kesalahan
interpretasi BIS dan
nilai EEG lainnya
yang diproses
Efek lainnya
Meningkatkan air liur
Isofluran, merupakan inhalasi paling kuat, tetapi tidak ideal sebagai obat
tunggal. Peningkatan HR untuk menjaga CO, dilatasi arteri koroner,
memperpanjang QT interval, dan meningkatkan terjadinya Ventrikel
Takikardi Polimorfik Torsades de Pointes, merupakan efek kardiovaskular
lainnya.
1. Ko H, Kaye AD, Urman RD. Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Physical Properties of Inhalational Agents. In: Kaye AD, Richard AMK,
Urman D, editors. Essentials of Pharmacology for Anesthesia, Pain Medicine, and Critical Care. New York: Springer; 2015. p. 67,66,69.
2. Hudson AE, Herold KF, Hemmings HC. Pharmacology of Inhaled Anesthetics [Internet]. Second Edition. Pharmacology and Physiology for
Anesthesia. Elsevier Inc.; 2019. 217–240 p. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-48110-6.00011-9
TEKNIK ANESETESI
Anestesi Umum
Agen Inhalasi
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. King A, Joshi GP, Nussmeier NA. Induction of general anesthesia: overview[Internet]. UpToDate. 2018 [cited 11 February 2019]. Available from:
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/induction-of-general-anesthesia-overview
TEKNIK ANESTESI
Anestesi Umum
Agen Penghambat Neuromuskular
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Raw DA, Beattie JK, Hunter JM. Anaesthesia for spinal surgery in adults. Br J Anaesth. 2003;91(6):886-904.
TEKNIK ANESTESI
Anestesi Subarachnoid
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Rattenberry W, Hertling A, Erskine R. Spinal anaesthesia for ambulatory surgery. BJA Educ. 2019;19(10):321-8.Rattenberry W, Hertling A,
Erskine R. Spinal anaesthesia for ambulatory surgery. BJA Educ. 2019;19(10):321-8.
3. McLain RF, Kalfas I, Bell GR, Tetzlaff JE, Yoon HJ, Rana M. Comparison of spinal and general anesthesia in lumbar laminectomy surgery: a
case-controlled analysis of 400 patients. J Neurosurg Spine. 2005;2(1):17-22.
PERBANDINGAN
Anestesi Umum dan Regional
Anestesi Anestesi
Hal yang perlu diperhatikan
Regional Umum
Prosedur operasi:
• Distektomi minimal invasif √
• Fusi skoliosis luas √
KI anestesi regional √
Riwayat operasi tulang belakang √
Durasi operasi lama (>2 jam) √
Obesitas √
Kehamilan √
Masalah respirasi √
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Breebaart MB BNM. Regional Analgesia Techniques for Spine Surgery: A Review with Special Reference to Scoliosis Fusion. J Spine.
2015;04(01):25–33.
3. Beaman ST, Street JA. Basic Clinical Anesthesia. Sikka PK, Beaman ST, Street JA, editors. New York: Springer; 2015.
4. Urman RD. Anesthesiology. Aglio LS, Urman RD, editors. Boston: Springer; 2017.
PENGATURAN POSISI
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Urman RD. Anesthesiology. Aglio LS, Urman RD, editors. Boston: Springer; 2017.
PENGARUH POSISI PRONASI TERHADAP FISIOLOGI
1. Sharma A, Irwin MG. Anaesthesia for spinal surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2015;2014–6. Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2014.12.002 28. Breebaart MB BNM. Regional Analgesia Techniques for Spine Surgery: A Review with Special
Reference to Scoliosis Fusion. J Spine. 2015;04(01):25–33.
2. Beaman ST, Street JA. Basic Clinical Anesthesia. Sikka PK, Beaman ST, Street JA, editors. New York: Springer; 2015.
3. Urman RD. Anesthesiology. Aglio LS, Urman RD, editors. Boston: Springer; 2017.
PENGARUH POSISI PRONASI TERHADAP FISIOLOGI
1. Sharma A, Irwin MG. Anaesthesia for spinal surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2015;2014–6. Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2014.12.002 28. Breebaart MB BNM. Regional Analgesia Techniques for Spine Surgery: A Review with Special
Reference to Scoliosis Fusion. J Spine. 2015;04(01):25–33.
2. Beaman ST, Street JA. Basic Clinical Anesthesia. Sikka PK, Beaman ST, Street JA, editors. New York: Springer; 2015.
3. Urman RD. Anesthesiology. Aglio LS, Urman RD, editors. Boston: Springer; 2017.
PENGARUH POSISI PRONASI TERHADAP FISIOLOGI
1. Sharma A, Irwin MG. Anaesthesia for spinal surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2015;2014–6. Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2014.12.002 28. Breebaart MB BNM. Regional Analgesia Techniques for Spine Surgery: A Review with Special
Reference to Scoliosis Fusion. J Spine. 2015;04(01):25–33.
2. Beaman ST, Street JA. Basic Clinical Anesthesia. Sikka PK, Beaman ST, Street JA, editors. New York: Springer; 2015.
3. Urman RD. Anesthesiology. Aglio LS, Urman RD, editors. Boston: Springer; 2017.
PEMELIHARAAN ANESTESI
Pemantauan Hemodinamik
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Tandon MS, Saigal D. Essentials of neuroanesthesia: spinal surgery. In Prabhakar H. ed. London: Academic Press Elsevier Inc; 2017. p.418-20.
PEMELIHARAAN ANESTESI
Pemantauan Neurofisiologis
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Tandon MS, Saigal D. Essentials of neuroanesthesia: spinal surgery. In Prabhakar H. ed. London: Academic Press Elsevier Inc; 2017. p.418-20.
PEMELIHARAAN ANESTESI
Pemantauan Neurofisiologis
a. Wake up test
1. Sharma A, Irwin MG. Anaesthesia for spinal surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2015;2014–6. Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2014.12.002.
2. Deng H, Coumans JV, Anderson R, Houle TT, Peterfreund RA. Spinal anesthesia for lumbar spine surgery correlates with fewer total
medications and less frequent use of vasoactive agents: A single center experience. PLoS One. 2019;14(6):1–19.
3. Carragee EJ, Cheng I, Salari N, Brown AP, Larson CP. Spine Surgery. In: Jaffe RA, Schmiesing CA, Golianu B, eds. Anesthesiologist’s manual
of surgical procedures 5th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2014. p.997-1001..
PEMELIHARAAN ANESTESI
Pemantauan Neurofisiologis
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Tandon MS, Saigal D. Essentials of neuroanesthesia: spinal surgery. In Prabhakar H. ed. London: Academic Press Elsevier Inc; 2017. p.418-20.
PEMELIHARAAN ANESTESI
Pemantauan Neurofisiologis
Stimulus listrik (2-5 Hz) diberikan pada saraf perifer aferen dan
responnya dicatat di perifer, subkortikal, dan kortikal.
1. Sharma A, Irwin MG. Anaesthesia for spinal surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2015;2014–6. Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2014.12.002.
2. Tandon MS, Saigal D. Essentials of neuroanesthesia: spinal surgery. In Prabhakar H. ed. London: Academic Press Elsevier Inc; 2017. p.418-20.
Gambaran SSEP tulang belakang
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Sharma A, Irwin MG. Anaesthesia for spinal surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2015;2014–6. Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2014.12.002.
3. Carragee EJ, Cheng I, Salari N, Brown AP, Larson CP. Spine Surgery. In: Jaffe RA, Schmiesing CA, Golianu B, eds. Anesthesiologist’s manual
of surgical procedures 5th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2014. p.997-1001.
4. Gambrall MA. Anesthetic implications for surgical correction of scoliosis. AANA J. 2007;75(4):277-85.
5. Raw DA, Beattie JK, Hunter JM. Anaesthesia for spinal surgery in adults. Br J Anaesth. 2003;91(6):886-904.
Gambaran MEP tulang belakang
Benzodiazepin ++ ++
Propofol ++ ++
(dikutip dari Kynes JM, Evans FM, Hodgetts V, Wilson K. Surgical correction of scoliosis anaesthetic
considerations. Pediatr Anaesth. 2015:1-7.)
PEMELIHARAAN ANESTESI
Pemantauan Neurofisiologis
d. Elektromiografi
Digunakan untuk potensial listrik yang dihasilkan dari serat otot.
Banyak digunakan untuk memantau radiks saraf lumbal dan servikal.
1. Tandon MS, Saigal D. Essentials of neuroanesthesia: spinal surgery. In Prabhakar H. ed. London: Academic Press Elsevier Inc; 2017. p.418-20.
2. Raw DA, Beattie JK, Hunter JM. Anaesthesia for spinal surgery in adults. Br J Anaesth. 2003;91(6):886-904.
PEMELIHARAAN ANESTESI
Transfusi Perioperatif
Agen Dosis
• bolus 10 mg/kgbb/ IV, diikuti dengan infus 2 mg/ kgbb/Jam/IV,
dihentikan pada akhir prosedur, dosis pemeliharaan dikurangi
pada pasien dengan insufisiensi ginjal.
Asam
• diberikan segera setelah induksi atau 15 menit sebelum insisi,
traneksamat
dilanjutkan setiap 3 jam dengan dosis yang sama. Pemberian
asam traneksamat dapat dilanjutkan hingga 5 jam setelah
operasi
Asam Epsilon- • bolus 100 mg/kgbb/IV, diikuti dengan infus 10-15 mg/kgbb/jam,
aminocaproic dihentikan pada akhir prosedur operasi
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Deng H, Coumans JV, Anderson R, Houle TT, Peterfreund RA. Spinal anesthesia for lumbar spine surgery correlates with fewer total
medications and less frequent use of vasoactive agents: A single center experience. PLoS One. 2019;14(6):1–19.
3.Tandon MS, Saigal D. Essentials of neuroanesthesia: spinal surgery. In Prabhakar H. ed. London: Academic Press Elsevier Inc; 2017. p.418-20.
4. Sadaqa WA. Tranexamic Acid Use and Post Operative Outcome in Patients Undergoing Spine Surgery for Scoliosis in An-Najah National
University Hospital / Palestine: A Prospective, Randomized, Double Blinded Study. J Biomed Sci. 2016,5:1.
PEMELIHARAAN ANESTESI
Mengurangi Kehilangan Darah
Hemodilusi Intraoperatif
• Pengambilan darah (450-500 mL) dari pasien
segera setelah induksi anestesi.
• Maintanance dengan kristaloid dan/atau koloid
• Darah diinfuskan ke pasien setelah atau selama
operasi.
Berguna dalam mengurangi transfusi darah.
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Tandon MS, Saigal D. Essentials of neuroanesthesia: spinal surgery. In Prabhakar H. ed. London: Academic Press Elsevier Inc; 2017. p.418-20.
PEMELIHARAAN ANESTESI
Mengurangi Kehilangan Darah
Induksi Hipotensi
Dapat mengurangi kehilangan darah pada prosedur
bedah lain.
Tidak disarankan dalam operasi tulang belakang
skoliosis.
Efek samping berupa potensi iskemia organ distal,
seperti kehilangan penglihatan pasca operasi dan
pisis pasca bedah akibat iskemik spinal anterior.
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Kynes JM, Evans FM, Hodgetts V, Wilson K. Surgical correction of scoliosis anaesthetic considerations. Anaesth TOTW. 2015;(318):1-7.
3. Raw DA, Beattie JK, Hunter JM. Anaesthesia for spinal surgery in adults. Br J Anaesth. 2003;91(6):886-904.
4. Sudfeld S, Brechnitz S, Wagner JY, Reese PC, Pinnschmidt HO, Reuter DA, et al. Post-induction hypotension and early intraoperative
hypotension associated with general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2017;119(1):57-64.
PERAWATAN POST OPERATIF
Pendekatan terhadap Ekstubasi setelah Operasi Tulang Belakang
Risiko penyumbatan jalan napas setelah ekstubasi lebih besar pada operasi tulang
belakang. Ekstubasi dilakukan segera setelah operasi, pasien sadar, dan bernapas
spontan adekuat.
Prosedur anestesi umum dekompresi 1-2 level dengan posisi telungkup biasanya diekstubasi pada
akhir prosedur.
Operasi > 4 jam dalam posisi pronasi dievaluasi. Jika ada edema wajah, ekstubasi boleh ditunda.
Posisi pronasi dengan kehilangan darah (>2.000 mL); resusitasi volume besar; menjalani operasi
tulang belakang tetap diintubasi dan menerima perawatan pasca operasi di ICU.
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019]. Available from:
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Tandon MS, Saigal D. Essentials of neuroanesthesia: spinal surgery. In Prabhakar H. ed. London: Academic Press Elsevier Inc; 2017. p.418-20.
3. Kynes JM, Evans FM, Hodgetts V, Wilson K. Surgical correction of scoliosis anaesthetic considerations. Anaesth TOTW. 2015;(318):1-7.
PERAWATAN POST OPERATIF
Analgetik
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019]. Available from:
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Kynes JM, Evans FM, Hodgetts V, Wilson K. Surgical correction of scoliosis anaesthetic considerations. Anaesth TOTW. 2015;(318):1-7.
3. Benyahia NM, Verster A, Saldien V, Breebaart M, Sermeus L, Vercauteren M. Regional anaesthesia and postoperative analgesia techniques for spine surgery
Techniques for Spine Surgery-a review. Rom J Anaesth Int Care. 2015;22(01):25–33.
4. Seki et al. Postoperative pain management in patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a narrative review Scoliosis and
Spinal Disorders (2018) 13:17 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13013-018-0165-z
PERAWATAN POST OPERATIF
Analgetik
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Deng H, Coumans JV, Anderson R, Houle TT, Peterfreund RA. Spinal anesthesia for lumbar spine surgery correlates with fewer total
medications and less frequent use of vasoactive agents: A single center experience. PLoS One. 2019;14(6):1–19.
PERAWATAN POST OPERATIF
Analgetik
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Deng H, Coumans JV, Anderson R, Houle TT, Peterfreund RA. Spinal anesthesia for lumbar spine surgery correlates with fewer total
medications and less frequent use of vasoactive agents: A single center experience. PLoS One. 2019;14(6):1–19.
PERAWATAN POST OPERATIF
Analgetik
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Kynes JM, Evans FM, Hodgetts V, Wilson K. Surgical correction of scoliosis anaesthetic considerations. Anaesth TOTW. 2015;(318):1-7.
PERAWATAN POST OPERATIF
Analgetik
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019].
Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2. Kynes JM, Evans FM, Hodgetts V, Wilson K. Surgical correction of scoliosis anaesthetic considerations. Anaesth TOTW. 2015;(318):1-7.
KOMPLIKASI
Kehilangan • Neuropati optik iskemik (ION)
Penglihatan • Oklusi arteri retina sentral
(CRAO)
(POVL) • Oklusi vena retina (RVO)
• Paralisis
Komplikasi • Cidera saraf
lain • Syok hipovolemik
1. Brown MJ, Pasternak JJ, Crowley M. Anesthesia for elective spine surgery in adults[Internet]. UpToDate. 2019 [cited 11 February 2019]. Available
from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anesthesia-for-elective-spine-surgery-in-adults
2 Kynes JM, Evans FM, Hodgetts V, Wilson K. Surgical correction of scoliosis anaesthetic considerations. Pediatr Anaesth. 2015:1-7
3. Randon MS, Saigal D. Essentials of neuroanesthesia: spinal surgery. In Prabhakar H. ed. London: Academic Press Elsevier Inc; 2017. p.418-20.
4. Raw DA, Beattie JK, Hunter JM. Anaesthesia for spinal surgery in adults. Br J Anaesth. 2003;91(6):886-904.
5.Apfelbaum JL, Roth S, Rubin D, Connis RT, Agarkar M, Arnold PM, Dhall SS, Domino KB, Hoh DJ, Hwang SW, Lee AG, Lee LA, Miller NR, Newman
NJ, Savino PJ, Todd MM. Practice advisory for perioperative visual loss associated with spine surgery 2019. Anesth. 2019;130(1):12-30.
6 .Hewson DW, Hardman JG. Physical injuries during anaesthesia. BJA Ed. 2018;18(10):310-6.
7. Karsli C, Strantzas S, Finnerty O, Holmes L, Lewis S. Bradycardia and hypotension during pediatric scoliosis surgery-hypovolemia or spinal shock?. W
J Anesth. 2015;4(2):44-8.
KESIMPULAN
Anestesi umum paling sering digunakan untuk operasi tulang
belakang skoliosis.