Stock Investment –

Investor Accounting and Reporting

Chapter 2, Advanced Accounting, 11th edition, Beams, Anthony,

Bettinghaus & Smith.
Perbedaan Asumsi dalam
Chapter 1 dan 2
Chapter 1: Chapter 2:
 Setelah dilakukan  Setelah dilakukan
akuisisi, kemudian akuisisi, acquiree
acquiree dibubarkan tetap beroperasi
dan seluruh aset dan sebagai entitas
kewajiban dialihkan terpisah
ke acquirer
 Rekening  Rekening
‘Investment in S’ ‘Investment in S’
milik acquirer tidak milik acquirer tetap
ada lagi (dihapus) ada.
setelah pengalihan.
PSAK 15
Akuntansi Untuk Investasi dalam
Perusahaan Asosiasi

 Perusahaan asosiasi adalah suatu

perusahaan yang investornya
mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan
 Anak perusahaan adalah perusahaan
yang dikendalikan oleh induk
perusahaan
PSAK 15
Pengaruh Signifikan dan Pengendalian

 Pengaruh signifikan adalah wewenang

untuk berpartisipasi dalam keputusan
yang menyangkut keuangan dan
operasi investee
 Pengendalian adalah kekuatan untuk
mengatur kebijakan keuangan dan
operasi dari sebuah perusahaan
untuk mendapat manfaat dari
aktivitasnya
Kepemilikan Saham
Jumlah Prosentase Pengaruh Signifikan Metode Pencatatan
Kepemilikan, Investasi oleh Investor
Langsung atau
Tidak Langsung

< 20% Tidak memiliki Fair Value/Cost

pengaruh Method
signifikan
20% atau lebih Memiliki Equity Method
pengaruh
signifikan
Fair Value/Cost Method
 Investor tidak mempunyai
kemampuan untuk mempengaruhi
aktivitas dan operasi investee.
 Investasi saham dicatat berdasar cost
 Penghasilan baru diakui oleh investor
apabila investee mendistribusikan
laba (membagi dividen)
 Dividen diterima dan dicatat sebagai
“Dividend Revenue”
Fair Value/Cost Method
 Equity securities
 Trading
 Available for sale
 Pelaporan akhir periode
menggunakan fair value dan muncul
unrealized gains & losses
 Trading  I/S
 Available for sale  OCI
Equity Method
 Investor mempunyai kemampuan untuk
mempengaruhi aktivitas dan operasi investee.
 Investasi saham dicatat berdasar cost dan
disesuaikan karena adanya laba/rugi dan
pembagian dividen investee
 Penghasilan diakui oleh investor dan nilai
investasi saham bertambah apabila investee
mendapatkan laba
 Nilai investasi saham berkurang saat investee
membayar dividen
Jurnal yang dibuat Induk
 Saat anak mendapatkan laba
 Investment in S
 Income from S

 Saat anak membagi dividen

 Cash (Dividend receivable)
 Investment in S
Case 1

July 1: P acquires 2,000 of the 10,000

outstanding shares of S at $50 per share, cash.
$50 per share equals the book value
and fair value of net assets S.
Net income S for the year is $50,000.
Dividends of $20,000 are paid
by S on November 1.
Cost Method

July 1
Investment in S 100,000
Cash 100,000

November 1
Cash 4,000
Dividend income 4,000

December 31
No entry (Assumed: cost =fair value)
 Misal laba S adalah $30.000, maka
“hak atas laba S yang dimiliki P”
adalah $3.000 (20%x30.000x ½
tahun)
 Dividen yang bagi oleh S adalah
$20.000 atau P memperoleh $4.000
Liquidating Dividend
 P menerima dividend dari S melebihi
jumlah share P atas laba S 
kelebihan ini dicatat sebagai
liquidating dividend

November 1
Dividend Income 1,000
Investment in S 1,000
Equity Method
July 1
Investment in S 100,000
Cash 100,000
November 1
Cash 4,000
Investment in S 4,000
December 31
Investment in S 5,000
Income from S 5,000

Perhitungan untuk tanggal 31/12:

$50,000 × ½ tahun × 20% kepemilikan = $5,000
Influence or Control

An investor may be able to exert significant

influence over its investee with an
investment interest of less then 20%.

The equity method should not be applied if

the investor’s ability to exert significant
influence is temporary or if the investees
are foreign companies operating under
severe exchange restrictions or controls.
Equity Method:
A One-Line Consolidation

Investment is reported in
a single amount on one line of the
investor’s balance sheet
Investment income is reported in
a single amount on one line of the
investor’s income statement.
Case 2
P membeli 30% kepemilikan atas
saham biasa S pada tanggal 1 Januari
dari pemegang saham lama dengan
membayar tunai $2,000,000 ditambah
200.000 lembar saham P, $10/lembar
par, market value $15/lembar.
Biaya registrasi saham $ 100,000 dan
biaya langsung lainnya $ 50,000.
Jurnal yang Dibuat P
Saat Akuisisi
UNTUK MENCATAT AKUISISI 30% SAHAM S:

Investment in S 5,000,000
Common Stock, $10 par 2,000,000
Additional Paid-in Capital 1,000,000
Cash 2,000,000
UNTUK MENCATAT BIAYA LANGSUNG SAAT AKUISISI S:

Investment expense 100,000

Additional Paid-in Capital 50,000*
Cash 150,000

*US GAAP
 Neraca S – Saat Akuisisi
(dalam ribuan $)
Assets Book Value Fair Value
Cash $ 1,500 $ 1,500
Net receivables 2,200 2,200
Inventories 3,000 4,000
Other current assets 3,300 3,100
Equipment, net 5,000 8,000
Total assets $ 15,000 $18,800
Liabilities
Accounts payable $ 1,000 $ 1,000
Note payable 2,000 1,800
Common stock 10,000
Retained earnings 2,000
Total liabilities and
stockholders’ equity $15,000
Assignment of Excess Cost
Over Underlying Equity

FMV Cost
BV $4,800 $5,000
$3,600
Assignment of Excess Cost
Over Underlying Equity
Investment in S $ 5,000,000
Book value of the interest acquired ( 3,600,000)
Excess cost over book value $ 1,400,000

Fair value – Book value × 30% = $ 1,200,000

(Amount assigned to identifiable net assets)
Remainder assigned to goodwill $ 200,000
Assignment of Excess Cost
Over Underlying Equity
Excess sebesar $ 1,200,000 dialokasikan ke
seluruh aset dan kewajiban sebesar
selisih nilai buku dan nilai pasar
dikalikan dengan prosentase kepemilikan

Inventories $ 300,000
Other current assets (60,000)
Equipment 900,000
Note payable 60,000
Total $ 1,200,000
 Neraca S – Alokasi ke Identifiable Net
Assets
(dalam ribuan $)
BV FV FV-BV Alokasi
(30%)
Assets
Cash 1,500 1,500 0 0
Net receivables 2,200 2,200 0 0
Inventories 3,000 4,000 1,000 300
Other current assets 3,300 3,100 ( 200) (60)
Equipment, net 5,000 8,000 3,000 900
Total assets 15,000 18,800
Liabilities
Accounts payable 1,000 1,000 0 0
Note payable 2,000 1,800 200 60
Common stock 10,000
Retained earnings 2,000
Total liabilities and
stockholders’ equity 15,000
Apakah alokasi tersebut perlu
dijurnal ?
Assignment of Excess Cost
Over Underlying Equity
Excess sebesar $ 1,400,000 dialokasikan ke :
Inventories $ 300,000
Other current assets ( 60,000)
Equipment 900,000
Note payable 60,000
Goodwill 200,000
Total $ 1,400,000

Informasi tambahan:
1. Inventories terjual di tahun pertama
2. Other current assets dihapuskan di tahun pertama
3. Equipment masih memiliki umur manfaat 20 tahun
4. Note payable akan jatuh tempo dalam 5 tahun
5. Goodwill tidak diamortisasi
Accounting for Excess of Investment
Cost Over Book Value

Assume S pays dividends of $1,000,000

on July 1, and reports net income of
$3,000,000 for the year.
What are P’s journal entries?
Journal Entries (1)
July 1
Cash 300,000
Investment in S 300,000
(To record additional dividends received from S
at 30% equity interest in S)

December 31
Investment in S 900,000
Income from S 900,000
(To record equity in income of S)
Journal Entries (2)
December 31
Income from S 300,000
Investment in S 300,000
To write off excess allocated to inventory

December 31
Investment in S 60,000
Income from S 60,000
To record income credit for overvalued other current assets
disposed of
Journal Entries (3)
December 31
Income from S 45,000
Investment in S 45,000
To record depreciation on excess allocated to undervalued
equipment with a 20-year remaining useful life ($900,000 ÷ 20)

December 31
Income from S 12,000
Investment in S 12,000
To amortize the excess allocated to the overvalued note payable
over the remaining life of the note ($60,000 ÷ 5)
Ledger – T Account
Investment in S Income from S
5,000,000 300,000 300,000 900,000
900,000 300,000 45,000 60,000
60,000 45,000 12,000
12,000

 Saldo Investment in S, 31/12 : $ 5,303,000

 Saldo Income from S, 31/12 : $ 603,000
Accounting for Excess of Investment
Cost Over Book Value – 2nd Year

Assume S pays dividends of $2,000,000

on July 1, and reports net income of
$4,000,000 for the year.
What are P’s journal entries?
Selama tahun ke 2, S mencatat laba sebesar 4
juta dan membagi dividen 2 juta

 Saat S mendapatkan laba

 Investment in S 1.200.000
 Income from S 1.200.000
 Saat S membagi dividen
 Cash 600.000
 Investment in S 600.000
 Amortisasi excess – equipment
 Income from S 45.000
 Investment in S 45.000

 Amortisasi excess – note payable

 Income from S 12.000
 Investment in S 12.000
Periodic Charges
 Under the equity method, the
difference between book value and
fair value is eliminated by periodic
charges/debits and credits to income
from the investment and by equal
credits or charges to the investment
account
Thus, the original difference
between investment cost
and book value acquired will
disappear over the
remaining live of identifiable
assets and liabilities
Excess of Book Value Acquired
Over Investment Cost

P Corporation purchases 50% of the

outstanding voting common stock of
S on January 1 for $40,000.

S’s stockholders’ equity Jan 1: $100,000

Add: Income 20,000
Deduct: Dividends paid 7/1 – 5,000
Stockholders’ equity 12/31 $115,000
Assignment of Excess Cost
over Underlying Equity

BV FMV
$50,000 +
Cost
$40,000
Excess of Book Value Acquired
Over Investment Cost

$100,000 × 50% – $40,000 = $10,000

This is the excess book value over cost.
The excess is assigned to:
Inventories $(1,000): sold at 1st year
Equipment $(9,000) : useful life 10 years
Journal Entries ?
 SAAT INVESTASI
 Investment in S 40.000
 Cash 40.000
 SAAT S MENDAPAT LABA 20.000  (kalikan
50%)
 Investment in S 10.000
 Income from S 10.000
 SAAT S BAGI DIVIDEN 5.000  (kalikan 50%)
 Cash 2.500
 Investment in S 2.500
 AMORTISASI EXCESS – INVENTORY
 Investment in S 1.000
 Income from S 1.000

 AMORTISASI EXCESS – EQUIPMENT (10 years

life)
 Investment in S 900
 Income from S 900
Bargain Purchase
(Negative Goodwill)

P acquires a 25% interest in

S for $110,000
S net income and dividends for
the year are $60,000 and $40,000
Illustration of a Purchase
Combination

S’s net assets Book Fair

Value Value
Assets
Inventories $240,000 $260,000
Other current assets 100,000 100,000
Equipment, net 50,000 50,000
Building, net 140,000 200,000
Total assets $530,000 $610,000
Liabilities 130,000 130,000
Net assets $400,000 $480,000
Assignment of Excess Cost
over Underlying Equity

FMV Cost
BV $120,000
$100,000 $110,000
Bagaimana Alokasi Excess?
 Investment cost 110.000
 % x BV net asset S (25% x400.000): 100.000
 Excess cost over book value 10.000
 Allocated to:
 Inventories 25%x(260.000-240.000) : 5.000
 Building 25%x (200.000-140.000): 15.000
 “Bargain Purchase” (10.000)
Schedule for Allocating
Excess Cost over Book Value
Investment Cost
BV acquired
Excess Cost over Book Value
Assignment to FV Negative Excess Final Assignment

Inventory 5.000 5.000

($ 20,000 x 25%)
Buildings, net 15.000 15.000
($ 60,000 x 25%)
Gain from bargain 10.000 (10.000)
purchase
Excess Cost over 10.000 10.000
Book Value
Buatlah Jurnal yang Diperlukan
 Net income S : $60.000
 Dividend declared and paid $40.000
 Inventories sold at 1 st year
 Useful life of building : 4 years
Interim Acquisitions of an
Investment Interest
 Akuisisi dilakukan dalam periode akuntansi,
bukan di awal atau akhir tahun.
 Perlu ditentukan lebih dulu:
 Underlying equitiy pada saat akuisisi
 Investment income tahun tersebut
 Stockholder’s equity investee dihitung dengan
menambahkan income dan dikurangi dividend
declared sejak tanggal laporan terakhir s/d
saat akuisisi
Contoh
 P membeli 40% saham biasa S senilai $ 80,000
pada 1/10
 Net assets S pada 1/1 adalah $ 150.000.
 Net income S sampai 1/1 s.d 1/10 adalah $
18.750, dan S mengumumkan pembagian
dividen sebesar $ 15,000 pada 1/7
 Nilai pasar gedung $ 60,000 sementara nilai
bukunya $ 40,000. Umur ekonomis gedung
masih 5 tahun sejak 1/10
Alokasi ECOBV
Investment Cost 80.000

BV acquired Beginning Equity 150.000

+ Income Jan.1 – 18.750

Oct. 1
- Dividends (15.000)

Times Interest 40% x 153.750 61.500

Purchased
Excess cost over 18.500
book value
Excess allocated Buildings (60.000- 8.000
to 40.000)x40%
Goodwill 10.500

Excess cost over 18.500

book value
Investment in a Step-by-Step
Acquisition
 Investor tidak langsung memiliki 20%
saham investee, namun investasi
dilakukan bertahap.
 Saat kepemilikan masih di bawah
20%, investor memakai cost method.
 Saat kepemilikan sudah mencapai
20% atau lebih, investor menerapkan
equity method dan berlaku retroaktif
Step by Step Acquisition
Pada 1 Januari 2011, P membeli 10% saham biasa S
senilai $ 750,000. Pada 1 Januari 2012, P menambah
pembelian 10% lagi saham biasa S senilai $ 850,000.

Informasi dari neraca milik S adalah

Jan.1, 2011 Jan.1, 2012
Paid in capital S 5.000.000 5.000.000
Retained earnings 2.000.000 2.500.000
7.000.000 7.500.000
Jurnal yang seharusnya dibuat
jika pakai equity method
 Untuk mencatat “laba” anak : ada kenaikan
R/E sebesar 500.000:

 Investment in S 50.000
 Income from S 50.000
Step by Step Acquisition

 Adjustment dari cost method ke equity method:

 Kenaikan R/E milik S
(500.000 x 10%) 50.000

 Jurnal yang dibuat 1/1/2012

Investment in S 50.000
R/E 50.000
Sale of an Equity Interest
 Investor yang sudah memiliki prosentase
kepemilikan atas investee sebesar 20% atau
lebih, ternyata kemudian menjual/mengurangi
kepemilikannya menjadi di bawah 20%
 Investor selanjutnya harus menerapkan cost
method.
 Saldo ‘Investment in S’ yang baru adalah saldo
setelah penjualan.
 Laba/rugi penjualan adalah selisih antara harga
jual dengan nilai buku terakhir sebelum
penjualan kepemilikan
Extraordinary Items, Cumulative-
Effect-Type, and Other Considerations

 Pada prinsipnya, pengakuan atas laba/rugi

anak perusahaan harus berasal dari kegiatan
operasional (ordinary)
 Dalam hal ada kejadian luar biasa atau
perubahan kebijakan akuntansi, pelaporan
investment income harus dipisahkan antara
 Ordinary
 Extraordinary
 Cumulative - effect
Others
 Stock purchases directly from the
investee
 Investee corporation with preferred
stock
 Disclosures for equity investees
 Testing goodwill for impairment