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Target Selection:
It involves choosing a disease to treat &
then developing a model for that disease.
Researcher first select or discover a
biological target such as a particular
enzyme, receptor or ion channel that the
scientific team believes may be linked to
a pathological process.
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Target Validation:
It involves demonstration of
relevance of the target protein in
a disease process.
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Drug Selection:
Drug Selection or Lead Selection is a process that
involves finding a drug or group of drugs which
has the ability to interact with target protein and
modulate its activity.
Tens of thousands of potential drug substances
(obtained from massive compound libraries) are
tested against the target proteins in a robotic
process called High Throughput Screening (HTS).
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High Throughput Screening (HTS):
High Throughput Screening yields Hit
compounds that are further studied in
detail for their physical, chemical and
biological properties.
Hit compounds with suitable physical,
chemical and biological properties are
called Lead Candidates.
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Lead Optimization:
Lead Candidates are then chemically
modified and pharmacologically
characterized to obtain compounds with
suitable pharmacodynamic and
pharmacokinetic properties to become a
drug.
The compounds with best profile is then chosen
for further investigation in the form of
preclinical and clinical testing.
Nonclinical Development
Dilakukan sebelum kandidat obat diuji
pada manusia
Using a wide array of chemical and
biochemical assays, cell-culture models
and animal models.
Uji In vitro dan in vivo
Farmakokinetik, farmakologi & toksikologi
Meliputi keamanan, efikasi, dosis obat,
frekuensi dan rute pemberian.
Nonclinical Development
Keseimbangan antara penggunaan
hewan percobaan & tujuan untuk
mengobati penyakit manusia
Standar 3R Reduction, Refinement &
Replacement
Prinsip dasar hewan percobaan
digunakan hanya bila tidak ada
alternatif lain
Inovasi terus dilakukan & diapresiasi
Clinical Development
Menguji keamanan & efikasi dari
intervensi atau treatment pada
subjek manusia.
Laporan efikasi & keamanan
dipublikasikan dalam literatur
klinik untuk praktik evidence
based medicine
Tahap pre-klinis terutama ditujukan untuk kajian
kemanjuran (efficacy) dan keamanan (safety).