Conditional sentences, if-clauses type I, II, III

We e k # 1 3
Apa itu Conditional Sentence?

• Dalam bahasa Indonesia, conditional sentence berarti kalimat pengandaian.

• Kalimat ini bisa digunakan untuk mengungkapkan sebab akibat, kemungkinan terjadinya suatu hal, maupun menyatakan

pengandaian atas hal yang sebetulnya tidak mungkin terjadi.

• Terdapat 4 jenis conditional sentence yang masing-masing jenisnya menggunakan bentuk tenses yang berbeda. Akan

tetapi, pada dasarnya semua conditional sentence terdiri atas if clause dan main clause.

 Conditional Sentence Tipe 0

Conditional sentence tipe 0 digunakan untuk menyatakan sebab akibat akan sebuah fakta yang sudah umum diketahui

kebenarannya. Jika hal A terjadi, maka akan menyebabkan hal B.

Rumus:

If + simple present tense, simple present tense

Simple present tense + if + simple present tense

Contoh:

If you heat butter, it melts.

The ground gets wet if it rains.

 Conditional Sentence Tipe 1

Conditional sentence tipe 1 digunakan untuk mengekspresikan suatu hal yang sangat besar kemungkinannya terjadi di waktu

yang akan datang jika kita melakukan sesuatu.

Rumus:

If + simple present tense, simple future tense

Simple future tense + if + simple present tense

Contoh:

If you go now, you will arrive there on time.

I will buy a new bike if I pass the exam.

 Conditional Sentence Tipe 2
Conditional sentence tipe 2 digunakan untuk mengungkapkan sesuatu yang tidak realistis atau sangat kecil kemungkinannya

untuk terjadi. Karena itu, tipe ini cocok untuk menyatakan angan-angan kita.

Rumus:

If + simple past, present conditional

Present conditional + if + simple past

Contoh:

If I lived in Seoul, tonight I would go to that concert. (Kenyataannya saya tidak tinggal di Seoul, sehingga saya tidak bisa

pergi ke konser itu)

I would play roller coaster every day if I owned a theme park. (Kenyataannya saya tidak memiliki taman bermain sendiri, jadi

saya tidak bisa bermain roller coaster setiap hari)

 Conditional Sentence Tipe 3
Conditional sentence tipe 3 digunakan untuk menyampaikan pengandaian atas kejadian yang sudah terjadi di masa lalu.

Karena sudah terjadi dan tidak bisa diubah lagi kenyataannya, kita hanya bisa mengungkapkan pengandaian apa yang akan

terjadi jika kejadian tersebut berjalan berbeda dari kenyataan.

Rumus:

If + past perfect, perfect conditional

Perfect conditional + if + past perfect

Contoh:

If I had left my house earlier, I wouldn’t have missed the train. (Kenyataannya saya telat berangkat dari rumah, sehingga saya

ketinggalan kereta)

If she had called me yesterday, I would have been happy. (Kenyatannya kemarin dia tidak menelpon, sehingga saya sekarang

tidak merasa senang)

 Conditional Sentence Type 1
Use
The if-clause can be at the beginning or at the
It is possible to fulfil a condition which is given in the if-clause.
end of a sentence.
Form
if clause main clause
if
main clause If I study, I will pass the exams.
clause

Simple will-future
main clause if clause
Presen infinitive
t I will pass the exams if I study.
Modal + infinitive

Examples
if clause main clause
If I study, I will pass the exams.
If you see John
tell him to e-mail me.
tonight,
If Ben gets up early, he can catch the bus.
 Conditional Sentence Type 2
Use
It is theoretically possible to fulfil a condition which is given in the if-clause.

Form
if clause main clause
would + infinitive The if-clause can be at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.

Simple Past could + infinitive

if clause main clause
might + infinitive
If I studied, I would pass the exams.
 Examples
main clause if clause
if clause main clause
I would pass the exams if I studied.
I would pass the
If I studied,
exams.
I could pass the
If I studied,
exams.
I might pass the
If I studied,
exams.
 Conditional Sentence Type 3
Use
It is impossible to fulfil a condition which is given in the if-clause.

Form

if clause main clause

would + have + past The if-clause can be at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.
participle
if clause main clause
Past Perfect could + have + past participle
If I had
I would have passed the exams.
might + have + past studied,
participle
Examples main clause if clause

if clause main clause I would have passed the exams if I had studied.

I would have passed the

If I had studied,
exams.
If I had studied, I could have passed the exams.
I might have passed the
If I had studied,
exams.
 Examples (affirmative and negative sentences)
* We can
type   Examples substitute could or might for would (should, may or must a
    long forms short/contracted forms re sometimes possible, too).
•I would pass the exam.
•I could pass the exam.
+ If I study, I will pass the exam. If I study, I'll pass the exam. •I might pass the exam.
•I may pass the exam.
•I should pass the exam.
I •I must pass the exam.
If I study, I will not fail the exam.
If I study, I won't fail the exam.
- If I do not study, I will fail the exam.
If I don't study, I'll fail the exam.

+ If I studied, I would pass the exam. If I studied, I'd pass the exam.

II
If I studied, I would not fail the exam. If I studied, I wouldn't fail the exam.
-
If I did not study, I would fail the exam. If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam.

If I had studied, I would have passed the

+ If I'd studied, I'd have passed the exam.
exam.

III If I had studied, I would not have failed the

exam. If I'd studied, I wouldn't have failed the exam.
-
If I had not studied, I would have failed the If I hadn't studied, I'd have failed the exam.
exam.
 Mixed Conditional
Dua bagian dari kalimat conditional dapat merujuk ke waktu yang berbeda, dan kalimat hasil penggabungan keduanya disebut
kalimat "mixed conditional".

Ada dua jenis kalimat mixed conditional.

1. Hasil di masa kini akibat kondisi di masa lalu

2. Hasil di masa lalu akibat kondisi di masa kini atau yang masih berlanjut
 1.Hasil di masa kini akibat kondisi di masa lalu
Bentuk
Dalam jenis kalimat mixed conditional ini, tense dalam klausa if adalah simple past dan tense dalam klausa utama adalah perfect conditional.

Klausa if (kondisi) Klausa utama (hasil/akibat)

If + simple past perfect conditional
If this thing happened that thing would have happened.
Sama seperti dalam semua kalimat conditional, urutan klausa tidaklah tetap. Anda mungkin harus menyesuaikan kata ganti (pronoun) dan tanda
baca saat mengubah urutan klausa, tetapi artinya sama.

Contoh
Contoh
• If I had worked harder at school, I would have a better job now.
• I would have a better job now if I had worked harder at school.
• If we had looked at the map we wouldn't be lost.
• We wouldn't be lost if we had looked at the map.
• If you had caught that plane you would be dead now.
• You would be dead now if you had caught that plane.
 1.Hasil di masa kini akibat kondisi di masa lalu
Fungsi
Jenis mixed conditional ini merujuk ke kondisi masa lalu yang tidak nyata dan kemungkinan hasilnya di masa kini. Kalimat-
kalimat ini menyatakan situasi yang berlawanan dengan kenyataan, baik di masa lalu maupun di masa kini. Dalam kalimat-
kalimat mixed conditional, waktu dalam klausa if adalah masa lalu dan masa kini dalam klausa utama.
Contoh
•If I had studied I would have my driving license. (Tetapi, saya tidak belajar dan sekarang saya tidak punya SIM.)
•I would be a millionaire now if I had taken that job. (Tetapi, saya tidak menerima pekerjaan itu dan saya bukan seorang
miliuner.)
•If you had spent all your money, you wouldn't buy this jacket. (Tetapi, Anda tidak menghabiskan semua uang dan sekarang
Anda dapat membeli jaket ini.)

Dalam kalimat-kalimat mixed conditional ini, Anda juga dapat menggunakan modal dalam klausa utama dan
bukan would untuk menyatakan tingkat kepastian, izin, atau rekomendasi mengenai hasil akhir.
Contoh
•If you had crashed the car, you might be in trouble.
•I could be a millionaire now if I had invested in ABC Plumbing.
•If I had learned to ski, I might be on the slopes right now.
2. Hasil di masa lalu akibat kondisi di masa kini atau yang masih berlanjut
Bentuk
Dalam jenis kalimat mixed conditional ini, tense dalam klausa if adalah simple past dan tense dalam klausa utama adalah perfect
conditional.

Klausa if (kondisi) Klausa utama (hasil/akibat)

If + simple past perfect conditional
If this thing happened that thing would have happened.

Sama seperti dalam semua kalimat conditional, urutan klausa tidaklah tetap. Anda mungkin harus menyesuaikan kata ganti (pronoun)
dan tanda baca saat mengubah urutan klausa, tetapi artinya sama.

Contoh
•If I wasn't afraid of spiders, I would have picked it up.
•I would have picked it up if I wasn't afraid of spiders.
•If we didn't trust him we would have sacked him months ago.
•We would have sacked him months ago if we didn't trust him.
•If I wasn't in the middle of another meeting, I would have been happy to help you.
•I would have been happy to help you if I wasn't in the middle of another meeting.
 2. Hasil di masa lalu akibat kondisi di masa kini atau yang masih berlanjut

• Fungsi
• Kalimat-kalimat mixed conditional ini merujuk ke situasi masa kini yang tidak nyata dan kemungkinan hasilnya di masa
lalu (yang tidak nyata).
• Dalam kalimat-kalimat mixed conditional ini, waktu dalam klausa if adalah sekarang atau selalu dan waktu dalam klausa
utama adalah sebelum sekarang.
• Misalnya, "If I wasn't afraid of spiders" berlawanan dengan kenyataan saat ini karena saya takut dengan laba-laba. 
• "I would have picked it up" berlawanan dengan kenyataan di masa lalu karena saya tidak mengambilnya.

• Contoh
•If she wasn't afraid of flying she wouldn't have travelled by boat.
•I'd have been able to translate the letter if my Italian was better.
•If I was a good cook, I'd have invited them to lunch.
•If the elephant wasn't in love with the mouse, she'd have trodden on him by now.
 if I were you or if I was you?

Which one is correct – if I were you or if I was you?

The word were in the phrase if I were you is special form.
It is known as the subjunctive mood (from the grammatical point of view).

Today you also find the phrase if I was you.

Here Simple Past form of be is used.
But there are people who say that this phrase is incorrect and would never use it (mainly Americans). Others say that this
phrase can be used.
If I were you I would phone him. → subjunctive mood
If I was you I would phone him. → Simple Past