FISIKA I

MEKANIKA FLUIDA :
HIDRO-STATIKA
BEDA KAJIAN & KETERHUBUNGAN BESARAN FISIS ANTARA
MEKANIKA NEWTON DENGAN MEKANIKA FLUIDA

Mekanika (Newton) Mekanika Fluida (cairan)

Mekanika: kajian fenomena gerak yang terjadi di alam secara fisis
statika dinamika hidro-statika hidro-dinamika
(mengkaji gerak benda (mengkaji gerak benda (mengkaji sifat fisis yang (mengkaji sifat fisis yang
tetapi tidak membahas dengan melibatkan berlaku saat fluida diam berlaku saat fluida
asal penyebab gerak) penyebab gerak: gaya) di dalam wadah atau bergerak/mengalir)
bejana)

Besaran Fisis
- jarak (d) - massa (m) - massa jenis () - laju aliran (v)
- kecepatan (v) - gaya (F) - tekanan (p) - debit (Q)
- percepatan (a) - kerja (W) - kekentalan ( )
Contoh keterhubungan besaran fisisnya
m F
 : massa jenis cairan
 ; p p : tekanan pada cairan
m : massa cairan
V : volume cairan V A F : gaya pada cairan
A : luas permkn cairan
 TERMINOLOGI MEKANIKA FLUIDA
fluida substansi (materi) yang mudah mengalir, tidak memiliki bentuk tetap
dan cenderung “mengambil” bentuk tempatnya berada

fluida = cairan (atom atau molekulnya bergabung satu sama lain melalui gaya-
gaya kohesi)
 
fluida = gas (atom atau molekulnya bergerak bebas tidak bergantung satu
sama lain)

Hydrostatics is the study of fluid bodies that are at rest or moving suciently slowly so there is no relative
motion between adjacent parts of the body
BESARAN FISIS MEKANIKA FLUIDA
Massa Jenis (densitas) Spesific gravity (SG)

Rasio massa jenis cairan (selain air) terhadap

massa jenis air murni (pada suhu 4oC).
Spesifik gravitasi tidak bersatuan.
 liquid  liquid g  liquid
m m
   lim V 0
m dm
 3
(kg/m ) SG   
V V V dV  water  water g  water

Contoh, SG of H2O = 1.0

Quantity Symbol Object Units

pressure p scalar N/m2
velocity v vector m/s
density  scalar kg/m3
viscosity  scalar kg/m-s
body force b vector N/kg
time t scalar s
Contoh

A bottle has a mass of 35.00 g when empty

and 98.44 g when filled with water. When
filled with another fluid, the mass is 88.78 g.
What is the specific gravity of this other fluid?
TEKANAN HIDROSTATIK

F mg V g Ah g
p   
A A A A
Sifat Fisis Cairan Diam (Hidrostatik)
(Deskripsi matematika variasi tekanan terhadap kedalaman benda dalam cairan)

Cairan diam di dalam sembarang wadah, alas

wadahnya menopang keseluruhan bobot cairan.
tekanannya berupa bobot w cairan dibagi dengan
luas permukaan alas wadah A yang menopangnya
Tekanan Hidrostatik
(Cara lain Deskripsi matematika variasi tekanan terhadap kedalaman)

F y  P2 A  AP1  mg  0
m  V
V  Ah
m  ghA
F y  P2 A  AP1  ghA  0
P2  P1  gh
 Contoh
The dam is 500 m wide, and the water is 80.0 m deep at
the dam. (a) What is the average pressure on the dam
due to the water? (b) Calculate the force exerted against
the dam and compare it with the weight of water in the
dam (previously found to be 1.96×1013N).

http://cnx.org/content/m42192/latest/?collection=col11406/latest
Latihan
A diver is located 20 m below the surface of a lake ( = 1000
kg/m3, po = 1 atm). What is the pressure due to the water?
 
At what depth in the ocean is the pressure twice that of the
atmosphere (the density of seawater is about 1.02 kg m- 3)?

Tentukan gaya dorong pompa air

yang diperlukan untuk memindahkan
air tangki di dasar bukit agar sampai
ke atas bukit
Latihan
Show that the total force on a rectangular dam due to the
water behind it increases with the square of the water
depth. In particular, show that this force is given by

where ρ is the density of water, h is its depth at the dam,

and L is the length of the dam. You may assume the face
of the dam is vertical.
(Hint: Calculate the average pressure exerted and multiply
this by the area in contact with the water.

Pintu air bendungan di lihat dari atas. Tentukan

besarnya gaya hidrostatik yang bekerja pada pintu AB.
(1 ft  30 cm)
Latihan
(a) Determine the change in hydrostatic pressure in a giraffe's head as it
lowers its head from eating leaves 6 m above the ground to getting a drink
of water at ground level as shown in the figure. Assume the specific gravity
of blood is SG = 1. (b) Compare the pressure change calculated in part (a) to
the normal 120 mm of mercury pressure in a human's heart.

http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/determine-change-hydrostatic-
pressure-giraffe-s-head-lowers-head-eating-leaves-6-m-ground--q4259632
Diskusi: Tekanan hidrostatis: Tekanan Darah
Lying down
P2  P1  gh  0 Pa
standing
P2  P1  1060 * 9.8 *1.35  1.4 104 Pa

Dizziness and lightheaded

Diskusi: Infus
Pcairan  Pdarah

Fdorong
 Pdarah
Atabung

Fdorong  Pdarah  Atabung

P  P0  gh
A collapsible plastic bag contains a glucose solution. If the
average gauge pressure in the artery is 1.33x10 4 Pa, what
P  P0  gh
must be the minimum height h of the bag in order to infuse
glucose into the artery? Assume that the specific gravity (SG)
P  gh
of the solution is 1.02.
Prinsip Pascal: konsep penerusan tekanan statis
Blaise Pascal, a French scientist (1623 – 1662)

Perubahan tekanan yang diberikan pada cairan dalam

wadah tertutup akan diteruskan ke setiap titik dalam fluida
serta ke dinding-dinding wadah tanpa berkurang sedikit
pun
atau
Tekanan yang diberikan pada cairan (fluida) terkungkung
akan menaikkan tekanan ke terusan wadahnya dengan
jumlah yang sama

http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/physics/forceandpressure/pascalprinciple.html
konsep penerusan tekanan statis:
mengapa alas botol pecah?

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pasc.html
 konsep penerusan tekanan statis:
Sistem Hidrolik

http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/pascal-s-law-principle-transmission-fluid-pressure-states-pressure-exerted-confined-incomp-q3033100
konsep penerusan tekanan statis:
Pompa Hidrolik pada Bengkel/Cucian Mobil
pistons are at same height
F1 F2 F A
P1  P2    2 2
A1 A2 F1 A1
Ratio A2/A1 is called ideal
mechanical advantage

Dengan keuntungan mekanik, pemberian sedikit gaya pada luasan kecil (F1)
akan mampu menghasilkan gaya besar untuk mengangkat massa yang besar
A2 Δx1
F2  F1  F1
Bila diketahui selisih ketinggian cairan yang dipindahkan, prinsip
Pascal dinyatakan dalam bentuk A1 Δx2
Contoh
The smaller and larger pistons of a hydraulic press have
diameters of 4 cm and 12 cm. What input force is
required to lift a 4000 N weight with the output piston?

Fin Fout F A
 ; Fin  out in
Ain Aout Aout R
D
; Area   R 2
2

(4000 N)( )(2 cm) 2

Fin 
 (6 cm) 2

hiding underwater for many minutes while breathing through a long, thin
reed. Assuming the maximum pressure difference his lungs can manage
and still breathe is calculate the deepest he could have been.

The pressure difference on the lungs is the pressure change from the depth of water
 133 N m 2 
 85 mm-Hg   
P  1 mm-Hg 
P   g h  h    1.154 m  1.2 m
g  1.00  10 3

kg m3 9.80 m s2 
Latihan
There is a maximum depth at which a diver can breathe
through a snorkel tube because as the depth increases, so
does the pressure difference, tending to collapse the diver's
lungs. Since the snorkel connects the air in the lungs to the
atmosphere at the surface, the pressure inside the lungs is
atmospheric pressure. What is the external-internal pressure
difference when the diver's lungs are at a depth of 5.8 m
(about 19.3 ft)? Assume that the diver is in fresh water. (A
scuba diver breathing from compressed air tanks can
operate at greater depths than can a snorkeler because the
pressure of the air inside the scuba diver's lungs increases
to match the external pressure of the water.)

http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/maximum-depth-diver-breathe-
througha-snorkel-tube-fig-1431-depth-increases-doesthe-pressur-q34848
Contoh Aplikasi Prinsip Pascal
Contoh Aplikasi Prinsip Pascal

meremas pasta gigi, sentuhan kecil di ujung

akan mengeluarkan isi pasta gigi

Heimlich maneuver: metode mengeluarkan

makanan yang tersedak/tersangkut di
saluran pencernaan
Latihan
Pascal showed dramatically how force can be multiplied with fluid pressure.
He placed a long thin tubeof radius r = 0.35 cm vertically into a wine barrel
of radius R = 26 cm, see the figure. He found that when the barrel was filled
with water and the tube filled to a height 12 m, the barrel burst. Calculate
the net force on the lid of the barrel just before rupture

http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/demonstration-pascal-used- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_law
importance-fluid-s-pressure-fluid-s-depth-oak-barrel-lid-area-01-q1257894
Diskusi: Aplikasi Prinsip Pascal: Sistem Rem
Rem Motor
Rem Mobil
Contoh
A force of 100 N is applied to the brake pedal, which
acts on the cylinder—called the master—through a
lever. A force of 500 N is exerted on the master
cylinder. Pressure created in the master cylinder is
transmitted to four so-called slave cylinders. The
master cylinder has a diameter of 0.500 cm, and each
slave cylinder has a diameter of 2.50 cm. Calculate the
force F2 created at each of the slave cylinders
[Hukum Pascal] Tekanan dalam cairan: ke segala arah

Hukum Pascal mendeskripsikan bahwa

 

Tekanan bekerja secara serempak ke seluruh arah

pada sebuah volume dalam cairan pada kedalaman
volume tersebut
Dalam cairan yang terkungkung dinding-dinding
padat, tekanan bekerja secara tegak lurus arah
dinding. Tidak ada komponen pararel yang
mengakibatkan cairan diam dapat bergerak
(mengalir)
Tekanan: Absolute & Gauge
tekanan absolut:
tekanan fluida relatif terhadap
tekanan vakum (p = 0)

pabs  patm  p gage

tekanan gauge:
tekanan yang dinyatakan
sebagai selisih antara tekanan
fluida dengan tekanan udara
(atmosfir) di sekelilingnya

Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, tekanan terukur adalah tekanan gauge, misal

tekanan udara dalam ban kendaraan.
http://www.ubqool.com/static/contents/2791/60484.html
 Archimedes memperkenalkan cara “menimbang” benda yang tidak
beraturan bentuknya

http://www.one-school.net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revisioncard/physics/forceandpressure/archimedesprinciple.html

http://scienceuniverse101.blogspot.com/2012/01/archimedes-principle-worked-examples.html
 Archimedes supposedly was asked to determine whether a
crown made for the king consisted of pure gold. According to
legend, he solved this problem by weighing the crown first in
air and then in water as shown in the figure. Suppose the
scale read 7.51 N when the crown was in air and 6.91 N when
it was in water. What should Archimedes have told the king?

Apply the force equilibrium condition to the crown in water:

(a) When the crown is suspended in air, the
scale reads its true weight because T1=Fg
(the buoyancy of air is negligible).
(b) When the crown is immersed in water,
the buoyant force B changes the scale
reading to a lower valueT2=Fg-B.
?F=B+T2-Fg= 0
Solve forBand substitute the known values:
B=Fg-T2
=7.51N -6.91N =0.60N
Because this buoyant force is equal in magnitude to the weight
of the displaced water,?wgVw=0.60N, whereVwis the volume of
the displaced water and?wis its density. Also, the volume of the
crownVcis equal to the volume of the displaced water because
the crown is completely submerged.

Because of the buoyant force, the scale

reading is smaller in figure (b) than in
figure (a).
We see that the density of gold is1.93 10 4kg/m3. Therefore, Archimedes
should have reported that the king had been cheated. Either the crown was
hollow, or it was not made of pure gold.

http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/example145eureka-crown-
suspended-air-scale-reads-true-weight-becauset1-fg-buoyancy-air-neg-q3283414
Contoh & Latihan
A student floats in a salt lake with one-third of his
body above the surface. If the density of his body is
970 kg/m3, what is the density of the lake water?
(Assume the student’s volume is 3 m3

 s Vwd 2 m3 3 3 s 3(970 kg/m3 )

  ; w  s w  
 w Vs 3 m 3
2 2 2

A frog in a hemispherical pod finds that he just floats without

sinking in a fluid of density 1.35 g/cm3. If the pod has a radius
of 6.00 cm and negligible mass, what is the mass of the frog?
The density of ice is 920 kg/m3n and that of
seawater is 1030 kg/m3. What fraction of the total
volume of an iceberg is exposed?
What fraction of an iceberg is submerged?
(rice for sea ice =917 kg m-3 and
rsea for sea water = 1024 kg m-3)
Archimedes memperkenalkan konsep gaya apung (bouyant force)

Vf = A(h2 – h1) adalah

volume fluida yang
dipindahkan

Gaya apung (FB)

Prinsip Archimedes Besarnya gaya apung (FB) setara dengan

bobot cairan yang dipindahkan oleh benda yang menempati
volume cairan
FB  W fluid
Contoh
A bargain hunter purchases a "gold" crown at a
flea market. After she gets home, she hangs it from A 2-kg brass block is attached to
a scale and finds its weight in air to be 7.84 N. She a string and submerged
then weighs the crown while it is immersed in underwater. Find the buoyant
water (density of water is 1000 kg/m 3) and now the force and the tension in the
scale reads 6.86 N. Is the crown made of pure gold rope
if the density of gold is 19.3 x 103 kg/m3?

Fobject ( air )  Fobject ( water )  Fbuoyant

mb m 2 kg
7.84  6.86  FB  b 
Vb
; Vb  b 
b 8700 kg/m3
FB  ( mg ) Fluid   fluidV fluid g
V fluid 
Vobject 
massobject 
mobject
 object  
Vobject
TERIMA KASIH