Prevalence and Risk Factors for Stunting

among Children Less than Five Years: a

Community Based Study in North-Western
Iran
Journal Reading
Disusun oleh : Guido Aristo Itang (112022099)
Pembimbing : dr. Elfrida Simatupang, Sp.A

KEPANITERAAN KLINIK ILMU PENYAKIT ANAK

RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH KOJA
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN KRIDA WACANA
2022
 Identitas Jurnal
Judul
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Stunting among Children Less than Five Years: a Community
Based Study in North-Western Iran

Penulis
Hamidreza Farrokh-Eslamlou1, Alireza Eshghi, Rohollah Valizadeh, Tahereh Omidi,
Maasoumeh Mahdi Akhgar

Publikasi
Penerbit : International Journal of Pediatrics
Publikasi : Desember 2021
DOI : https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2021.52498.4168
Abstract
 01
Pendahuluan
Pertumbuhan diatur oleh faktor genetik dan
lingkungan tetapi yang kedua lebih berperan.
Anak balita merupakan korban utama dari
kekurangan gizi.
Salah satu tren penurunan stunting anak
Malnutrisi adalah keadaan di mana kekurangan terkuat di antara semua negara di kawasan
atau kelebihan zat gizi mikro/makro menyebabkan Timur Tengah dan Afrika Utara (MENA)
ketidakseimbangan pertumbuhan yang diketahui terdeteksi di Iran. Sementara tingkat rata- rata
dengan baik sebagai faktor utama yang mendasari
stunting pada anak di bawah usia 5 tahun di
morbiditas dan mortalitas anak.
MENA adalah 25,4%, dan di Asia Tenggara
Malnutrisi pada masa kanak-kanak adalah 34,4%, angka Iran (4%) sangat luar biasa.
ancaman utama bagi kesehatan saat ini dan di
masa depan secara global karena pertumbuhan Iran adalah salah satu negara yang memiliki
yang gagal, status fisik yang lemah, resistensi yang kurang dari 5% populasi kelaparan
rendah terhadap infeksi, perkembangan kognitif berdasarkan Global Hunger Index (GHI) yang
yang rapuh dan kemampuan belajar yang dikembangkan oleh International Food Policy
berkurang. Research Institute (IFPRI) pada tahun 2013.
Diperkirakan 7,2% anak balita di negara maju dan
26,9% di negara berkembang mengalami stunting
pada tahun 2012. Tren global dari tahun 2000
hingga 2012 menunjukkan penurunan stunting
sebesar 75,7%
Beberapa studi antropometrik di tingkat
nasional menggambarkan kecenderungan
penurunan tersebut pengerdilan di antara
balita anak-anak, dari 15,4% pada tahun 1998 Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah
menjadi 4,7% pada tahun 2005 dan tahun untuk memperkirakan prevalensi malnutrisi
2009 di Iran. Hubungan yang signifikan antara menggunakan kurva referensi antropometri
ketimpangan sosial ekonomi dengan stunting yang direkomendasikan oleh Organisasi
anak telah dilaporkan di delapan belas negara Kesehatan Dunia 2007 untuk pertama kalinya di
berkembang. Iran dan untuk mengidentifikasi determinan
stunting pada anak balita di provinsi Azerbaijan
Menurut Kerangka Konseptual Malnutrisi Barat, Iran.
UNICEF, penyebab dapat diklasifikasikan
menjadi tiga kelompok: A) penyebab dasar
seperti elemen sosial, ekonomi, budaya dan
politik, B) penyebab langsung merujuk pada
penyakit menular dan asupan makanan yang
tidak memadai dan C) yang mendasari seperti
kerawanan pangan rumah tangga, perawatan
yang tidak memadai, dan kurangnya layanan
kesehatan.
Analisis Data

- SPSS versi 15.

- Tingkat signifikansi nilai P ditetapkan kurang dari . 05.

- Perbandingan variabel antropometri antara anak perkotaan dan pedesaan dilakukan

untuk anak laki-laki dan perempuan yang distratifikasi berdasarkan usia menggunakan
analisis varians univariat (ANOVA).

- Chi kuadrat digunakan untuk menentukan hubungan antara SES dan kekurangan berat
badan, serta kelebihan berat badan dan stunting pada anak laki-laki dan perempuan.

- Student t-test digunakan untuk menguji perbedaan antara rata-rata kelompok usia dan
jenis kelamin, dan uji chi-kuadrat untuk perbedaan antara proporsi berdasarkan usia dan
jenis kelamin
 02
Metode
Subject dan Pengumpulan Data
Penelitian ini merupakan survei berbasis
komunitas cross-sectional.
Selama pertengahan 2011, sekelompok
perwakilan anak balita dari provinsi Azerbaijan
Barat, Iran, didaftarkan dalam penelitian untuk
mensurvei kesehatan dan pertumbuhan gizi
mereka.
Wilayah studi terdiri dari 14 kabupaten dan
lebih dari 2,8 juta penduduk, 40% di antaranya
tinggal di daerah pedesaan menurut sensus
pemerintah tahun 2008.
Pengambilan dan Ukuran Sample
Ukuran populasi sampel yang diperlukan
untuk penelitian ini dimana sekitar 8,7% dari
populasi anak-anak yang tinggal di daerah
tersebut terkena stunting.
Populasi sampel harus terdiri dari 250 anak
untuk masing- masing dari 14 kota.
Sebanding dengan jumlah penduduk
perkotaan dan pedesaan di setiap kota,
dipilih 25 klaster yang masing-masing terdiri
dari 10 anak balita dengan menggunakan
tabel secara acak.
Variabel Antropometri Indikiator
 
Antropometri
Berat badan diukur menggunakan timbangan
elektronik portable dengan ketelitian 0,1 kg.  
Data umur, berat badan, dan tinggi badan
Anak-anak diukur di rumahnya sambil digabungkan untuk menghasilkan indeks
mengenakan pakaian ringan dan tanpa sepatu. antropometri tinggi badan menurut umur, berat
Panjang anak di bawah 24 bulan diukur badan menurut umur, berat badan menurut
menggunakan stadiometer kayu yang tinggi badan dan BMI menurut umur.
dipasangkan dengan pita pengukur yang tidak
dapat diperpanjang (presisi 1 mm), sedangkan Nilai batas untuk kurva referensi antropometrik
tinggi badan anak di atas 24 bulan diperoleh yang direkomendasikan oleh Organisasi
hingga 0,1 cm terdekat menggunakan Kesehatan Dunia 2007 (WHO-2007) digunakan
stadiometer portabel (Seca) dipasang pada dengan klasifikasi sebagai berikut:
sebuah platform. - Z skor dari <−2 menunjukkan berat badan
rendah menurut usia (kurus),
IMT (kg/m2) dihitung, berdasarkan pengukuran - tinggi badan rendah menurut usia (stunting),
ini. Usia dihitung menggunakan tanggal lahir - berat badan rendah menurut tinggi badan
yang diperoleh dari kartu Kesehatan Anak (wasting)
Kementerian Kesehatan Iran. Pengumpulan - BMI rendah menurut usia sebagai
data dimulai pada 10 Agustus 2011, dan selesai sedang/moderate
pada 1 September 2011. - z skor < −3 standar deviasi (SD) gizi buruk yang
parah.
Analisis Data

- SPSS versi 15.

- Tingkat signifikansi nilai P ditetapkan kurang dari . 05.

- Perbandingan variabel antropometri antara anak perkotaan dan pedesaan dilakukan

untuk anak laki-laki dan perempuan yang distratifikasi berdasarkan usia menggunakan
analisis varians univariat (ANOVA).

- Chi kuadrat digunakan untuk menentukan hubungan antara SES dan kekurangan berat
badan, serta kelebihan berat badan dan stunting pada anak laki-laki dan perempuan.

- Student t-test digunakan untuk menguji perbedaan antara rata-rata kelompok usia dan
jenis kelamin, dan uji chi-kuadrat untuk perbedaan antara proporsi berdasarkan usia dan
jenis kelamin
 03
Hasil
Variabel Antropometri Meeting
Berat badan diukur menggunakan timbangan
elektronik portable dengan ketelitian 0,1 kg.

Anak-anak diukur di rumahnya sambil

mengenakan pakaian ringan dan tanpa sepatu.
Panjang anak di bawah 24 bulan diukur
menggunakan stadiometer kayu yang
dipasangkan dengan pita pengukur yang tidak
Upcoming report
04
dapat diperpanjang (presisi 1 mm), sedangkan
tinggi badan anak di atas 24 bulan diperoleh
hingga 0,1 cm terdekat menggunakan You can describe the topic of the
stadiometer portabel (Seca) dipasang pada section here
sebuah platform.

Our team
05
IMT (kg/m2) dihitung, berdasarkan pengukuran
ini. Usia dihitung menggunakan tanggal lahir
yang diperoleh dari kartu Kesehatan Anak You can describe the topic of the
Kementerian Kesehatan Iran. Pengumpulan section here
data dimulai pada 10 Agustus 2011, dan selesai
pada 1 September 2011.
 0
4
Diskusi
 05
Kesimpulan
 AGENDA
Project schedule Upcoming report
01 You can describe the topic of the
section here
02 You can describe the topic of the
section here

Project timeline Status report

03 You can describe the topic of the
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04 You can describe the topic of the
section here
 Upcoming report
01 You can describe the topic of the
section here

Status report
AGENDA 02 You can describe the topic of the
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Project timeline
03 You can describe the topic of the
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 01
ABOUT THE
PROJECT
You can enter a subtitle here if
you need it
 INTRODUCTION
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 “This is a quote, words full of
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INTRODUCTION
You can give a brief description of the
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example, if you want to talk about
Mercury, you can say that it’s the
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System
 Venus
Venus is the second planet
from the Sun

Mars
Despite being red, Mars is

MEETING a cold place

OBJECTIVES Mercury
It’s the smallest planet of
them all
 MEETING OBJECTIVES

Mars Mercury Venus

Despite being red, Mars is Mercury is the closest Venus is the second planet
a cold place planet to the Sun from the Sun
“This is a quote, words full of wisdom that
someone important said and can make the
reader get inspired.”

—SOMEONE FAMOUS
 PROJECT SCHEDULE

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Pluto

It’s considered a
dwarf planet
01 02 03 04 05 06 07

08 09 10 11 12 13 14
Earth
It’s the planet where
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 we all live

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Venus
Venus has a
29 30 31 beautiful name
 PROJECT SCHEDULE
Project 1 JAN FEB MAR ABR MAY JUN

Task 1

Task 2

Task 3

Task 4
 PROJECT SCHEDULE
9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00
Phase 1
Task 1

Task 2

Phase 2
Task 1

Task 2
 CHECKLIST
Description Strategy 1 Strategy 2

You can describe your task #1 here X

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 CHECKLIST
Projects Strategy 1 Strategy 2 Strategy 3 Strategy 4 Strategy 5

Task 01

Task 02

Task 03

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 CHECKLIST
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

Task 1 Describe your task in Describe your task in Describe your task in
this phase this phase this phase

Task 2 Describe your task in Describe your task in Describe your task in
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Task 3 Describe your task in Describe your task in Describe your task in
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Task 4 Describe your task in Describe your task in Describe your task in
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 PROJECT TIMELINE
Phase 1 Venus has a beautiful name

Phase 2 Mars is actually a cold place

Phase 3 Mercury is the smallest planet

Phase 4 Neptune is far away from the Sun

Phase 5 Jupiter is the biggest planet

 PROJECT TIMELINE
Phase 2 Phase 4
Venus is the second planet Earth is the planet where we
from the Sun all live

Phase 1 Phase 3 Phase 5

Mercury is the smallest Despite being red, Mars is Neptune is the farthest
planet of them all actually a cold place planet from the Sun
 Where we are
Mercury is the closest planet to the
Sun and the smallest one in the Solar
System—it’s only a bit larger than
the Moon
Where want to be
Venus planet has a beautiful name
and is the second planet from the
Sun. It’s hot and has a poisonous
atmosphere
Where we are
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the
smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a bit
larger than the Moon

Where want to be
Venus planet has a beautiful name and is the second
planet from the Sun. It’s hot and has a poisonous
atmosphere
 Mercury
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun
and the smallest one in the Solar System.
This planet's name has nothing to do with
the liquid metal, since Mercury was
named after the Roman messenger god
 STATUS
02 REPORT
You can enter a subtitle here if you
need it
 KPI DASHBOARD
$28.87
avg. price per unit

45 shops
retailers

30 days
avg. days on market
Mercury Neptune

To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, 77 units

change the data and paste the new graph here remaining inventory
 KPI DASHBOARD
Mars
Despite being red, Mars
is a cold place

Venus
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun

To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link,

change the data and paste the new graph here
PICTURES
ALWAYS
REINFORCE THE
CONCEPT
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun
and the smallest one in the Solar System
—it’s only a bit larger than the Moon
 ● Mercury is the smallest planet

● Venus has a beautiful name

● Mars is a very cold place

● Jupiter is the biggest planet

POINTS TO ● Saturn is the ringed planet

DISCUSS ● Neptune is far away from Earth

● Earth is the planet that harbors life

 POINTS TO
DISCUSS
● Write the discussion points here
● Write the discussion points here
● Write the discussion points here
● Write the discussion points here
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● Write the discussion points here
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● Write the discussion points here
● Write the discussion points here
 KPI DASHBOARD

25% 50% 75%

Leads Sales Market
Despite being red, Mars Mercury is the closest Venus is the second
is a cold place planet to the Sun planet from the Sun
 KPI DASHBOARD
Leads
25% Despite being red, Mars
is a cold place

Sales
50% Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
 STATUS REPORT
20% 40% 10%
Risk Schedule Resourcing
Mercury is the smallest Venus is the second planet Earth is the planet where we
planet of them all from the Sun all live on

60% 80% 25%

Budget Benefits Issues
Despite being red, Mars is Neptune is the farthest Pluto is now considered a
actually a cold place planet from the Sun dwarf planet
 STATUS REPORT

Risk Schedule Resourcing

Mercury is the smallest Venus is the second planet Earth is the planet where we
planet of them all from the Sun all live

Budget Benefits
Despite being red, Mars is Neptune is the farthest
actually a cold place planet from the Sun
RAID SUMMARY
Risks Assumptions
Neptune is the farthest planet from Mars is a cold place. It’s full of iron
the Sun and the fourth-largest by oxide dust, which gives the planet
diameter its reddish cast

Issues Dependencies
Mercury is the closest planet to the Jupiter is the biggest planet in the
Sun and the smallest in the Solar Solar System and the fourth-
System brightest object
 RAID SUMMARY
Risks Assumptions
Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun
R A Mars is a cold place. It’s full
of iron oxide dust

Issues Dependencies
Mercury is the closest planet
to the Sun
I D Jupiter is the biggest planet
of them all
A PICTURE IS WORTH A
THOUSAND WORDS
 UPCOMING EVENTS
January
Despite being red, Mars is 30
actually a cold place

March
12 Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun

November
Venus is the second planet 22
from the Sun
 UPCOMING EVENTS
March November
Jupiter is the biggest Mercury is the smallest
planet of them all planet

04 30 16 22

January June
Mars is actually a cold Venus is the second
place planet from the Sun
 EVENT LOCATIONS
January 14
Mercury is the
smallest planet

September 18
Jupiter is the biggest
planet of them all
December 29
Venus has a beautiful
name
EVENT LOCATIONS
Mercury
Mercury is the
smallest planet

Jupiter
Jupiter is the biggest
planet of them all

Venus
Venus has a beautiful
name
Awesome
words
150,000
Big numbers catch
y ou r
audience’s attention
73,000
Big numbers catch your
audience’s attention
 9h 55m 23s
Jupiter's rotation period

333,000
The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s

386,000 km
Distance between Earth and the Moon
 31,000 25,000
Mercury is the smallest planet Jupiter is the biggest planet

5,000 386,000
Venus has high temperatures Saturn is the planet with rings
45,284,000
Mercury is the smallest planet

98,254,000
Venus has high temperatures
 PROJECT 50%
Mars
Despite being red, Mars
PROPOSAL is a cold place

Venus
30% Venus is the second
planet from the Sun

Mercury
20% Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun

To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link,

change the data and paste the new graph here
 PROJECT
PROPOSAL

Risk Schedule
Mercury is the Venus has high
smallest planet temperatures

Budget Benefits
Mars is actually a Neptune is very far To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link,
cold place from the Sun change the data and paste the new graph here
 INFOGRAPHICS
Mars
Despite being red, it’s a
very cold place
Mercury
It’s the closest planet to
the Sun
Venus
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Neptune
It’s the farthest planet
from the Sun
 INFOGRAPHICS
Key items 1 Key items 2
Neptune is the farthest planet Mars is a cold place. It’s full
from the Sun of iron oxide dust

Key items

Key items 3 Key items 4

Mercury is the closest planet Jupiter is the biggest planet in
to the Sun the Solar System
 DIAGRAM
Earth

Pluto Ceres
It’s now considered a It’s located in the main
dwarf planet asteroid belt

Mars Neptune Mercury Venus

Mars is actually a Neptune is very far Mercury is the Venus has high
cold place from the Sun smallest planet temperatures
DIAGRAM
Despite being red, it’s a
Mars very cold place

Venus is the second

Venus planet from the Sun

It’s the closest planet to

Mercury the Sun

It’s the farthest planet

Neptune from the Sun
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Venus is the second planet Mercury is the smallest Earth is the planet where
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Neptune is the farthest Despite being red, Mars is Pluto is now considered a
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