ODDS RATIO

SILVI INDRIANTI
21037056
Odds Ratio dalam penerapan pada kasus
case controll tabel kontingensi 3 arah
TABEL KONTINENSI 3 ARAH
Saat pengaruh variabel X terhadap variabel Y, salah satu hal yang perlu
diperhatikan yaitu harus "mengendalikan" kovariat yang akan
mempengaruhi hubungan tersebut.
Caranya yaitu dengan membuat kovariat menjadi konstan, sehingga
hubungan X dan Y lebih jelas.
 Tabel Parsial
• Tabel yang lebih sederhana, dilihat
dari salah satu kategori dari variabel
Z pengelompokkan kategori pada peubah Z
• Untuk mengetahui hubungan antara
dua variabel dengan variabel ketiga
bernilai taktentu.
• Ukuran asosiasi yang digunakan
pada tabel ini adalah odds ratio,
resiko relatif, atau koefisien gamma.
• Jika tabel yang terbentuk adalah
tabel kontingensi 2 × 2 gunakan odds
ratio
Tabel Marginal
• Merupakan tabel yang lebih sederhana
yang diperoleh tanpa melihat
• Digunakan untuk mengetahui hubungan
antara 2 variabel
• Ukuran asosiasi yang digunakan pada tabel
ini adalah odds ratio, resiko relative, atau
koefisien gamma.
• Jika tabel yang terbentuk tabel kontingensi
2 × 2 gunakan odds ratio, jika tidak
gunakan koefisien kontingensi
 Contoh Tabel Kontingensi 3 Arah
Contoh berdasarkan buku agrestic hal 53

Diketahui data hasil penelitian terhadap tiga variabel:

X: Ras tersangka (White, Black)
Y: Putusan hukuman mati (Ya, Tidak)
Z: Ras korban (White, Black)
 Maka Tabel parsial yang dapat dibentuk yaitu :

Kemudian hitung asosiasi parsial

 Beda Proporsi :
= (22,9 – 11,3)% = = 0,43
= 11,6%

Artinya : Ketika korban adalah orang

Artinya : odds tersangka berkulit putih
berkulit putih, hukuman
yang menerima hukuman mati
mati 11,6% lebih sering diterima
adalah 0,43 kali odds tersangka
tersangka berkulit hitam
berkulit hitam.
daripada tersangka berkulit putih.
 Beda Proporsi :
= (2,79 – 0)% = = 0939
= 2,79%

Artinya : Ketika korban adalah orang

Artinya : Hukuman mati hampir tidak
berkulit hitam, hukuman
pernah dijatuhkan kepada
mati 2,79% lebih sering diterima
tersangka berkulit putih ketika
tersangka berkulit hitam
korbannya berkulit hitam
daripada tersangka berkulit putih
 Tabel Marginal
Selanjutnya dilihat asosiasi X dan Y tanpa memperhatikan Z menggunakan tabel marjinal

Beda Proporsi :
artinya :
Dengan mengesampingkan ras korban, persentase hukuman mati
lebih tinggi bagi tersangka berkulit putih daripada yang berkulit hitam.

=
artinya : Odds hukuman mati kepada tersangka berkulit putih 45% lebih tinggi
dibandingkan dengan tersangka berkulit hitam
 KESIMPULAN

Hasil menggunakan tabel parsial dan tabel marginal menunjukkan

kesimpulan yang berbeda.

• Ternyata variabel X dan Y memiliki hubungan dengan variabel

Z.

• Kemudian hitung asosiasi antara X dan Z, lalu antara Y dan Z

 Odds Ratio Antara Odds Ratio antara
X dan Z Y dan Z

Karena nilai odds ratio > 1 maka terdapat asosiasi Karena nilai odds ratio > 1 maka terdapat
antara variabel Y dan Z asosiasi antara variabel X dan Z
 KESIMPULAN

• Orang kulit putih 87 kali lebih sering membunuh

orang kulit putih dibanding orang kulit hitam.

• Tersangka akan dihukum mati apabila korban orang

kulit putih 5,49 kali dibanding apabila korban orang
kulit hitam.
TEST CHI SQUARE UNTUK
INDEPENDENSI
Analisis Data Kategorik
Uji Independensi
- Digunakan untuk menguji apakah dua variabel yang bersifat
kategorik saling independen atau tidak.

Syarat uji Chi - Square

- kelompok yang dibandingkan adalah variabel independen

- Tidak boleh ada nilai excpected lebih kecil dari satu
- Tidak boleh lebih 20% sel nilai expected-nya lebih kecil dari
lima
 Menghitung nilai Chi Square

• Rumusan Hipotesis

• Statistik Uji :
 Contoh Pengujian Independensi
Sebuah perusahaan ingin mengeluarkan produk baru. Sebelumnya dilakukan
survey pada masyarakat kelas ekonomi rendah, menengah dan berada untuk
menetukan target penjualan. Berikut hasil survey yang dilakukan :
Rendah Menengah Berada Total
Setuju 182 313 203 598
Menolak 154 138 110 402
Total 336 351 313 1000

HIPOTESIS :
H0 = pendapat konsumen mengenai pembuatan baroduk baru dan tingkat
pendapatannya bebas.
H1 = pendapat konsumen mengenai pembuatan produk baru dan tingkat
pendapatannya tidak bebas.
Tabel Frekuensi Amatan dan Harapan

Rendah Menengah Berada Total

Setuju 182 (200,9) 313 (209,9) 203 (187,2) 598
Menolak 154 (135,1) 138 (141,1) 110 (125,8) 402
Total 336 351 313 1000

Hitung nilai

= 7,85

V = (b – 1) (c – 1)
= (2-1) (3-1)
=2
Diketahui :
α = 0,05
Uji independensi (uji

Tabel

Karena > atau 7,58 > 5,991 maka tolak H0, artinya pendapat
konsumen mengenai pembuatan produk baru dan tingkat
pendpatannya tidak bebas.
 Table of contents

01 02 03
About us Market analysis Goals & strategy

04 05 06
Content plan Budget KPI overview
 Our guiding principles
Integrity
For a us, integrity means operating with
honesty, trustworthiness, and strong moral
values. We commit to ethical and
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Collaboration
We create an environment where employees
can work together productively and
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involves sharing knowledge, skills,
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We put customers at the center of
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products and services
Innovation
Innovation is an integral part of our
company’s culture and is essential for
success. It means us coming up with new
ideas, methods, and products that can grow
the business
 Competitor analysis

Features Pricing Customer feedback

Compare features and benefits of Analyze competitor’s pricing and Examine the feedback
your product offers on their products

Monitoring Emerging trends Organic search

Keep an eye on their offers and Identify emerging trends in your How are your competitors
launches industry optimizing their SEO?
 Key actions items
First quarter Second quarter Third quarter

Monitor and review Measure the

Key action 1 Create detailed procedures
process performance effectiveness of processes

Use data analytics Develop strategies to reduce Stay up to date with new
Key action 2 to gain insights waste technologies and trends

Invest in technology Establish control of spend Foster an environment

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Key action 4 improvement of resources outside
 Buyer persona infographic
Jane Doe
“This is a quote, words full of
Age: 30
Occupation: Designer
wisdom that can inspire anyone who
Genre: Female reads them”
Country: Spain

Aspirations Personality Motivations

Finish your master's degree and find ● Strong ideas in favor of

a good job in your field. Would like ecology, sustainability,
to have more financial stability to recycling and upcycling
buy an apartment in 2 years at the ● Avid user of social media,
most specifically Tiktok Organization Wellness
 Roadmap infographic
Initiative Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Objective

Analyze and understand the needs of

Understanding
your target audience

Research existing products in the

Conduct research industry and analyze how successful
they are

Generate ideas based on user

Brainstorm ideas
feedback and research findings

Create a basic version of the product

Develop a prototype
to show investors

Put the prototype through rigorous

testing processes to ensure that it
Test for usability
reliably meets
user requirements

Analyze feedback Analyze feedback

 Social media stats
Worldwide reach Platforms with most users

Xxx billion Xh xmin Xx

Users worldwide Average Number of
time spent platforms used

Xxx billion Xxx billion

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one
Country 1 users Country 2 users here. For more info, click here
 Case studies
Approach
● Preparing a set of posts and stories we can share
on Instagram to let more people know about our
Instagram giveaway brand
● We can get shared more and mabe reach virality
A product giveaway for our second anniversary if our content is attractive and easy to share

Results Key takeaway 1

Content posted on weekdays is more shared
23% 80% +10%
Key takeaway 2
Increase in shares Increase in Increase in clicks We must design new content to keep new users
followers
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