Fraktur Costa
Fraktur Costa
1.Definisi
Costa merupakan salah satu komponen pembentuk rongga dada yang memiliki
fungsi untuk memberikan perlindungan terhadap organ didalamnya dan yang lebih
penting adalahmempertahankan fungsi ventilasi paru.Fraktur Costa adalah
terputusnya kontinuitas jaringan tulang / tulang rawan yang disebabkanoleh
rudapaksa pada spesifikasi lokasi pada tulang costa.Fraktur costa akan
menimbulkan rasa nyeri, yang mengganggu proses respirasi, disamping ituadanya
komplikasi dan gangguan lain yang menyertai memerlukan perhatian
khusus dalam penanganan terhadap fraktur ini. Pada anak fraktur costa sangat
jarang dijumpai oleh karenacosta pada anak masih sangat lentur.
2.KlasifikasiMenurut jumlah costa yang mengalami fraktur dapat dibedakan:
1) Fraktur simple
2) Fraktur multiple
Menurut jumlah fraktur pada setiap costa dapat
1) Fraktur segmental2) Fraktur simple3) Fraktur comminutif
Menurut letak fraktur
dibedakan :
1) Superior(costa 1-3)
2) Median (costa 4-9)
3) Inferior (costa 10-12)
Menurut posisi
:1) Anterior,2) Lateral3) Posterior.
3.Etiologi
C o s t a m e r u p a k a n t u l a n g p i p i h d a n m e m i l i k i s i f a t y a n g l e n t u r. O l e h
k a re n a t u l a n g i n i sangat dekat dengan kulit dan tidak banyak memiliki
pelindung, maka setiap ada traumadada akan memberikan trauma juga kepada
costa.Fraktur costa dapat terjadi dimana saja disepanjang costa tersebut.Dari
keduabelas pasangcosta yang ada, tiga costa pertama paling jarang
mengalami fraktur hal ini disebabkankarena costa tersebut sangat
terlindung.
Costa ke 4-9 paling banyak mengalami fraktur
,karena posisinya sangat terbuka dan memiliki pelindung yang sangat
sedikit, sedangkantiga costa terbawah yakni costa ke 10-12 juga jarang
Bronchial toilet
Page | 20
Fisiologi
1.PernapasanPe rn a p a s a n t e rd i r i d a r i i n s p i r a s i ( m e n a r i k n a p a s ) d a n
e k s p i r a s i ( m e n g e l u a r k a n n a p a s ) Pernafasan normal umumnya berkisar antara
12-20 kali/menit. Pernafasan yang lebih dari 24kali/menit dikenal sebagai
tachypnoe.A p a b i l a p e r n a f a s a n b u a t a n d i b u a t l e b i h d a r i 2 4
k a l i / m e n i t , m a k a d i k e n a l s e b a g a i hiperventilasi.Tachypnoe dapat
sebagai akibat keadaan fi siologi (ketakutan, kecapaian, dsb) tetapi
jugadapat merupakan indikator bahwa ada yang tidak beres dengan masalah
breathing.
Chest Trauma
Pulmonary Contusion
Pulmonary contusion is an injury to lung parenchyma, leading to oedema and blood collecting in
alveolar spaces and loss of normal lung structure & function. This blunt lung injury develops
over the course of 24 hours, leading to poor gas exchange, increased pulmonary vascular
resistance and decreased lung compliance. There is also a significant inflammatory reaction to
blood components in the lung, and 50-60% of patients with significant pulmonary contusions
will develop bilateral Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).
Pulmonary contusions occur in approximately 20% of blunt trauma patients with an Injury
Severity Score over 15, and it is the most common chest injury in children. The reported
mortality ranges from 10 to 25%, and 40-60% of patients will require mechanical ventilation.
The complications of pulmonary contusion are ARDS, as mentioned, and respiratory failure,
atelectasis and pneumonia.
Diagnosis
Pulmonary contusions are rarely diagnosed on physical examination. The mechanism of injury
may suggest blunt chest trauma, and there may be obvious signs of chest wall trauma such as
bruising, rib fractures or flail chest. These suggest the presence of an underlying pulmonary
contusion. Crackles may be heard on auscultation but are rarely heard in the emergency room
and are non-specific.
Severe bilateral pulmonary contusions may present with hypoxia - but more usually hypoxia
develops as the pulmonary contusions blossom or as a result of subsequent ARDS.
Chest X-ray
Most significant pulmonary contusions are diagnosed on plain chest X-ray. However the chest Xray will often under-estimate the size of the contusion and tends to lag behind the clinical picture.
Often the true extent of injury is not apparent on plain films until 24-48 hours following injury.
Pulmonary Contusion
Admission CXR
Computed Tomography
Pulmonary Contusion
24 Hours
Computed tomography (CT) is very sensitive for identification of pulmonary contusion, and may
allow differentiation from areas of atelectasis or aspiration. CT also allows for 3-dimensional
assessment and calculation of the size of contusions. However, most contusions that are visible
only on a CT scan are not clinically relevant, in that they are not large enough to impair gas
exchange and do not worsen outcome. Nevertheless, CT will accurately reflect the extent of lung
injury when pulmonary contusion is present.
Management
Managment of pulmonary contusion is supportive while the pulmonary contusion resolves. Most
contusions will require no specific therapy. However large contusions may affect gas exchange
and result in hypoxaemia. As the physiological impact of the ocntusions tends to develop over
24-48 hours, close monitoring is required and supplemental oxygen should be administered.
Many of these patients will also have a significant chest wall injury, pain from which will affect
their ability to ventilate and to clear secretions. Management of a blunt chest injury therefore
includes adequate and appropriate analgesia. Tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation may
be necessary if there is difficulty in oxygenation or ventilation. Usually ventilatory support can
be discontinued once the pulmonary contusion has resolved, irrespective of the chest wall injury.
The classic management of pulmonary contusion includes fluid restriction. Much of the data to
support this comes from animal models of isolated pulmonary contusion. However, while
relative fluid excess and pulmonary oedema will augment any respiratory insufficience, the
consequences of the opposite - hypovolaemia are more severe and long-lasting. Prolonged
episode of hypoperfusion in trauma patients will result in inflammatory activation and acute lung
injury, and may result in ARDS and multiple organ failure. Hence the goal for management of
patients with pulmonary contusion should be euvolaemia.
Complications
Pulmonary contusions will usually resolve in 3 to 5 days, provided no secondary insult occurs.
The main complications of pulmonary contusion are ARDS and pneumonia. Approximately 50%
of patients with pulmonary contusion develop ARDS, and 80% of patients with pulmonary
contusions involving over 20% of lung volume. Direct lung trauma, alveolar hypoxia and blood
in the alveolar spaces are all major activators of the inflammatory pathways that result in acute
lung injury.
Pneumonia is also a common complication of pulmonary contusion, blood in the alveolar spaces
providing an excellent culture medium for bacteria. Clearance of secretions is decreased with
pulmonary contusion, and this is augmented by any chest wall injury and mechanical ventilation.
Good tracheal toilet and pulmonary care is essential to minimise the incidence of pneumonia in
this susceptible group.