1.2-Sruktur Atom-2

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barnasholil/08122169961
Pokok Bahasan Materi

1. Teori
atom Dalton
2. Partikel dalam atom
3. Perkembangan teori / model atom
4. Spektrum Atom
5. Bilangan kuantum
6. Bentuk orbital
7. Aturan konfigurasi elektron dalam atom
8. Sifat periodik Unsur
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Teori Atom Dalton

1.Materi terdiri dari partikel yang tidak dapat dibagibagi lagi, tidak dapat diciptakan dan dimusnahkan,
yang disebut atom.
Ternyata atom dapat dibagi lagi menjadi partikelpartikel yaitu elektron (e), proton (p), dan neutron
(n).
2. Atom suatu unsur tertentu adalah sama dan
berbeda dengan atom unsur lain.
Ternyata ada isotop yaitu unsur dengan lambang
sama yang mempunyai nomor atom sama tetapi
nomor massa berbeda.
3. Jika atom-atom bergabung membentuk senyawa,
maka perbandingan atom-atom ini merupakan
angka sederaha.
Ternyata ada molekul rumit, mis. C18H35O2 Na
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Perkembangan Teori/Model Atom

1. Becquerel:
atom terdiri dari bagian bermuatan positif dan bagian
bermuatan negatif.
2. Thomson (konsep elektron):
atom berupa awan muatan positif yang bulat (seperti
bola kapas) dengan elektron-elektron pada
permukaannya.
99,9 % massa atom terletak pada bagian bermuatan
positif.
3. Rutherford (konsep inti atom):
atom terdiri dari inti yang keras dan kecil (r = 1013 cm)
dengan muatan +Ze dan hampir semua massa atom
terpusatkan serta pada jarak relatif jauh terdapat
elektron-elektron sebanyak Z yang mengelilingi inti. Z =
nomor atom
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4. Bohr (konsep orbital & kulit elektron):

(a) tiap elektron hanya dapat bergerak dalam
lintasan-lintasan berbentuk lingkaran (disebut orbit)
dan momentum sudut elektron dalam lingkaran
merupakan kelipatan bulat dari h/2.
Lintasan elektron yang tidak memancarkan energi dinamakan keadaan stasioner.
(b) bila elektron mancarkan / menyerap energi (yaitu

pindah dari keadaan stasioner satu ke keadaan stasioner
lain), maka energi yang dipancarkan / diserap adalah
E = h
Dari konsep Bohr ini dapat meramalkan potensial ionisasi, yaitu: E= Z2. EH
dengan EH = 1312 kJ/mol. Persamaan ini hanya berlaku untuk atom berelektron
satu
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Absorption And Emission

Electrons that
absorb energy are
raised to a higher
energy level
A particular
frequency of light is
emitted when an
electron falls to a
lower energy level
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Bohrs Model Predicts Energy Levels

Bohrs (theoretical) equation explains the
experimental (empirical) Rydberg equation
The combination of constants, b/hc, has a
value which differs from the experimentally
derived value of RH by only 0.05%!
E Eh El ( n b2 n b2 )
b
1
nl2
n12
hc 1
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with nh nl
or
b 1
hc nl2
7
n12
h
Bohr Equation (1913)

This equation allows the calculation of the energy,
E, of any orbit
b= Bohrs constant
n is the orbit location
b
E n22
18
b 2.18 1018
J
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The Electron On A Wire- Uniting The Theories

Particle: the kinetic energy of the moving
electron is E= mv2
Standing wave, the half-wavelength must occur
an integer number of times along the wires
length n(/2)=L
de Broglies equation provides the link between
these.
m=mass of particle
v= velocity of particle
Combining these relationships:
mvh
n 2h2
8mL2
5. Louis de Broglie (azas dualisme partikel gelombang):

bila satu partikel bergerak dengan momentum p,
maka gerakan ini dapat digambarkan sebagai
suatu gerakan gelombang dengan = h/p =
h/mv.
6. Heisenberg (azas ketidakpastian):

penentuan yang bersamaan dari momentum dan
kedudukan suatu partikel tidak dapat diketahui
secara tepat, (px)(x) h
.
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7. Schrodinger :
momentum dan kedudukan tidak diberikan
sebagai harga-harga tertentu melainkan
sebagai kebolehjadian memiliki harga tertentu
yang disebut fungsi gelombang, .
Fungsi gelombang dinyatakan oleh nlm
Note: 5, 6, 7 disebut mekanika kuantum (konsep subkulit, bilangan
kuantum, dan orbital)
Orbiatal adalah daerah kebolehjadian untuk menemukan elektron
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Radiant Energy Spectrum

high energy,
low energy,
short waves
long waves
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Slide 13 of
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Flame Emission
Elements exhibit characteristic colors when
burned
The characteristic spectra are also observed
when elements are subject to strong
electrical fields as in gas discharge tubes.
Note that the light

from the discharge
tube is actually
several different
colored lines as
seen on the
surface of the CD
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Atomic Emission Spectra

Light emitted by excited atoms is comprised of
a few narrow beams with frequencies
characteristic of the element
Atomic spectra are unique for each element
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Line Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen Atoms
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Patterns In Atomic Line Spectra

For the hydrogen spectrum, a mathematical
pattern was noted and reported using the BalmerRydberg equation
n1 and n2 are positive integers , where n1 <n2
Rydberg constant, RH, is an empirical
constant=109,678 cm-1
If n1=1, lines called Lyman series

If n1=2, called Balmer series
If n1 = 3 called Paschen series
Emitted light is quantized
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RH ( n12 n12 )
1
ni = 3
Ephoton = E = Ef - Ei
ni = 3
1
Ef = -RH ( 2
nf
1
Ei = -RH ( 2
ni
1
E = RH( 2
ni
ni = 2
nf = 2
)
)
1
n2f
nn
f f==11
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Calculate the wavelength (in nm) of a photon

emitted by a hydrogen atom when its electron
drops from the n = 5 state to the n = 3 state.
Ephoton = E = RH(
1
n2i
1
n2f
Ephoton = 2.18 x 10-18 J x (1/25 - 1/9)

Ephoton = E = -1.55 x 10-19 J
Ephoton = h x c /
= h x c / Ephoton
= 6.63 x 10-34 (Js) x 3.00 x 108 (m/s)/1.55
x 10-19J
= 1280 nm
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Chemistry in Action: Laser The Splendid Light
Laser light is (1) intense, (2) monoenergetic, and (3) coherent

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Chemistry in Action: Electron Microscopy

e = 0.004 nm
STM image of iron atoms

on copper surface
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Chemistry Mystery: Discovery of Helium

In 1868, Pierre Janssen detected a new dark line in the solar emission spectrum
that did not match known emission lines
Mystery element was named Helium
In 1895, William Ramsey discovered helium in a mineral of uranium (from alpha
decay).
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Schrodinger Wave Equation

Y fn(n, l, ml, ms)
principal quantum number n
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, .
distance of e- from the nucleus
n=1
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n=2
n=3
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Y = fn(n, l, ml, ms)
angular momentum quantum number l
for a given value of n, l = 0, 1, 2, 3, n-1
n = 1, l = 0
n = 2, l = 0 or 1
n = 3, l = 0, 1, or 2
l=0
l=1
l=2
l=3
s orbital
p orbital
d orbital
f orbital
Shape of the volume of space that the e- occupies

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l = 0 (s orbitals)
l = 1 (p orbitals)
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l = 2 (d orbitals)
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magnetic quantum number ml

for a given value of l
ml = -l, ., 0, . +l
if l = 1 (p orbital), ml = -1, 0, or 1
if l = 2 (d orbital), ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, or 2
orientation of the orbital in space

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ml = -1
ml = -2
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ml = 0
ml = -1
ml = 0
ml = 1
ml = 1
ml = 2
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spin quantum number ms
ms = + or -
ms = +
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ms = -
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Bilangan Kuantum
1. utama, n
dengan n = 1, 2, 3,....
konsep: menunjukkan kulit elektron
fisik: menggambarkan ukuran orbital
2. momentum sudut / azimut, l
dengan l = 0 s/d (n-1)
konsep: menunjukkan subkulit s, p, d, f, g,....
fisik: menggambarkan bentuk orbital
3. magnetik, m
dengan m = (-l) s/d (+l)
konsep: menunjukkan orbital pada subkulit,
mis. px, py, pz
fisik: menggambarkan arah/orientasi orbital
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4.
spin, s
dengan s =
menunjukkan arah spin elektron
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Electron Spin: A Fourth Quantum Number
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Slide 34 of
50
Relationships between n, l, and m
Number of
Orbitals
ml
Subshell
1s
0
1
0
-1, 0, 1
2s
2p
1
3
0
1
2
0
-1, 0, 1
-2, -1, 0, 1, 2
3s
3p
3d
1
3
5
0
1
2
3
0
-1, 0, 1
-2, -1, 0, 1, 2
-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3
4s
4p
4d
4f
1
3
5
7
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Shell electrons with the same value of n
Subshell electrons with the same values of n and l
Orbital electrons with the same values of n, l, and ml

How many electrons can an orbital hold?
If n, l, and ml are fixed, then ms = or -
Y = (n, l, ml, ) or Y = (n, l, ml, -)

An orbital can hold 2 electrons
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How many 2p orbitals are there in an atom?

n=2
If l = 1, then ml = -1, 0, or +1
2p
3 orbitals
l=1
How many electrons can be placed in the 3d subshell?
n=3
3d
If l = 2, then ml = -2, -1, 0, +1, or +2
5 orbitals which can hold a total of 10 e-
l=2
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Bentuk Orbital
1. Orbital s
n = 1, 2, .......
l=0
m=0
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s Orbitals And Nodes

Orbitals get larger as the principle quantum
number n increases
Nodes, or regions of zero electron density,
appear beginning with the 2s orbital
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s orbitals
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Slide 41 of
50
2. Orbital p
px
py
pz
n = 2, 3, ...
n = 2, 3, ...
n = 2, 3, ...
l=1
m = +1
l=1
m =1
l=1
m=0
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Dot-density diagrams of the

cross section of the probability
distribution of a single (a) 2p
and (b) 3p orbital showing the
nodal plane.
Recall that there are three different

orbitals in each p subshell
The directions of maximum electron
density lie along lines that are mutually
perpendicular. It is convenient to label the
orbitals as px, py, and pz
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p Orbitals
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Slide 44 of
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p Orbitals
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Slide 45 of
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3. Orbital d
dxy
dxz
dyz
n = 3, 4, ..
n = 3, 4, ....
n = 3, 4, ...
l=2
m = -2
l=2
m = +1
l=2
m = -1
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dx2y2
dz2
n = 3, 4, ...
l=2
m = +2
n = 3, 4, ...
l=2
m=0
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d Orbital Shape and Orientations
Shape and orientation of d orbitals are more

complicated than for p orbitals.
f orbitals are even more complex than the d
orbitals
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d Orbitals
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Aturan konfigurasi elektron

1. Aturan Aufbau: (n+l)
pengisian elektron pada orbital dimulai dari
subkulit dengan energi terendah
1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
3d
4s
4p
4d
4f
5s
5p
5d
5f
5g
n+l 1
10
13
11
14
urutan
tingkat energi
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1s
2
2s
2p
4
3s
3p
3d
10
4s
4p
4d
11
14
13
4f
5s
5p
15
5d
5f
5g
12
6s
6p
6d
6f
6g
6h
7s
7p
7d
7f
7g
7h
7i
16
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Orbital Filling
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Slide 52 of
50
Order of orbitals (filling) in multi-electron atom
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s
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How Do Quantum Numbers Relate to Each Other?
Energy
5s
4s
3s
2s
-1
-2
+1
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5p
4d
4p
3d
3p
2p
n
l
1s
-1
ml
54
+1
+2
The approximate energies of the subshells in an

atom with more than one electron:
The quantum numbers

associated with the first
two shells are shown.
Electrons behave like tiny magnets
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2. Azas larangan Pauli

tiap orbital diisi paling banyak dua elektron
dengan arah spin yang berlawanan
3. Aturan Hund
pengisian elektron pada subkulit yang sama
diisi tidak berpasangan terlebih dahulu
kemudian diisi kembali menjadi berpasangan
4. Aturan orbital penuh dan setengah penuh
konfigurasi elektron yang stabil terdapat pada
pengisian penuh atau setengah penuh
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Electron Configurations
Aufbau process.
Build up and minimize energy.
Pauli exclusion principle.

No two electrons can have all four quantum
numbers alike.
Hunds rule.
Degenerate orbitals are occupied singly first.
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Orbital Energies
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Orbital Diagram & e-configurations - V
EPOT
3d
4s
3s
2s
3p
2p
Each arrow represents an electron
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3

1s
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Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
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Outermost subshell being filled with electrons
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Sifat Periodik Unsur

1. Potensial ionisasi, IE, EI, I
adalah energi yang diperlukan untuk

melepaskan satu elektron dari atom atau
ion dalam keadaan gas.
M(g) M+(g) + e
I1
M+(g) M2+(g) + e
I2
M2+(g) M3+(g) + e
I3
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Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi nilai potensial

ionisasi
jari-jari atom
muatan inti
efek sekatan orbital penuh atau setengah penuh
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Potensial ionisasi, kkal/mol

unsur
konfigurasi
I1
I2
I3
10Ne
1s2 2s2 2p6
497,2
947,2
1500,0
11Na
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
118,5
1091,0
1652,0
12Mg
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
176,3
346,6
1848,0
13Al
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
138,0
434,1
655,9
14Si
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
187,9
376,8
771,9
15P
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
254,2
453,2
695,5
16S
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
238,9
540,0
807,0
17Cl
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
300,0
548,9
920,2
18Ar
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
363,4
637,0
943,3
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Gol I A
I, eV
Li
5,39
Na
5,14
4,34
Rb
4,18
Cs
3,89
65
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Variation of the First Ionization Energy with Atomic Number
Filled n=1 shell

Filled n=2 shell
Filled n=3 shell

Filled n=4 shell
Filled n=5 shell
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General Trend in First Ionization Energies

Increasing First Ionization Energy
Increasing First Ionization Energy
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Trends in IE
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Variations in
successive
ionization energies.
Note that it is
extremely difficult to
break into the noble
gas core (2nd
through 8th
ionizations for Li
through F,
respectfully.
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Irregularities in I.E.
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2. Jari-jari atom ... ditentukan dengan sinar X

adalah setengah jarak antara dua atom yang
terikat oleh ikatan tunggal kovalen
atau
jarak antara inti atom dengan elektron paling
luar
Jari-jari ion positif lebih kecil dari jari-jari atomnya
(berkurangnya sangat besar)
Jari-jari ion negatif lebih besar dari jari-jari atomnya
(bertambahnya sangat besar)
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Ion vs. Atom Radii
Positive ions are always

smaller than the atoms from
which they are formed
due to decreased shielding
effects
Negative ions always larger

than the atoms from which
they are formed
due to increased electron
repulsion
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Trends In Atomic and Ionic Radii (pm)
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Atomic Radii
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Comparison of Atomic Radii with Ionic Radii
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Cation is always smaller than atom from

which it is formed.
Anion is always larger than atom from
which it is formed.
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The Radii (in pm) of Ions of Familiar Elements
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3. Afinitas elektron, EA, AE, A

adalah energi yang dilepaskan / diperlukan bila suatu
atom atau ion dalam keadaan gas menerima satu
elektron.
X(g) + e X(g)
A1
X(g) + e X2(g)
A2
Addition of one electron to a neutral atom is exothermic

for nearly all atoms
Addition of subsequent electrons always requires

energy
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Trends in Electron Affinity

In general, electron affinity:
increases (as an exothermic value) from left to
right in a period
increases (as an exothermic value) bottom to
top in a group
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Variation of Electron Affinity With Atomic Number (H Ba)
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A, kJ/mol
Cl(g) + e Cl(g)
349
O(g) + e O(g)
141
O(g) + e O2(g)
+844
Jika suatu atom/ion mempunyai nilai afinitas besar

maka atom/ion tersebut makin stabil
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A, eV
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3,45
Cl
3,61
Br
3,36
3,06
86
4. Kemagnetan
sifat magnet ditentukan oleh jumlah elektron
tidak berpasangan.
Diamagnetik: tidak ditarik magnet bahkan

kadang-kadang agak ditolak (tidak memiliki elektron
yang tidak berpasangan / semua elektron berpasangan)
Paramagnetik: ditarik magnet dengan lemah.

Feromagnetik: ditarik magnet dengan kuat.
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Perkiraan nilai momen magnetik
n n 2
= momen magnetik, dalam Bohr magneton
n = jumlah elektron tidak berpasangan

1 BM = 9,273 erg/gauss
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Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
unpaired electrons
all electrons paired
2p
2p
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Group 1A Elements (ns1, n 2)

M
M+1 + 1e-
2M(s) + 2H2O(l)
2M2O(s)
Increasing reactivity
4M(s) + O2(g)
2MOH(aq) + H2(g)
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M
M+2 + 2e-
Be(s) + 2H2O(l)
Mg(s) + 2H2O(g)
Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
M(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
M = Ca, Sr, or Ba
M(s) + 2H2O(l)
No Reaction
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Group 3A Elements (ns2np1, n 2)
4Al(s) + 3O2(g)
2Al(s) + 6H+(aq)
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2Al2O3(s)
2Al3+(aq) + 3H2(g)
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Sn(s) + 2H+(aq)
Sn2+(aq) + H2 (g)
Pb(s) + 2H+(aq)
Pb2+(aq) + H2 (g)
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N2O5(s) + H2O(l)
P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l)
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2HNO3(aq)
4H3PO4(aq)
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SO3(g) + H2O(l)
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H2SO4(aq)
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X + 1e-
2HX(g)
X2(g) + H2(g)
X-1
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8.6
103
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8.6
104

Completely filled ns and np subshells.
Highest ionization energy of all elements.
No tendency to accept extra electrons.
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8.6
105
Properties of Oxides Across a Period
basic
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acidic
8.6
106
Chemistry in Action: Discovery of the Noble Gases
Sir William Ramsay

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107
Reaksi yang memiliki perubahan entalpi standar, Ho,

paling kecil adalah
(A)
Li(g) Li+(g) + e
(B)
Na(g) Na+(g) + e
(C)
K(g) K+(g) + e
(D)
Mg(g) Mg+(g) + e
(E)
Ca(g) Ca+(g) + e
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108
Urutan energi-energi ionisasi (pertama, kedua,

dst) dalam kJ/mol untuk unsur X adalah 740,
1500, 7700, 10500, 13600, 18000, 21700. Ion
manakah yang akan terbentuk jika X bereaksi
dengan klor ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
X2
X
X+
X2+
X3+
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109
Jika energi ionisasi atom hidrogen adalah 13,6

eV/atom, maka energi ionisasi kedua atom helium
adalah
13,6
(B) 54,4
(C) 122,4
(D) 217,6
(E) 340,0
(A)
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eV
eV
eV
eV
eV
110
Jika energi ionisasi atom hidrogen adalah 13,6

eV/atom, maka energi ionisasi kelima bagi atom
boron adalah
27,2
(B) 68,0
(C) 136,0
(D) 272,0
(E) 340,0
(A)
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eV
eV
eV
eV
eV
111
Potensial ionisasi Li2+ Li3+ + e adalah 11.810

kJ/mol. Nilai potensial ionisasi F8+ F9+ + e
adalah
83.982
(B) 47.240
(C) 106.290
(D) 115.862
(E) 64.299
(A)
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kJ/mol
kJ/mol
kJ/mol
kJ/mol
kJ/mol
112
Energi ionisasi X(g) X+(g) + e

O
4700 kJ/mol
S
3260 kJ/mol
Ca 1740 kJ/mol
Energi ionisasi untuk Se adalah
1410 kJ/mol
(B) 3020
(C) 3280
(D) 4240
(E) 6260
(A)
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113
Ujian-1: 8 Oktober 2010
Berikut adalah tabel energi ionisasi pertama,

kedua, dan ketiga dari beberapa unsur pada
perioda ketiga yang belum teridentifikasi. Gunakan
informasi pada tabel ini untuk menjawab soal-soal
dibawah.
Unsur
Energi Ionisasi I
(kJ/mol)
Energi Ionisasi II
(kJ/mol)
Energi Ionisasi III

(kJ/mol)
1251
2300
3820
496
4560
6910
738
1450
7730
1000
2250
3360
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114
a.
b.
c.
d.
Tuliskan unsur yang karakter logamnya paling

tinggi.
Perkirakan termasuk dalam golongan berapa
unsur Y pada tabel periodik modern.
Tuliskan lambang unsur X.
Manakah dari keempat unsur diatas yang
memiliki jari-jari atom paling kecil.
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115
Afinitas elektron pertama unsur Cl berkaitan dengan

proses
(A)
Cl2(g) + 2e 2Cl(g)
(B)
Cl2(g) + e Cl(g)
(C)
Cl(g) + e Cl(g)
(D)
Cl2(g) + 2e Cl2(g)
(E)
Cl2(g) + 2e 2Cl(l)
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116

1.2-Sruktur Atom-2

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Pokok Bahasan Materi

Teori Atom Dalton

Perkembangan Teori/Model Atom

4. Bohr (konsep orbital & kulit elektron):

(b) bila elektron mancarkan / menyerap energi (yaitu

Absorption And Emission

Bohrs Model Predicts Energy Levels

Bohr Equation (1913)

The Electron On A Wire- Uniting The Theories

Combining these relationships:

5. Louis de Broglie (azas dualisme partikel gelombang):

6. Heisenberg (azas ketidakpastian):

Orbiatal adalah daerah kebolehjadian untuk menemukan elektron

Radiant Energy Spectrum

Note that the light

Atomic Emission Spectra

Line Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen Atoms

Patterns In Atomic Line Spectra

If n1=1, lines called Lyman series

Emitted light is quantized

Calculate the wavelength (in nm) of a photon

Ephoton = 2.18 x 10-18 J x (1/25 - 1/9)

= 6.63 x 10-34 (Js) x 3.00 x 108 (m/s)/1.55

Chemistry in Action: Laser The Splendid Light

Laser light is (1) intense, (2) monoenergetic, and (3) coherent

Chemistry in Action: Electron Microscopy

STM image of iron atoms

Chemistry Mystery: Discovery of Helium

Schrodinger Wave Equation

Schrodinger Wave Equation

Shape of the volume of space that the e- occupies

Schrodinger Wave Equation

magnetic quantum number ml

orientation of the orbital in space

Schrodinger Wave Equation

menunjukkan arah spin elektron

Electron Spin: A Fourth Quantum Number

Relationships between n, l, and m

Schrodinger Wave Equation

Orbital electrons with the same values of n, l, and ml

Y = (n, l, ml, ) or Y = (n, l, ml, -)

How many 2p orbitals are there in an atom?

How many electrons can be placed in the 3d subshell?

If l = 2, then ml = -2, -1, 0, +1, or +2

5 orbitals which can hold a total of 10 e-

s Orbitals And Nodes

Dot-density diagrams of the

Recall that there are three different

d Orbital Shape and Orientations

Shape and orientation of d orbitals are more

Aturan konfigurasi elektron

Order of orbitals (filling) in multi-electron atom

How Do Quantum Numbers Relate to Each Other?

The approximate energies of the subshells in an

The quantum numbers

Electrons behave like tiny magnets

2. Azas larangan Pauli

Pauli exclusion principle.

Orbital Diagram & e-configurations - V

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3

Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table

Outermost subshell being filled with electrons

Sifat Periodik Unsur