Proses Pembentukan Magma

dan Tatanan Tektonik

Vulkanologi P2
Bacaan penting!
John D. Winter (Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology)
Robin Gill (Igneous Rocks and Processes).
03/10/2015

Manakah yang benar dari pernyataan berikut ini?

Pengeboran sudah mencapai inti bumi
Pengetahuan kita akan mantel banyak berasal dari guagua dan tambang-tambang
Bagian bumi yang telah dipahami dengan baik hanya
kerak-nya saja
Gelombang energy memberikan gambaran yang tepat
apa ayang ada di dalam bumi
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Interior Bumi
Diameter bumi sekitar 12,756 km, dan manusia baru
berhasil mencapai kedalaman 9.6 km
Yang kita ketahui sejauh ini berasal dari pengamatan
tidak langsung (terimakasih Geofisika dan gelombang
seismik-nya!)

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Faktor yang mempengaruhi gelombang seismik

Jarak
Semakin jauh, atenuasi lebih kuat
Densitas
Lebih tinggi, lebih cepat
Suhu
Dingin, lebih cepat
Liquid vs. solid
Solid, lebih cepat, gelombang P dan S
Liqud, lebih lambat, tidak bias ditembus oleh gelombang S
Sudut
Berapa banyak di-refleksikan dan di-absorbsi
Susunan vertikal lapisan
Mengontrol
resultan
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Fig. 17.7

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Observasi seismik

Pressure, Temperature, Composition

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Struktur Bumi

Inti

Mantel
Kerak

Astenosfer
Copyright 2006. M. J. Krech. All rights reserved.
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Litosfer

Kerak-kerak litosferik
Lempeng
mengambang
di atas
astenosfer.

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Kerak-kerak litosferik
Kerak tersusun oleh batuan padat.
Kerak samudra, 0-10 km, komposisi utamanya basaltik.
Kerak benua, 30-85 km, tersusun oleh magma felsik-intermediet,
densitas lebih rendah.

Bagaimana pengaruh komposisi dan densitas di batas lempeng

konvergen?

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Batas kerak-mantel
Batas antara kerak dan mantle
disebut Moho (Mohorovicic
Discontinuity pada 670 km,zona
penghantar gelombang seismik
yang lemah).
Mantle bersifat semi
padat/molten rock (hingga
kedalaman 3000 km).
Bagian teratas mantel disebut
asthenosphere (molten material)
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Inti bumi bagian luar

dan dalam
Inti bagian luar berupa likuid
(tidak bisa dilalui gelombang S,
tersusun terutama oleh Ni dan
Fe.
Inti bagian dalam berupa
padatan (bisa dilalui oleh
gelombang P), dengan komposisi
yang serupa (Fe dan Ni)
Rotasi inti bumi yang likuid
menciptakan gelombang
elektromagnetik
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Batas lempeng tektonik tempat terbentuknya gunung api

Ekstrusif (km3/a)

0.4

0.6

0.1

Intrusive

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1.5

MOR
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Oceanic
Intraplate
Margin

Subduction
Zone

Continental
Intraplate
Margin
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Masing-masing magma berbeda secara kimiawi

--> Jawabannya ada di mantel
Evolve via FX as separate series along different paths

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Tholeiites dihasilkan di MOR

Juga di oceanic islands, subduction zones
Alkaline basalts dihasilkan di ocean islands
Juga di subduction zones
Calc-Alkaline basalts dihasilkan di subduction zone
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Dari mana kita mengetahui material mantel?

Ophiolites
Slabs

of oceanic crust and upper

mantle
Thrust at subduction zones onto edge
of continent

Dredge samples from oceanic crust

Nodules and xenoliths in some
basalts
Kimberlite xenoliths
pipes blasted up
from the mantle carrying numerous
xenoliths from depth
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1500 m

Diamond-bearing

Diambil dari www.deepseadrilling.org

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Komposisi mantel

Wt.% Al2O3

Lherzolite is probably
fertile unaltered mantle
Dunite and harzburgite are
refractory residuum after
basalt has been
extracted by partial
melting

Tholeiitic basalt

15

10

Lherzolite

Figure 10-1 Brown and Mussett,

A. E. (1993), The Inaccessible
Earth: An Integrated View of Its
Structure and Composition.
Chapman & Hall/Kluwer.
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Harzburgite
Dunite

0
0.0

0.2

Residuum
0.4

0.6

0.8

Wt.% TiO2
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Komposisi mantel

Olivine
Dunite
90

Lherzolite
Peridotit dengan
Olivine > Opx + Cpx

Peridotites

Lherzolite

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Pyroxenites

Olivine Websterite

Orthopyroxenite

10

Websterite
10

Orthopyroxene
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Clinopyroxenite

Clinopyroxene
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After IUGS

Fase diagram lherzolite

Al-phase =

Plagioclase
shallow

Spinel
50-80

(< 50 km)

km

Garnet
80-400

km

Figure 10.2
Phase diagram of aluminous lherzolite with melting interval (gray), sub-solidus reactions,
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and geothermal gradient. After Wyllie, P. J. (1981). Geol. Rundsch. 70, 128-153.

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Bagaimana kita melelehkan mantel?

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1) Increase the temperature

No realistic
mechanism for
the general
case
Local hot spots
OK (jarang dan
terbatas)

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2) Lower the pressure

Adiabatic

rise of mantle with no conductive heat loss

Decompression partial melting could melt at least 30%
Melting by
(adiabatic) pressure
reduction.
Melting begins when
the adiabat crosses
the solidus and
traverses the shaded
melting interval.
Dashed lines
represent
approximate %
melting.
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3) Add volatiles (especially H2O)

Dramatic lowering
of melting point of
peridotite

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Figure 10.4. Dry peridotite solidus

compared to several experiments on
H2O-saturated peridotites.
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Homogeneous vs Layered mantle?

Konveksi skala besar?
Upper depleted mantle = MORB source
depleted by MORB extraction > 1 Ga
Lower = undepleted & enriched OIB
source
Boundary = 670 km phase transition
Sufficient density to impede convection
so they convect independently

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22

Review of REE
Enrich LREE > HREE
Greater enrichment
for lower % PM

Figure 9.4. Rare Earth concentrations

(normalized to chondrite) for melts produced
at various values of F via melting of a
hypothetical garnet lherzolite using the batch
melting model (equation 9-5). From Winter
(2001) An Introduction to Igneous and
Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
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increasing incompatibility

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REE data for oceanic basalts

Ocean Island Basalt
(Hawaiian alkaline
basalt)
Looks like partial
melt of ~ typical
mantle
Mid Ocean Ridge Basalt
(tholeiite)
How get (+) slope??
increasing incompatibility
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Figure 10.14a. REE diagram for a typical alkaline ocean island basalt (OIB) and tholeiitic mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB). From Winter
(2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall. Data from Sun and McDonough (1989).

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Spider diagram for oceanic basalts

Same approach for larger
variety of elements
Still OIB looks like partial
melt of ~ typical mantle
MORB still has (+) slope
Looks like two mantle
reservoirs
MORB source is depleted
by melt extraction
OIB source is not depleted
is it enriched?
increasing incompatibility
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Figure 10.14b. Spider diagram for a typical alkaline ocean island basalt (OIB) and tholeiitic mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB). From
Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall. Data from Sun and McDonough (1989).

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LREE depleted
or unfractionated

REE data for UM xenoliths

LREE enriched

LREE depleted
or unfractionated

LREE enriched

Depleted types (+) slope

Fertile types (-) slope --> Enriched?
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Figure 10.15 Chondrite-normalized REE diagrams for spinel (a) and garnet (b) lherzolites. After Basaltic Volcanism
Study Project (1981). Lunar and Planetary Institute.

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Nd and Sr isotopes of Ocean Basalts

Mantle Array

MORB at depleted end

Tahiti, Gough, and Kerguelen
at enriched end
Truly enriched over Bulk
Earth
Array = mixing line?
Two components
mixed
How mixed? As
liquids?

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Figure 10.16a. Initial 143Nd/144Nd vs. 87Sr/86Sr for oceanic basalts. From Wilson (1989). Igneous Petrogenesis.
Unwin Hyman/Kluwer. Data from Zindler et al. (1982) and Menzies (1983).

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Figure 14-6. After Zindler and Hart (1986), Staudigel et al. (1984), Hamelin et al.
(1986) and Wilson (1989).

28

Partial Melting
in a Plume
Figure 14.20. Diagrammatic plume-tail
melting model. Rising plume material
(heavy arrows are flow lines) is hotter
toward the axis. Fluid-present melting of
mantle lherzolite may begin at depths of
about 350 km (stippled area), but the
extent of such melts depends on the
amount of fluid present and is probably
minor. Melting of recycled crustal pods
and stringers (red to green streaks) may
also begin near this depth and such
melting may be more extensive locally.
Major lherzolite melting occurs at depths
near 100 km. The melt fraction is
greatest near the plume axis, producing
picrites and tholeiites. The extent of
plume asymmetry depends on plume
flux and plate velocity. Plume-head
melting is much more extensive (Chapter
15). Based on Wyllie (1988b).
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MORB Petrogenesis
Generation
Separation of plates
Upward motion of mantle material
into extended zone
Decompression partial melting
associated with near-adiabatic rise
N-MORB melting initiated ~ 60-80
km depth in upper depleted mantle
where it inherits depleted trace
element and isotopic char.
Figure 13.14. After Zindler et al. (1984) Earth
Planet.
Sci. Lett., 70, 175-195. and Wilson (1989)
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Igneous Petrogenesis, Kluwer.

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Sekuen Ofiolit

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A Model for Oceanic Magmatism

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Figure 14.19. Schematic model for

oceanic volcanism. Nomenclature from
Zindler and Hart (1986) and
32Hart and
Zindler (1989).

Island Arc Petrogenesis

Phlogopite is stable beyond

amphibole breakdown
Wedge P-T-t paths reach phlogopite
dehydration at ~ 200 km depth

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33

Struktur pada zona subduksi (IA)

Note mantle flow directions
(induced drag), isolated
wedge, and upwelling to
back-arc basin spreading
system
Benioff-Wadati
seismic zone (x x x x)
Volcanic Front
h is relatively constant
depth is important

Figure 16.2. Schematic cross section through a typical island arc after Gill (1981), Orogenic Andesites
and Plate
Tectonics. Springer-Verlag. HFU= heat flow unit (4.2 x 10-6 joules/cm2/sec)
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Rangkuman
Pergerakan lempeng secara tidak langsung dipengaruhi oleh karakter
bagian-nagian bumi
Pelelehan parsial mantel mengambil PT-path yang berbeda pada tiap
tatanan tektonik
Mantel tidak homogen

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Rangkuman

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