Modul Praktikum Fisika Dasar I PDF

CARA PENGGUNAAN ALAT UKUR
PRAKTIKUM FISIKA DASAR I
JANGKA SORONG
Jangka sorong adalah alat pengukur tebal suatu benda yang sangat kecil sekali,
kepekaannya mencapai 0,1 mm. Alat pengukur ini dapat pula digunakan untuk mengukur
jari-jari atau dalam dari sebuah tabung.
Sebelum menggunakan alat pengukur ini sebaiknya diteliti terlebih dahulu apakah
alat tersebut mempunyai kesalahan titik nol. Gambar alat jangka sorong ini dapat dilihat
seperti Gambar 1.
Gambar 1. Alat ukur Jangka Sorong
Kesalahan titik nol ini dapat dibaca bila A dan B diimpitkan ternyata titik nol
yang terdapat pada skala tambahan (nonius) tidak tepat berimpit dengan titik nol yang
terdapat pada skala dasar F, sedangkan untuk kesalahan pada titik nol bila keadaan
sebaliknya. Misalkan dalam pengukuran suatu benda skala dasar menunjukkan 1,49 cm,
sedangkan kesalahan titik nolnya 0,07 cm, maka jarak antara paruh A dan B adalah (
1,49 + 0,07 = 1,56 ) cm.
CARA PENGGUNAAN JANGKA SORONG

Bila mengukur garis tengah suatu tabung, letakkanlah tabung A dan B sehingga
tebal tabung tepat diantara paruh A dan B, dengan demikian dapat dibaca pembagian
skala beberapa jarak antara paruh A dan B ini.
Penuntun Praktikum Fisika Dasar I
Jika jarak tidak tepat barulah bilangan bulat dalam nilai meter dibaca dalam skala
dasar, dengan nonius dapat dibaca pembagian skala telih teliti. Panjang skala pada nonius
9 mm dibagi menjadi 10 skala yang sama, jadi jarak dua garis kecil yang ada pada nonius
sebesar 0,09 cm.
Dalam suatu pengukuran (lihat Gambar 2) pada waktu paruh A dan B berimpit,
skala nol nonius terletak berimpit dengan skala nol, jadi berarti pada keadaan ini tidak
mempunyai kesalahan titik nol (Gambar 2a). Setelah benda yang hendak diukur
diletakkan diantara paruh A dan B ternyata titik nol nonius terletak diantara 8 dan 9 pada
skala dasar F (Gambar 2b).
Gambar 2. Keadaan titik nol Alat Jangka Sorong
Kemudian lihat garis manakah pada nonius yang berimpit dengan garis skala
dasar. Pada gambar diatas terlihat bahwa pada garis ke-6 nonius berimpit pada salah satu
pada skala dasar (disisi pada skala 14), jadi tebal benda tersebut adalah 8 mm + 0,6 mm
atau 8,6 mm, atau dapat juga dihitung demikian, garis ke-6 pada nonius berimpit pada
garis nol 14 pada skala dasar. Jadi jarak AB adalah 14-6x0,9 = 8,6 mm atau 8+0,6 = 8,6
mm.
PERHATIAN !!!
Pada waktu pengukuran suatu benda agar jarak AB tidak berubah, sekrup R diatas
nonius diputar keras, bila terdapat kesalahan titik nol, pengukuran diatas harus dikurangi
atau ditambah dengan kesalahan titik nolnya. Untuk mengukur garis tegak tabung dapat
dipakai paruh CD yang terletak diatas paruh AB (lihat Gambar 1), sedang batang E
digunakan untuk mengukur dalamnya tabung.
Pada waktu mengadakan pengukuran terhadap suatu benda, maka supaya jarak
AB tidak berubah hendaknya sekrup R diatas nonius diputar hingga keras. Jika terdapat
kesalahan titik nolnya, untuk mengukur garis tengah dari tabung dalam dapat dipakai
paruh CD yang berada diatas paruh A dan B (lihat Gambar 1), sedangkan batang E
digunakan untuk mengukur dalam tabung.
MIKROMETER SEKRUP
Alat lain untuk mengukur jarak yang sangat kecil dengan teliti adalah Mikrometer
Sekrup. Gambar alat mikrometer sekrup ini dapat dilihat seperti Gambar 3.
Gambar 3. Alat ukur Mikrometer Sekrup
Kalau sekrup D diputar, maka ujung B dapat bergeser mundur atau maju. Jika sekrup D
diputar satu putaran, jarak AB bergeser sejauh 0,5 mm. Disekeliling dari kiri C diberi
skala (yang merupakan nonius S) dan banyaknya skala 50 buah.
Pada sekrup D diberi skala yang melingkar dan sejajar dengan nonius C serta
mempunyai ukuran dan banyak skala sama dengan nonius C dan juga pada batang dasar
E ini terdapat skala yang memanjang yang merupakan skala dasar E.
CARA PENGGUNAAN MIKROMETER SEKRUP

Sebelum digunakan untuk mengukur benda, tentukan terlebih dahulu kesalahan
titik nolnya, apakah pada waktu ujung A dan B berimpit (jangan dipaksa waktu
menghimpitkannya), titik nol pada nonius C berimpit atau tidak pada titik nol nonius D.
Jika berimpit berarti tidak mempunyai kesalahan titik nol, jika mempunyai kesalahan
titik nol positif dan sebaliknya mempunyai kesalahan titik nol negatif.
Jika titik nol nonius C berimpit dengan skala 48 nonius D, berarti mempunyai
kesalahan titik nol negatif sebanyak 2 skala. Tetapi jika titik nol nonius C berimpit
dengan skala 2 nonius D berarti mempunyai kesalahan titik nol positif sebanyak 5 skala.
Andai kata akan mengukur garis tengah sesuatu kawat dan pengukuran ini digunakan
mikrometer sekrup yang mempunyai kesalahan titik nol berbeda. Digunakan micrometer
sekrup X dengan kesalahan titik nol negatif dan micrometer sekrup Y dengan kesalahan
titik nol positif.
Jika kawat itu waktu diukur dengan micrometer sekrup X mempunyai dua
perputaran ditambah dengan 19 skala pada nonius D, dari data-data diatas kita dapat
membuat perhitungan sebagai berikut :
Mikrometer Sekrup X
Mikrometer Sekrup Y
50
50
0,5
mm
50
0,5
mm
50
Jumlah skala pada nonius C

Jarak skala pada tiap-tiap Skala
nonius C
Tabel dari kawat yang terbaca
Mikrometer Sekrup
2 putaran +
19 skala nonius C
2 putaran +
26 skala nonius D
Kesalahan titik nol
Kurang 2 skala
Pada nonius D
Lebih 5 skala
Pada nonius D
Skala yang besarnya dipakai Oleh

micrometer sekrup
2 putaran +
21 skala nonius D
2 putaran +
21 skala nonius D
Garis tengah kawat
0,121 cm
0,121 cm
Pada percobaan mencari kelengkungan batang logam akan dijumpai suatu alat pengukur
lengkung yang kerjanya hampir menyerupai sekrup.
TEORI KETIDAKPASTIAN PENGUKURAN DALAM PERCOBAAN

I. PENDAHULUAN
Pada percobaan Fisika hasil yang diperoleh biasanya tidak dapat langsung
diterima karena harus dipertanggungjawabkan keberhasilan dan kebenarannya.
Hal ini disebabkan oleh kemampuan manusia yang terbatas dan ketelitian alat-alat
yang digunakan serta mempunyai batas kemampuan tertentu. Dengan kata lain peralatan
dan sarana (termasuk waktu) yang tersedia bagi kita membatasi tujuan dan hasil yang
dapat dicapai.
Hasil percobaan baru dapat diterima apabila harga besaran yang diukur
dilengkapi dengan batas-batas penyimpangan dari hasil tersebut, yang disebut sesatan
(ketidakpastian). Jika hasil tersebut diketahui penyimpangan terlalu besar maka bila
diperlukan percobaan harus diulang kembali dengan berbagai cara misalnya :
Mengulang pengukuran beberapa kali yang lebih teliti atau mengganti alat-alat
percobaan dengan alat yang lebih baik ketelitiannya. Jadi jelaslah untuk keperluan ini
mutlak diperlukan teori sesatan (ketidakpastian). Dengan demikian dapat ditentukan
sesatan pada hasil percobaan agar dapat memberi penilaian yang baik.
II. KETIDAKPASTIAN PADA PENGUKURAN

Kesalahan atau Error dalam suatu percobaan dapat dibagi atau dua golongan yaitu
:
II.1. Kesalahan Bersistem (Systematic Error)
Kesalahan yang bersumber pada alat pengukuran yang dipakai besarannya,
kesalahan biasanya konstant sehingga sering sekali dinamakan sebagai kesalahan konstan
(Constant Error).
Kesalahan Bersistem ini dapat terjadi karena :
a. Kesalahan titik nol (Zero Error).
b. Kesalahan pada kalibrasi pengukuran.
c. Kesalahan orangnya (pengamat), kesalahan ini disebabkan oleh kebiasaan
seorang pengamat. Misalnya seorang pengamat sering kali membuat
kesalahan karena kedudukan matanya terlalu rendah atau terlalu tinggi
sewaktu membaca tinggi kolam air didalam pipa yang tegak. Kesalahan ini
disebut : Parallak.
d. Terjadinya gesekan dan fatiqua (kesalahan) pada alat karena sering dipakai.
e. Kondisi percobaan, jika sebuah alat digunakan dengan kondisi percobaan
yang berbeda dengan kondisi sewaktu kalibrasi, akan menghasilkan
kesalahan.
f. Gangguan teknis : misalnya pada waktu pengukuran terjadi gangguan seperti
adanya
kebocoran-kebocoran
yang
akan
mengganggu
system
dan
menyebabkan kesalahan.
II.2. Kesalahan Random

Karena pengulangan pengukuran selalu memberikan hasil yang berbeda-beda,
maka harga tersebut juga akan berbeda dengan harga yang sebenarnya. Kesalahan ini
dinamakan kesalahan Random atau kesalahan kebetulan, yang terjadi atas :
a. Kesalahan penafsiran, kebanyakan alat pengukuran memerlukan suatu penafsiran
pada bagian skala tertentu dan penafsiran ini dapat berubah dari waktu kewaktu yang
lain.
b. Keadaan penyimpangan, seperti suhu, tekanan udara, atau tegangan listrik.
c. Gangguan, misalnya : adanya getaran mekanis atau pengaruh putaran motor dari alat
listrik.
d. Definisi, walaupun proses pengukuran telah sempurna, pengulangan pengukuran
yang sama selalu akan memberikan penyimpangan, besaran yang diamati tidak
didefinisikan secara tetap.
Misalnya :
Panjang suatu meja persegi bukanlah suatu besaran yang terdefinisi secara eksak. Hal
ini disebabkan bahwa kalau kita teliti, sisi meja tidaklah rata ataupun mungkin tidak
tepat sejajar.
Sehingga walaupun kita menggunakan alat ukur yang sangat baik untuk mengukur
meja tersebut, harga yang diperolah selalu berubah-ubah tergantung penampang
panjang yang kita ukur.
II.3. Kesalahan-Kesalahan Lain

Kesalahan lain yang tidak termasuk bahasan 1 dan 2 yang perlu diperhatikan
adalah :
a. Kekeliruan membaca alat atau skala alat dan mengatur kondisi percobaan. Kesalahan
ini dapat diatasi dengan cara melakukan percobaan seteliti mungkin atau bila
memungkinkan mengulangi percobaan tersebut.
b. Kesalahan perhitungan, yaitu kesalahan memasukkan harga atau angka-angka
perhitungan,
menggunakan
kalkulator,
menggunakan
daftar
logaritma
dan
sebagainya.
III. PERHITUNGAN KESALAHAN

III.1. Sesatan Taksiran
Bila pengukuran dilakukan hanya satu kali biasanya sesatan diambil setengah kali
skala terkecil dari alat ukur yang digunakan.
Contoh :
Menggunakan mistar yang skala terkecil 1 mm, bila tebal plat diukur menghasilkan 50
mm, maka hasilnya dapat ditulis :
t = ( 50 0,5 ) mm atau
= ( 5,0 0,05 ) x 10 mm
t = 0,5 adalah sesatan mutlak (absolut), sedangkan sesatan relatifnya dapat dinyatakan
dengan :
=
t
t
0,5
x 100%
50
x 100%
= 1%
III.2. Menentukan Harga Rata-rata (nilai terbaik) dan Sesatannya

Misalkan kita melakukan N kali pengukuran didapat hasil sebagai berikut :
X1, X2, X3, , XN
Untuk mendapatkan nilai yang terbaik (benar) dari pengukuran tersebut adalah merataratakan hasil pengukuran tersebut, yaitu :
XN
X 1 X 2 X 3 ... X N
(III.2.1)
( X N = rata-rata = nilai terbaik), maka simpangan atau deviasi untuk :

X1 adalah X1 = X1 - X
X2 adalah X2 = X2 - X
XN adalah XN = XN - X
Harga sesatan rata-rata adalah :
X 1 X X 2 X X 3 X ... X N X
N
X X
XN X
(III.2.2)
Persamaan (III.2.2) ini disebut deviasi rata-rata.

Sedangkan deviasi standar atau simpangan baku semesta X(x) : didefinisikan sebagai :
Vx
Dimana Vx adalah variasi yang didefinisikan
(X
Vx
XN)
dengan N menuju tak hingga.

Sehingga x dapat dituliskan :
2
Vx
(X N X N )
N
(III.2.3)
dengan N menuju tak hingga.

Harga x berada pada pengukuran tak terhingga yang tidak mungkin dilakukan dengan
menggunakan suatu pendekatan teori samping x dapat diganti dengan SN
yang
dinamakan simpangan baku contoh (sample standard deviation). N memberikan

gambaran tentang simpangan X terhadap Xo.
Sedangkan SN menggambarkan simpangan X terhadap X N maka :
2
(X N X )
( N 1)
SN
yang dapat diubah menjadi,
SN
( X N2 N X )
( N 1)
(III.2.4)
Dimana N 8 (untuk N = 1 SN tidak mempunyai arti).

Menurut teori percobaan SN sebenarnya adalah S X N yaitu ketidakpastian pada nilai ratarata contoh XN yang mempunyai harga
SXN
SN
(III.2.5)
Penggantian SN menjadi SX hal ini disebabkan kurva sebaran nilai rata-rata contoh X
lebih sempit dari pada kurva sebaran pengukuran tunggal (X1) berarti x
X yaitu
kita mengulangi pengukuran N kali dengan hasil rata-rata, misalnya X 1 maka ada
kepastian 66% X 1 terletak dalam selang X N X
didalam praktek percobaan tak
terhingga, tak mungkin kita lakukan, jadi X dan X tidak dapat diketahui dan sebagai
pengganti terbaik dipakai SN dan S X N seperti diatas.
Untuk pemakaian selanjutnya digunakan,
X S X N
SN
N
2
N
NX N
N ( N 1)
(III.2.6)
dengan N 8.
Apabila X diukur N kali, ada kemungkinan 68% bahwa simpangan nilai rata-rata contoh
X terhadap nilai benar Xo tidak lebih dari S X N dengan kata lain ada jaminan 68%
bahwa Xo ada dalam interval X S X N dengan demikian persoalan selesai.

Kita tidak dapat mengetahui nilai benar Xo dari eksperimen, tetapi dengan mengadakan
pengulangan cukup banyak, kita dapat menyodorkan sebagai penggantinya nilai contoh
X dan dapat memberikan pernyataan sampai berapa jauh X menyimpang dari Xo.
Contoh :
X = 10,0; 10,2; 10,0; 10,0; 9,8; 10,1; 9,8; 10,3; 9,8; 10,0
Maka nilai terbaik X dan sesatannya ( X X) dapat dicari sebagai berikut :
N
XN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10,0
10,2
10,0
10,0
9,8
10,1
9,8
10,3
X N2
100,00
104,04
100,00
100,00
96,04
102,01
96,04
106,09
9
10
XN
9,8
10,0
XN = 100,0
96,04
100,00
X N2 = 1000,26
100,0
10,0
10
( X N ) 2 (10,0) 2 100,0
X S X N
2
N
NX N
N ( N 1)
1000,26
10 x100,0
10(10 1)
0,26
0,05
90
maka nilai terbaik X = ( 10,00 0,05 )
III.3. Contoh Perhitungan

III.3.1. Ketelitian Pengukuran
Suatu amperemater mempunyai skala 0 5 A, dengan pembagian skala terkecil
0,1 A.
(a). Berapa ketelitian alat itu bila skala pada pengukuran, skala penuh ?
(b). Dan pada setengah skala ?
Jawab :
(a). I = skala terkecil = x 0,1 A, dan I = 5 A
Ketelitian
I
0,05
x 100% 1%
I
5
(b). I = skala terkecil = x 0,1 A = 0,05 A, dan I = 2,5 A

Ketelitian
I
0,05
x 100% 2%
I
2,5
III.3.2. Sesatan Yang Ditentukan Oleh Skala Alat

1. Tahanan sepotong kawat ditentukan menurut hokum ohm.
Hasilnya adalah V = ( 1,0 0,05 ) volt dan I = ( 5,0 0,05 ) mA atau I = ( 5,0 0,05
) x 10-3 A.
10
Berapakah R ?
Jawab :
R
V
1,0
200 ohm
I
5,0 x 10 3
R
V
R
V
I
I
R
0,05
200
1,0
0,05
5
R ( 0,05 0,01) x 200 12 ohm
Jadi R = ( 200 12 ) ohm
2. Pada percobaan tegangan permukaan air digunakan rumus : h
2
gr
Bila : r = ( 0,30 0,005 ) mm

g = ( 980 2% ) cm/det2
= 1,0 g/cm3 dan h = ( 50,0 0,05 ) mm
Tentukan : dan
Jawab :
h
2
gr
h gr
50,0 x 1,0 x 980 x 0,30
2
2
73,50
0,05
73,50
50
r
r
0,02
980
(tidak mempunyai sesatan)
0,005
0,30
0,0018
0,0018 x 73,50 0,13
Jadi ( 73,50 0,13 ) dyne.
3. Sesatan yang paling mempengaruhi

Rumus lensa tipis (Gauss) : f
S S'
S S'
Bila S = ( 8,0 0,05 ) cm dan S = ( 24,0 0,05 ) cm

11
Berapakah ( f f ) ?
Jawab:
S S'
S S'
1
1
1
f
S
S'
1
1
1
f
8,0
24,0
f 6,0 cm
f
f
f
(6,0) 2
0,05
(8,0) 2
S '
S'
0,05
(24,0) 2
0,008678
f 0,008678 x (6,0) 2 0,0312
Jadi f ( 6,00 0,03 ) cm.
12
I. GERAK JATUH BEBAS
1.1. TUJUAN PERCOBAAN

Dapat memahami dan menentukan percepatan benda pada gerak jatuh bebas.
1.2. ALAT DAN BAHAN BESERTA FUNGSINYA

1.
Dasar Statif, A
........................................................................................................................................
2.
Batang Statif
........................................................................................................................................
3.
Magnet pemegang bola logam

........................................................................................................................................
4.
Gerbang cahaya
........................................................................................................................................
5.
Bola logam
........................................................................................................................................
6.
Timer counter, AT-01

........................................................................................................................................
7.
Bosshead, universal
........................................................................................................................................
8.
Rol meter, 3m
........................................................................................................................................
9.
Kabel penghubung
........................................................................................................................................
10. Plumb bob

........................................................................................................................................
13
1.3. DASAR TEORI

Alat percobaan gerak jatuh bebas didesain untuk membantu mahasiswa
memahami gerak jatuh bebas, yaitu pengukuran waktu jatuh bola logam, memeriksa
hubungan ketinggian dan waktu tempuh, dan mengukur percepatan gravitasi g.
Dengan menggunakan pencacah waktu (Timer counter AT-01) memungkinkan
pengukuran waktu jatuh bebas sampai skala millisekon. Waktu jatuh bebas diukur
menggunakan dua sensor gerbang cahaya. Pada saat bola dilepaskan, Timer counter
secara otomatis segera memulai melakukan pengukuran waktu, timer counter akan
membaca waktu tempuh bola dari magnet pemegang bola ke masing-masing gerbang
cahaya infra merah pada gerbang cahaya kedua, timer counter otomatis akan
menghentikan pengukuran.
Tinjauan Teori:
Persamaan kinematika gerak untuk gerak benda dengan percepatan tetap a,
diberikan oleh:
x vot 12 at12
(1)
sehingga untuk sebuah benda jatuh bebas dengan percepatan adalah g (g adalah
percepatan gravitasi) dan kecepatan awal adalah nol (vo = 0) didapatkan persamaan:
1
2
g t2
(2)
t adalah waktu yang diperlukan benda jatuh dari ketinggian h. Jika persamaan 2
digunakan untuk gerbang cahaya 1 dan gerbang cahaya 2 (Gambar 1) berikut
14
Gambar 1. Skema Percobaan

maka diperoleh dua persamaan yang memberikan hubungan antara ketinggian dan waktu
tempuh yang diperlukan oleh suatu benda ke masing-masing gerbang cahaya. Persamaan
untuk masing-masing ketinggian diberikan oleh:
h1
h2
1
2
g t12 untuk gerbang cahaya 1

1
2
g t22
untuk gerbang cahaya 2
(3)
(4)
Dari persamaan 3 dan persamaan 4 dapat dilihat bahwa percepatan jatuh bebas pada
masing-masing ketinggian adalah sama dengan g.
Dengan mengurangkan persamaan 4 dengan pesamaan 3, maka dapat diperoleh
besaran percepatan gravitasi g, yaitu
2 (h2 h1 )
(t22 t12 )
(5)
Persamaan 5 di atas akan digunakan untuk menentukan besar percepatan jatuh bebas dan
memverifikasi bahwa percepatan pada gerak jatuh bebas adalah sama dengan percepatan
garvitasi.
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1.4. PROSEDUR PERCOBAAN

II. RANGKAIAN PERALATAN
1. Rangkai peralatan seperti pada Gambar 2. Pasang magnet pemegang bola pada
bagian atas statif, gerbang cahaya pertama di tengah batang, dan gerbang cahaya
kedua pada bagian paling bawah.
Gambar 2. Rangkaian Percobaan
2. Hubungkan magnet pemegang bola ke keluaran P1/E.MAGNET pada Timer

counter AT-01 menggunakan kabel penghubung.
3. Hubungkan gerbang cahaya satu dan gerbang cahaya dua secara berurutan pada
terminal P1 dan P2 pada Timer counter. Atur jarak kedua gerbang cahaya
sedemikian rupa sehingga jarak antara keduanya adalah 10 cm.
4. Hubungkan Timer counter AT-011ke soket jala listrik. Timer counter dalam kead
an mati (OFF).
17
5. Hidupkan Timer counter AT-01. Tekan tombol pemilih fungsi pada timer counter
beberapa kali sedemikian rupa sehingga timer berada pada fungsi Gravity
Acceleration. Pada keadaan tersebut lampu LED pada fungsi tersebut dan pada
fungsi E.MAGNET akan menyala. LED pada fungsi E.MAGNET menunjukkan
bahwa sumber tegangan untuk magnet pemegang bola juga dalam keadaan hidup
(ON).
6. Atur kelurusan magnet pemegang bola, dan kedua gerbang cahaya sedemikian
rupa sehingga trayektori bola logam dari magnet pemegang bola menghalangi
berkas cahaya pada masing-masing gerbang cahaya. Untuk memudahkan
mengatur kelurusan, gunakan plumb bob.
II. PELAKSANAAN PENGAMBILAN DATA

1. Hidupkan Timer counter AT-01.
2. Tekan tombol FUNCTION pada Timer counter AT-01 sedemikian rupa beberapa
kali sehinggga pewaktu berada pada fungsi Gravity Acceleration. Timer counter
berada pada fungsi Gravity Acceleration ditunjukkan oleh nyala merah lampu
indicator LED. Pada keadaan ini, Timer counter juga akan menyalakan fungsi
E.MAGNET yang ditunjukkan oleh nyala merah indicator LED. Dengan
menghubungkan terminal E.MAGNET ke magnet pemegang bola logam
menggunakan kabel penghubung, maka pada kumparan magnet pemegang akan
timbul medan magnet sehingga dapat menarik benda-benda konduktor.
3. Pasang bola logam pada magnet pemegang bola logam. Mulailah melakukan
pengukuran dengan cara menekan tombol E.MAGNET pada Timer counter.
Setelah tombol E.MAGNET ditekan, maka fungsi E.MAGNET akan mati
sehingga medan magnet pada magnet pemegang bola juga akan hilang. Bola
logam akan jatuh melewati gerbang cahaya 1 dan gerbang cahaya 2 secara
berurutan.
4. Baca hasil pengukuran waktu pada Timer counter AT-01. Timer akan
menampilkan waktu tempuh bola ke gerbang cahaya 1 dan gerbang cahaya 2
secara berurutan. Catat hasil pengukuran waktu ini ke dalam Tabel Pengamatan.
5. Ubah ketinggian jatuh bebas bola h. Atur ulang Timer dengan menekan tombol
FUNCTION satu kali sedemikian rupa sehingga fungsi E.MAGNET kembali
18
aktif (ON) kembali. Ulangi langkah percobaan 1 s/d 4 untuk beberapa ketinggian
yang berbeda dengan menekan tombol E.MAGNET.
1.5. TUGAS PENDAHULUAN

1. Buktikan rumus v
2 gh !
2. Jelaskan ketiga hukum Newton baik secara teoritis maupun matematis!

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20
1.6. DATA HASIL PENGAMATAN
Tabel Hasil Pengamatan

No
Massa
Peluru
(gram)
h1 (cm)
h2 (cm)
10
30
10
50
Waktu t1
(ms)
Waktu t2
(ms)
21
1.7. PENGOLAHAN DATA

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1.8. ANALISA
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25
1.9. TUGAS AKHIR

1. Hitung besarnya percepatan gerak jatuh bebas peluru tersebut menggunakan
persamaan (3), periksa hasilnya apakah besar percepatan jatuh bebas peluru
memiliki harga yang sama atau harga yang berbeda pada ketinggian jatuh yang
berbeda? Jelaskan jawaban Anda!
2. Berdasarkan pada hasil percobaan, benarkan dugaan prediksi teori bahwa
percepatan jatuh bebas sama dengan percepatan gravitasi? Jelaskan jawaban
Anda!
3. Analisa hasil percobaan dan perhitungan yang anda lakukan.
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1.10. KESIMPULAN
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LAMPIRAN GAMBAR
30
II. PRINSIP KERJA KATROL

1.
Melakukan percobaan yang menunjukkan prinsip kerja katrol dapat memudahkan

mengangkat beban.
2.
Mampu menunjukan melalui percobaan dan perhitungan perbedaan keuntungan

mekanik dengan menggunakan beberapa katrol.

1.
Katrol tunggal dan katrol ganda

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2.
Tali nilon
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3.
Neraca pegas
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4.
Statif
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5.
Beban
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31
2.3. DASAR TEORI

Pesawat sederhana digunakan untuk melipatgandakan gaya atau mengubah arah
gaya. Jika peswat sederhana melipatgandakan gaya, maka gaya yang dikeluarkan lebih
kecil dibandingkan dengan gaya yang diperlukan untuk melakukan suatu pekerjaan tanpa
bantuan pesawat sederhana. Besaran yang menyatakan pelipatgandaan hasil dari suaru
peswat sederhana terhadap gaya atau jarak perpindahan disebut keuntungan mekanis.
Salah satu bentuk pesawat sederhana adalah katrol. Katrol adalah alat berupa roda
yang dapat berputar pada porosnya. Untuk menggunakan katrol diperlukan tali atau mata
rantai. Secara umum katrol dikelompokkan menjadi dua yaitu: katrol tetap dan katrol
bergerak. Dalam pemakaian seringkali digabungkan beberapa katrol yang selanjutnya
disebut sebagai sistem katrol.
Gambar 1. Macam-macam katrol
Tinjau gambar 1a, untuk mengangkat beban seberat FB dengan cara menarik tali
dengan gaya sebesar FK. Pada kontrol tetap (Gambar 1a) hanya terdapat satu penggal tali
yang menahan berat beban, maka besar gaya Fk , untuk menarik beban sama dengan berat
FB atau :
FB = Fk
...................................................................... (2.1)
Penggunaan satu katrol tetap hanya mengubah arah gaya kuasa, sehingga
keuntungan yang diperoleh saat menggunakan adalah memudahkan pengangkutan benda
saja. Pada pemakaian satu buah katrol bergerak, beban yang akan diangkat digantungkan
pada katrol seperti Gambar 1b. Gaya berat FB, ditahan oleh dua buah penggal tali, maka
FB = 2 Fk ..................................................................... (2.2)
32
Keuntungan mekanis dengan menggunakan katrol bergerak adalah perbandingan antara

besar gaya beban FB dan gaya kuasa Fk.
Keuntungan Mekanis = FB / Fk = 2 ............................ (2.4)
Jelas bahwa untuk mengangkat suatu benda dengan satu katrol bergerak, cukup
mengerjakan gaya yang diperlukan untuk mengangkat benda tersebut jika tanpa
menggunakan bantuan katrol. Katrol bergerak (Gambar 1c) juga sering dipergunakan.
Gaya berat FB, di tahan oleh dua buah penggal tali, maka
FB = 2Fk
Keuntungan mekanis pada sistem katrol ini adalah perbandingan antara besar gaya beban
dan gaya kuasa.
Keuntungan Mekanik = FB / Fk = 2 ............................ (2.6)
Sehingga untuk mengangkat benda sistem katrol 4c cukup menggunakan gaya
berat benda. Perbedaan antara sistem katrol ini dengan satu katrol bergerak adalah arah
tarik Fk. Gaya tarik pada sistem katrol ini mengarah ke bawah sehingga akan lebih
memudahkan pekerjaan, bila dibandingkan dengan penggunaan satu katrol bergerak saja
yang arah tariknya ke arah atas.
Seringkali berat beban yang kita pindahkan mencapai beberapa ton. Untuk
mengangkat nya kita gunakan katrol ganda/katrol majemuk (Gambar 1d).Katrol
majemuk merupakan gabungan dari beberapa katrol diam dan katrol bergerak.
Seperti tampak pada gambar 1d kita akan menarik tali dengan gaya Fk agar beban
berat FB dapat terangkat. Gaya berat FB besarnya sama dengan gaya gaya bekerja pada
sejumlah penggal tali yang menahan berat beban .
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34

1. Tentukan berat dari beberapa beban yang digunakan dengan menggunakan
neraca pegas.
2. Gantungkan katrol tunggal ke peyangga (statif) (seperti Gambar 1.a)
3. Hubungkan seutas tali ke katrol dengan satu ujung tali diikatkan pada beban dan
ujung yang lainnya dipegang.
4. Tarik tali yang menghubungkan beban dan katrol tersebut hingga beban terangkat.
5. Catat berat beban sekarang.
6. Ulangi langkah 1 s/d 4 untuk katrol ganda. (seperti Gambar 1.c dan 1.d)
7. Lakukan juga untuk katrol digantungkan ke tali (seperti Gambar 1.b).
8. Lakukan dalam satu keadaan minimal 10 kali.

1. Sebutkan kegunaan katrol pada kehidupan kita.
2. Mengapa dalam mengangkat beban yang berat orang sering menggunakan katrol.
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36
2.6. TABEL HASIL PENGAMATAN

A. Massa Beban
Tabel 1. Tanpa Katrol

No.
Tabel 2. Katrol Tetap
Massa Beban (kg)

I
II
III
No.
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
Tabel 3. Katrol Bergerak

No.
II
II
III
Tabel 4. Katrol Ganda
Massa Beban (kg)

I
Massa Beban (kg)
III
No.
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
Massa Beban (kg)

I
II
III
Tabel 5. Katrol Majemuk

No.
Massa Beban (kg)

I
II
III
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
37
B. Gaya
Tabel 1. Tanpa Katrol
No.
Tabel 2. Katrol Tetap
Gaya (N)
I
II
III
No.
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
Tabel 3. Katrol Bergerak

No.
II
II
III
Tabel 4. Katrol Ganda
Gaya (N)
I
Gaya (N)
III
No.
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
Gaya (N)
I
II
III
Tabel 5. Katrol Majemuk

No.
Gaya (N)
I
II
III
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
38

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2.8. ANALISA
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42
2.9. TUGAS AKHIR

1. Tentukan selisih berat beban setelah dengan sebelum menggunakan katrol dari
masing-masing beban.
2. Berapa persen selisih berat beban dengan menggunakan katrol tersebut.
3. Hitung Gaya yang kita berikan untuk menahan beban dengan menggunakan katrol
dari masing-masing percobaan secara teori.
4. Bandingkan hasil praktek dengan hasil perhitungan secara teori.
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44
2.10. KESIMPULAN
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45
LAMPIRAN GAMBAR
46
III. GERAK ROTASI

Dapat memahami dan kecepatan sudut, percepatan sudut, momen gaya akibat
gesekan pada poros, dan momen inersia silinder.

1. Satu set alat gerak rotasi (bahan baja dan plexiglass: ukuran diameter 200 mm dan
berat 3 kg)
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2. Beban bercelah dan penggantung 250 gram
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3. Beban bercelah dan penggantung 5 x 5 gram
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4. Benang
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5. Stopwatch
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6. Meteran (alat ukur panjang)
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47
3.3. DASAR TEORI

Pendahuluan:
Alat gerak rotasi digunakan untuk mengamati gerak rotasi pada sumbu putar yang
tetap. Persamaan-persamaan gerak rotasi pada sumbu putar tetap banyak yang memiliki
kemiripan dengan persamaan gerak translasi (gerak lurus). Sebagai contoh, dalam gerak
translasi, gaya F dikaitkan dengan kecepatan linear benda. Analogi gaya untuk gerak
rotasi adalah besaran yang disebut dengan torka (momen gaya).
Alat gerak rotasi terdiri atas silinder baja pejal, silinder ringan plexiglass/hub,
poros baja dan klem pemegang (lihat Gambar 1). Poros baja didesain sedemikian rupa
sehingga gesekan pada sumbu putar dapat dibuat sekecil mungkin. Untuk memutar
cakram baja, seutas tali lemas dan ringan dililitkan keliling roda plexiglass ringan. Pada
tali ini digantung sebuah benda bermassa m.
Gambar 1. Peralatan percobaan Gerak Rotasi
Tinjauan Teori:
Analogi gerak Translasi dan gerak rotasi
48
Alat gerak rotasi digunakan untuk mengamati gerak rotasi pada sumbu putar yang
tetap. Persamaan-persamaan gerak rotasi pada sumbu putar tetap banyak yang memiliki
kemiripan dengan persamaan gerak translasi (gerak lurus). Sebagai contoh, dalam gerak
translasi, gaya F dikaitkan dengan kecepatan linier benda. Analogi gaya untuk gerak
rotasi adalah besaran yang disebut dengan torka ( momen gaya ).
Pada gerak translasi, benda akan bergerak dengan percepatan a jika padanya
diberikan gaya sebesar F, dan dengan menggunakan hukum Newton kedua tentang gerak
F = ma
(1)
m adalah massa benda. Untuk gerak rotasi, benda akan bergerak dengan percepatan sudut
jika padanya diberikan momen gaya sebesar , dengan menggunakan analogi hukum
Newton kedua tentang gerak :
(2)
I adalah momen inersia benda. Momen inersia benda bergantung pada distribusi massa
dan bentuk benda. Sebagai contoh, momen inersia silinder pejal ITeori dengan jari-jari R
dan massa M berputar pada sumbunya adalah sebesar :
ITeori
1
2
MR
2
(3)
Kecepatan dan percepatan pada gerak translasi dan gerak rotasi

Ketika silinder pejal berjari-jari r yang terpasang pada sumbu putarnya dan beban
m digantung menggunakan tali melingkari cakram dan beban m berada pada ketinggian h
dari lantai, maka kecepatan translasi dan percepatan translasi benda sapat diperoleh
dengan mengukur waktu yang diperlukan beban untuk bergerak dari keadaan diam
sampai menyentuh lantai. Besar kecepatan rata-rata beban diberikan oleh :
h
v
t
(4)
Menggunakan persamaan kinematika gerak benda untuk kecepatan rata-rata pada

kecepatan tetap :
v vo
2
(5)
Besar kecepatan akhir v dengan kecepatan awal sama dengan nol ( vo = 0 ) diberikan oleh
49
v
2
v
2v
r
r
atau
2v
2h
t
(6)
Dan kecepata rotasi
(7)
Di mana r adalah jari-jari sumbu. Percepatan translasi a :
v
a
t
(8)
Masaa beban yang digantung memiliki percepatan linier sebesar a. Hubungan

antara percepatan translasi dan percepatan rotasi adalah :
(9)
Gambar 2. Sistem gerak benda
Momen Inersia Silinder Pejal

Dari Gambar (2) dan dengan menggunakan hukum kedua Newton tentang gerak
diperoleh :
F ma
(10)
50
mg T = ma
atau
T = mg ma
(11)
Momen gaya T pada silinder yang disebabkan oleh tegangan tali T adalah :
T = rT
(12)
r tegak lurus terhadap jarak sumbu rotasi ke garis kerja gaya (tegangan tali). Momen
gaya netto pada sistem gambar 2 adalah :
T g I
(13)
g adalah momen gaya akibat adanya gaya gesekan pada sumbu cakram yang arahnya
berlawanan dengan arah gerak rotasi cakram.
Persamaan (13) dapat disederhanakan menjadi :

T I g
(14)
Persamaan (14) memiliki analogi dengan persamaan garis lurus y = mx + c.

Dengan membuat kurva antara momen gaya dan percepatan rotasi benda, dapat dihitung
besar momen inersia benda I.
Percepatan sudut silinder akan ditentukan dengan cara mengukur terlebih dahulu
waktu tempuh beban tetentu dari ketinggian h ke lantai. Nilai ini akan dibandingkan
dengan nilai yang akan didapat dari hasil percobaan. Perpotongan kurva pada sumbu
vertikal (sumbu y) menunjukkan momen gaya akibat gesekan pada sumbu rotasi g .
Momen gaya akibat adanya gaya gesekan g pada poros silinder dapat juga
ditentukan dengan cara menggerakkan silinder pada kecepatan sudut tetap.
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52

III. RANGKAIAN PERALATAN
1. Set up peralatan seperti pada Gambar (1).
2. Pasang klem dudukan alat gerak rotasi pada ketinggian 150 cm dari lantai
laboratorium dengan paku dinding. Pastikan klem dudukan cakram terpasang
kokoh pada dinding tempat alat dipasang.
3. Pasang silinder baja pejal pada klem. Atur baut pengencang sedemikian rupa
sehingga cakram terpasang dengan kokoh pada klem.
Periksa putaran cakram pada porosnya, jika diperlukan, kendurkan baut
pengencang sehingga cakram berputar dengan bebas pada porosnya.
4. Potong benang 200 cm dan ikat benang pada lubang yang terdapat cakram
plexiglass.
5. Lilitkan benang pada disk plexiglass/hub sedemikian rupa sehingga benang
melilit merata pada sisi pinggir disk.
Usahakan benang tidak menumpuk pada satu alur lilitan.
6. Pasang penggantung beban pada ujung benang.
II. PELAKSANAAN PENGAMBILAN DATA

A. Menentukan momen gaya akibat adanya gaya gesekan pada sumbu putar
cakram g
1. Gantung pengait beban 5 gram pada ujung tali alat gerak rotasi.
2. Periksa putaran silinder sedemikian rupa sehingga silinder berputar dengan
kecepatan sudut tetap dengan cara melepaskan beban sehingga beban
bergerak ke bawah.
3. Jika dengan menggunakan beban 5 g masih tetap diam, tambahkan beban
yang tidak terlalu berat ke beban 5 g. Jika perlu gunakan beban yang cukup
ringan, misalkan penjepit kertas sebagai beban tambahan. Tambahkan
penjepit kertas sedemikian rupa sehingga diperoleh gerak rotasi cakram
dengan kecepatan sudut tetap. Misalkan massa beban itu adalah mo.
Catatan : jika silinder bergerak rotasi dengan kecepatan sudut tetap, maka
0 . Menggunakan persamaan (14) diperoleh g T rT r (m0 g ) .

4. Jika massa beban mo tidak diketahui, ukur berat beban menggunakan
timbangan dan catat hasil pengukuran pada hasil pengamatan di bawah.
53
B. Menentukan Kecepatan Sudut dan Percepatan Sudut

1. Ganti beban yang lebih berat dari beban yang digunakan pada percobaan
bagian pertama. Misalkan digunakan beban bermassa 50 gram
2. Gantung beban tersebut pada ujung tali dan atur posisi beban sedemikian rupa
sehingga ujung bawah beban berada pada ketinggian h cm di atas lantai. Ukur
ketinggian h tersebut menggunakan meteran dan catat hasil pengukuran pada
tabel hasil pengamatan. Tahan beban pada ketinggian tersebut.
3. Lepaskan beban dan segera hidupkan stopwatch setelah beban dilepaskan.
4. Matikan stopwatch ketika beban menyentuh lantai.
5. Baca waktu yang terukur pada stopwatch dan catat hasilnya pada Tabel hasil
pengamatan.
6. Ulangi langkah 5 sampai 9 di atas sebanyak 5 kali dan catat hasilnya pada
tabel hasil pengamatan.
7. Tambahkan beban 10 gram pada penggantung beban dan ulangi langkah 5
sampai 5 kali.
54

1. Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan Gerak Rotasi!
2. Jelaskan perbedaan gerak translasi dengan gerak rotasi!
3. Buktikan persamaan (7)!
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56

- Jari-jari cakram baja, R
: 0,2 m
- Jari-jari cakram plexiglass, r
: 2,5 cm = 0,025 m
- Massa total cakram M
: 3 kg
Tabel . Hasil Pengamatan

No
Jarak/Tinggi,
h (meter)
Massa Beban,
m (gram)
1.
50
2.
100
3.
150
4.
200
5.
250
Catatan:
h
1. Kecepatan Linier: v
t
3. Kecepatan sudut:
t
5. Momen Inersi Benda:
1
2
I MR
2
Waktu Tempuh
Beban, t (detik)
v
2. Percepatan Linier: a
t
a
4. Percepatan Sudut:
t
6. Momen Gaya:
57

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3.8. ANALISA
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61
3.9. TUGAS AKHIR

Percobaan A:
2. Hitung momen gaya yang diakibatkan oleh gaya gesekan menggunakan
persamaan g T rT r (m0 g ) .
3. Bandingkan dengan hasil yang diperoleh pada percobaan (B).
4. Analisa hasil pengukuran dan perhitungan yang ada lakukan.
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63
Percobaan B:
1. Hitung waktu tempuh rata-rata untuk masing-masing berat beban dengan
persamaan t
t1 t2 t3 ....tn
n
2. Hitung kecepatan gerak translasi beban menggunakan persamaan (5).

3. Dari data jawaban soal nomor (2), hitung percepatan translasi menggunakan
persamaan (6).
4. Dari data jawaban soal nomor (3), hitung percepatan rotasi menggunakan
persamaan (8).
5. Hitung besar momen gaya untuk masing-masing beban menggunakan persamaan
t rT .
6. Buat grafik antara momen gaya dan percepatan rotasi pada kertas grafik.
Tentukan persamaan garis untuk kurva momen gaya vs percepatan rotasi.
7. Tentukan gradien grafik untuk mendapatkan momen inersia silinder, misalkan
nilai ini sebagai IPercobaan.
8. Tentukan juga perpotongan grafik pada sumbu y untuk mendapatkan nilai momen
gaya akibat adanya gaya gesekan g .
9. Hitung momen inersia silinder pejal menggunakan persamaan (3), misalkan nilai
ini sebagai ITeori.
10. Bandingkan nilai momen inersia silinder hasil percobaan IPercobaan (jawaban no.7)
dengan momen inersia silinder dari perhitungan teori ITeori (jawaban no.9).
11. Hitung persentase perbedaan kedua nilai momen inersia yang didapatkan
menggunakan persamaan :
I Teori I Percobaan
1
( I Teori I Percobaan)
2
x100%
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66
12. Analisa hasil pengukuran dan perhitungan yang ada lakukan.

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67
3.10. KESIMPULAN
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68
LAMPIRAN GAMBAR
69
IV. MOMEN INERSIA

1. Memahami konsep momen inersia pada beberapa bentuk benda
2. Dapat menentukan benda momen inersia pada beberapa bentuk benda

1. Alat momen inersia
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2. Bola pejal
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3. Silinder pejal
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4. Silinder berongga
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5. Disc 213
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6. Disc 174
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7. Kerucut pejal
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8. Venier caliper atau penggaris
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9. Timbangan
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10. Photo gate (sensor)
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11. Timer counter AT-01
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70
4.3. DASAR TEORI

Momen Inersia Benda
Suatu sistem yang terdiri dari tiga partikel yang masing-amsing mempunyai
massa m1 , m2 dan m3 , mengubah bentuk benda pejal seperti terlihat pada Gambar (1).
Gambar 1 . Sistem perubahan benda pejal pada tiga partikel

yang berputar dengan sumbu pada 0.
Jika m1 pada posisi r1 dan bergerak berotasi pada kecepatan sudut , memiliki
kecepatan linier v1 x r1 , disebut momentum sudut
L1 r1 p1 m1 r1 v1
L1 m1 r1 (r1 )
atau
L1 m1 r12
(1)
Dengan cara yang sama untuk m1 dan m2
L2 m2 r22
L3 m3 r32
Total momentum sudut dapat ditulis sebagai berikut:
L L1 L2 L3
L (m1r12 m2 r22 m3r32 )
71
L I
(2)
dimana
I m1r12 m2 r22 m3r32

I dapat pula dituliskan sebagai berikut
m r
i i
i 1
Persamaan (2) menyatakan hubungan antara L, I, dan . Hubungan ini seperti hubungan
antara momentum linear p, m, dan v pada gerak translasi, p = m v. Dimana disini I sama
dengan m pada gerak translasi dan ini disebut momen inersia.
Untuk sebuah sistem dengan N partikel mengubah benda pejal, ini adalah momen
inersia.
m r
i i
i 1
Jika distribusi massa berlangsung terus menerus, maka elemen massa mi yang berjaraj
ri dari porosnya, momen inersia dapat ditulis juga sebagai berikut:
r m
2
i 1
Jika mi adalah sangat kecil, momen inersia ditulis:
dm
(3)
Dimana dm adalah bagian dari massa.
Dari persamaan di atas kita dapat membedakan macam-macam benda momen

inersia, seperti ditunjukkan pada Tabel (1) dibawah ini.
72
Tabel 1. Momen Inersia beberapa benda

No.
Benda
Posisi poros
1.
Silinder pejal
Poros silinder
2.
Silinder pejal
Pusat diameter
3.
Silinder berongga
Poros silinder
4.
Bola pejal
Diameter bola
5.
Bola berongga
Diamater bola
Momen inersia
Jika sebuah benda diletakkan pada alat momen inersia dan kemudian bergetar, itu disebut
perioda getaran
4 2
(I Io )
(4)
dimana T adalah perioda getaran dan I adalah momen inersia benda ditempatkan pada
peralatan inersia.
Dari persamaan I o
To2 dan persamaan (4), momen inersia benda, dapat

2
4
ditentukan dengan
T2
I 2 1 I o
To
(5)
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74

1. Susun peralatan seperti Gambar (2) berikut
Gambar 2. Set up peralatan percobaan
2. Ukur massa setiap benda.

3. Ukur dimensi setiap benda. Catat hasil pada Tabel (2).
4. Letakkan bola pejal pada sebuah alat momen inersia.
5. Hubungkan photo gate ke timer counter AT-01.
6. Hubungkan timer counter AT-01 pada tegangan 220V AC. Kemudian nyalakan.
Pilih fungsi cycle dengan menekan tombol FUNCTION. Tekan tombol CH.
OVER sebanyak 10 kali untuk batas 10 osilasi, yang akan ditinjau.
7. Putar posisi benda uji sampai 180o, dan kemudian lepaskan. Catat waktu dari 10
osilasi dilihat dari timer counter pada Tabel 3 untuk t1.
8. Tekan tombol FUNCTION satu kali untuk pengulangan.
9. Ulangi langkah 7 dan 8 sebanyak 10 kali. Catat hasilnya pada Tabel 3.
10. Gantilah bola pejal dengan benda yang tersedia pada Tabel 3. Ulangi langkah 7
sampai 9 untuk masing-masing benda.
75

1. Jelaskan apa yang anda ketahui tentang momen inersia?
2. Jelaskan penerapan momen inersia pada kehidupan sehari-hari?
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77

Tabel 2. Dimensi pada benda uji
No.
Outdiameter
(m)
Benda
1.
Bola pejal
2.
Silinder pejal
3.
Silinder berongga
4.
Disc 213
5.
Disc 174
6.
Kerucut
In-diameter
(m)
Tinggi
(m)
Massa
(kg)
Tabel 3. Perioda benda

Benda
Waktu untuk 10 kali Osilasi, t (detik)

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
trata-rata
(detik)
Bola Pejal
Silinder pejal
Silinder berongga
Disc 213
Disc 174
Kerucut padat
78

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81
4.8. ANALISA
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82
4.9. TUGAS AKHIR

1. Dari waktu rata-rata osilasi, hitunglah periodanya.
2. Hitunglah secara teori momen inersia dari masing-masing benda?
3. Hitung momen inersia dari setiap benda dengan persamaan (5)?
4. Analisa hasil jawaban dari soal no 1 dan 2?
5. Masukkan hasil perhitungan ke dalam Tabel (4) dan hitung kesalahan relatif
terhadap teori?
To = ......... s
Io = ......... kgm2
Tabel 4. Momen Inersia beberapa benda hasil eksperimen dan

kesalahan terhadap teori
ITeori
Error
Benda
T (s)
I (kg m2)
2
(kg m )
(%)
Bola Pejal
Silinder pejal
Silinder berongga
Disc 213
Disc 174
Kerucut padat
Catatan :
To dan Io dari sebelum melakukan percobaan
Error
I eksperimen ITeori
ITeori
x 100%
5. Pada percobaan di atas, massa dari benda yang di uji sama (tepat sama).
Bagaimana dengan momen inersianya, sama atau berbeda? Jelaskan! Mengapa!
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84
4.10. KESIMPULAN
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85
LAMPIRAN GAMBAR
86
V. PESAWAT ATWOOD

1. Dapat menyelidiki keberlakuan hukum-hukum Newton.
2. Dapat menghitung kecepatan dan percepatan suatu benda.
3. Dapat menghitung momen inersia sebuah katrol.

1. Type Atwood bertiang ganda.
Tinggi tiang: 150 cm.
Katrol: diameter 12 cm, bahan plexiglas.
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2. Tali penggantung : bahan nylon
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3. Dua beban berbentkuk silinder M1 dan M2 yang massanya sama M= 100 gram
diikatkan pada ujung-ujung tali penggantung. Bahan kuningan.
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4. Beban tambahan m dengan massa 20 gram . Bahan : alumunium
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5. Penahan beban berlubang dan tanpa lubang . bahan : steel.
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6. Pemegang beban dengan pegas.
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7. Timer counter AT-01
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8. Gerbang cahaya
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9. Jika peralatan No.8 dan 9 tidak tersedia dapat diganti dengan stopwatch (secara
manual).
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87
5.3. DASAR TEORI

Pendahuluan
Pesawat atwood terdiri dari dua buah massa M1 dan M2 yang digantungkan pada
ujung-ujung seutas tali yang dilewatkan melalui katrol atau sistem katrol. Tali sebagai
penghubung dan katrol cukup ringan dan massanya dapat di abaikan. Alat ini digunakan
untuk mempelajari gerak sebuah benda. Diantaranya menguji Hukum Newton dan
mengukur besar percepatan gravitasi g. Biasanya M1 di buat sama dengan M2, misalkan
M (lihat Gambat 1).
Gambar 1. Peralatan percobaan Pesawat Atwood
Pada pesawat ini dapat diamati dua jenis gerak, yaitu gerak linier dan gerak
rotasi. Gerak linier yang diamati adalah Gerak Lurus Beraturan (GLB) dan gerak lurus
88
berubah beraturan (GLBB). Gerak rotasi adalah gerak katro melalui porosnya. Untuk
gerak rotasi katrol, Momen inersia katrol perlu di perhitungkan. Akan tetapi dalam hal
massa benda-benda yang tergantung pada tali jauh lebih besar di bandingkan massa
katrol. Momen inersia katrol dapat di abaikan . Dalam hal yang demikian, persamaan
gerak sistem menjadi lebih sederhana.
Dalam hal momen inersia katrol tidak dapat diabaikan, momen inersia katrol
harus masuk ke dalam massa suatu sistem dalam bentuk massa ekivalen katrol. Bila r
jari-jari efektif katrol bisa massa ekivalen mk katrol sama dengan I/r2
sehingga pada
gerak sistem ini akan berlaku gerak yang ekivalen dengan persamaan gerak linier.
Hukum Newton II
Dengan mengabaikan massa tali dan momen inersia katrol dengan massa beban
M1 dan M2 dengan beban tambahan m , massa M1 bergerak naik dan M2 + m bergerak
turun. Dengan menggunakan Hukum Newton II, gerak pada beban M1 adalah :
T M1 g M1a
(1)
(M 2 m) g T (M 2 m)a
(2)
dan gerak pada beban M2 :
Di mana gesekan dan momen inersia dari katrol di abaikan. Jika persamaan 1 dan
2 di umlahkan untuk mengeliminasi tegangan tali T, di dapatkan :
T1
T2
M1
M2
W1
W2
Gambar 2. Gaya-gaya yang bekerja pada M1 dan M2
{(M 2 m) M1} g (M1 M 2 m)a

atau :
89
( M1 M 2 m)a
( M 2 m) M1
(3)
Massa M1 sama dengan massa M2, Misalkan M, sehingga persamaan (3) dapat di
tuliskan sebagai:
(2M m)a
m
(4)
Karena percepatan gravitasi adalah tetap , maka a juga harus tetap . Presamaan s
= a t 2 Memberikan dasar hubungan antara jarak tempuh s, percepatan a, dan waktu t.
Pada percobaan dengan membuat kurva antara s dan t dapat di gunakan untuk
menentukan besar percepatan gerak a, selanjutnya harga percepatan gravitasi dapat di
tentukan dengan menggunakan persamaan (4).
Jika massa katrol dan momen inersia I di perhitungkan dalam percobaan, maka
dalam menentukan harga g, persamaan (4) menjadi:
(2M m
m
I
R2
)
(5)
Dalam gerak translasi murni, sifat benda tegar mempertahankan keadaan

geraknya disebut sebagai sifat kelembaman atau inersial. Sifat kelembaman atau inersial
itu dinyatakan oleh massa kelembaman atau massa inersial yang biasa disebut secara
singkat sebagai massa. Dalam gerak rotasi murni, peran massa kelembaman benda tegar
digantikan oleh momen kelembaman benda tegar atau momen inersia benda tegar.
Momen inersia benda tegar adalah sifat benda tegar mempertahankan keadaan geraknya
atau berarti sama dengan kemalasan benda tegar untuk mengubah keadaan geraknya.
Momen inersia sebuah benda tegar bergantung kepada bentuk geometris, distribusi massa
dan letak sumbu rotasinya. Dalam kegiatan belajar ini anda dapat mempelajari momen
inersia dari sebuah katrol. Momen inersia sebuah katrol merupakan ukuran kelembaman
sebuah katrol untuk berotasi atau berubah keadaan gerak rotasinya bila ada resultan
momen gaya yang bekerja padanya. Momen inersia katrol ini dapat ditentukan pertama
dengan menggunakan pendekatan konsep dan matematis melalui penjabaran dengan
menggunakan teknik differensial dan integral, dan kedua adalah dengan pendekatan
empiris melalui percobaan. Dalam modul ini, momen inersia sebuah katrol akan
ditentukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan empiris melalui percobaan. Untuk itu dalam
90
kegiatan belajar 1 ini anda dapat mempelajari penerapan konsep kecepatan, percepatan
dan hukum-hukum Newton pada sebuah sistem katrol yang kemudian disebut sebagai
pesawat Atwood. Dalam kinematika translasi telah diketahui bahwa percepatan adalah
perubahan kecepatan.
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91
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92

1.
Susun peralatan seperti Gambar (1)
2.
Pastikan bahwa pesawat Atwood telah benar-benar siap untuk digunakan dengan
cara :
a. Memeriksa dan mengusahakan agar posisi tiang vertikal berskala benar-benar
vertikal. (bila-benar-benar tegak atau vertikal, ia pasti sejajar dengan tali
penggantung beban).
b. Memeriksa dan mengusahakan agar katrol dapat bebas berotasi pada sumbunya.
3.
Timbang dan catat massa silinder M1, M2, dan beban tambahan m.
4.
Ukur dengan jangka sorong jari-jari katrol dan tinggi silinder yang digunakan.
5.
Gantungkan M1 pada salah satu ujung tali dan M2 pada ujung lainnya, pasangkan tali
pada katrol dengan posisi M1 di atas klem pemegang, berikan beban tambahan m di
atas M2.
6.
Pasang dan tahan M1 pada klem pemegang, atur tinggi posisi klem pemegang agar
posisi beban tambahan m tepat di titik nol skala vertikal dan tandai itu sebagai titik
A.
7.
Pasang klem pembatas berlubang sedemikian rupa agar posisi jatuhnya beban M2
nanti benar-benar di tengah-tengah lubangnya. Tandai posisi klem pembatas
berlubang sebagai titik B.
8.
Pasangkan klem pembatas tak berlubang di titik C sedemikian rupa sehingga BC <
AB.
9.
Lepaskan M1 dari klem pemegang agar M2 bergerak turun melewati klem pembatas
berlubang dan beban tambahan m tertinggal di sana. Catat waktu (tAB) yang
dibutuhkan (M2 + m) untuk menempuh jarak AB dan waktu (tBC) yang dibutuhkan
M2 untuk menempuh jarak BC.
10. Lakukan perulangan sebanyak 5 kali.

11. Ulangi langkah 9 dan 10 dengan menambahkan beban tambahan m.
93

1. Apa yang kamu ketahui tentang hukum Newton pada percobaan pesawat Atwood?
(Jelaskan)
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94
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95

-
Massa, M1 = ........... gram
Massa, M2 = ........... gram

Tabel 1. Hasil Pengamatan dengan variasi beban tambahan m.
No.
Massa tambahan
m (gram)
Jarak AB
(cm)
Jarak BC
(cm)
Waktu
tAB (detik)
(1)
Waktu
tBC (detik)
(2-1)
Waktu
tAC (detik)
(2)
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
96

Massa tambahan = .......... gram
Jarak AB
No.
= .......... cm
t t
tAB
AB
1.
2.
3.
AB
t t
n
Nilai Terbaik = t
4.
AB
Kesalahan Mutlak = t
5.
Kesalahan Relatif =
Jarak BC
No.
t
x 100%
t AB
= .......... cm
t t
tBC
t BC =
1.
t =
2.
3.
BC
t t
n
Nilai Terbaik
4.
= t BC t
5.
Kesalahan Relatif =
t
x 100%
t BC
dimana:
AC
vAC
AC
n
S
t
AC
S AB BC
a AC
vAC
t AC
97
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98
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100
5.8. ANALISA
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101
5.9. TUGAS AKHIR

1. Berdasarkan data percobaan yang anda peroleh buatlah jarak sebagai fungsi kelajuan
untuk M2 ketika :
a. masih ada beban tambahan di atasnya !
b. sudah tidak ada beban tambahan di atasnya !
2. Bagaimanakah gerak M2 menurut grafik itu ?
3. Bagaimanakah keberlakuan hukum Newton pada M2 itu ? Sebutkan hukum Newton
yang mana !
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103
5.10. KESIMPULAN
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104
LAMPIRAN GAMBAR
105
VI. BANDUL GABUNGAN

1. Memahami teori bandul gabungan secara lebih mendalam.
2. Menentukan harga percepatan gravitasi pada suatu tempat dengan cara bandul fisis.

1. Tripod.
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2. Batang logam dengan beberapa lobang
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3. Sekrup penyangga yang bersisi tajam beserta bautnya.
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4. Mistar ukur.
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5. Busur derajat.
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6. Stop Watch.
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106
6.3. DASAR TEORI

Skema gambar alat percobaan bandul gabungan seperti Gambar (1) berikut:
0
h
Gambar 1. Skema bandul gabungan
Skema diatas menggambarkan suatu benda tegar yang tergantung pada sumbu
horizontal melalui titik 0. Persamaan gerak dengan kecil untuk benda tersebut adalah :
m g h I
dimana :
I = momen inersia benda untuk sumbu melalui titik 0
h = jarak 0G
yang dinyatakan melalui persamaan diatas merupakan gerak harmonik dengan perioda :
T 2
I
mgh
menggunakan teorema dengan sumbu sejajar maka :
T 2
k2
h
dimana :
k2
= jarak dan k dinamakan jari-jari gyrasi untuk titik pusat massa G.
h
107
Untuk bandul sederhana berlaku T 2
l
g
sehingga h
k2
h
dapat dianggap
sebagai panjang bandul ekuivalen sederhana. Panjang h dapat diketahui dengan grafik T
terhadap d, yaitu jarak pusat gantungan pada ujung benda.
Jarak T tertentu, panjang l adalah sama dengan jarak antara titik potong pertama
dan atau titik potong kedua dan keempat. Sedangkan percepatan gravitasi dapat diketahui
dengan rumus :
4 2 l
T2
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108
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109

1. Letakkan dengan bantuan waterpas dan atur tripod hingga atas horizontal.
2. Masukkan sekrup penyangga kelubang pertama pada batang logam dan
kencangkan dengan baut.
3. Letakkan dan gantungkan batang logam yang akan disekrup pada tripod dengan
sisi tajam pada sekrup penyangga yang menempel pada tripod.
4. Berikan simpangan awal 5o dan biarkan batang g berayun.
5. Catat waktu yang diperlukan oleh batang dalam melakukan ayunan berapa kali
(tergantung instruksi). Lakukan sampai beberapa kali pengamatan untuk satu
keadaan.
6. Ukur dengan mistar jarak lubang yang diberi sekrup terhadap ujung batang.
7. Ulangi butir (4) hingga (6), untuk lubang berikutnya. Lakukan untuk semua
lubang.
8. Ulangi butir (4) hingga (7), untuk besar simpangan awal 15o.

1. Apa manfaat mempelajari teori bandul gabungan?
2. Bagaimana menentukan harga percepatan gravitasi pada suatu tempat dengan cara
bandul fisis?
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111

Sudut, = 5o
Lubang Jarak,
kel (cm)
Waktu, t (detik)
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Sudut, = 15o
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
Waktu (detik)
Lubang Jarak
kel (cm)
5
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
112

Sudut = 5o
Lubang ke-n dan ke-n
No.
Waktu, t (detik)
t t
1
2
3
4
5
t
n
t t
n
Nilai Terbaik = t t
t
Kesalahan Relatif =
x 100%
t
Sudut = 15o
Lubang ke-n dan ke-n
No.
Waktu, t (detik)
t t
1
2
3
4
5
t
n
t t
n
Nilai Terbaik = t t
Kesalahan Relatif =
t
x 100%
t
113
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116
6.8. ANALISA
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117
6.9. TUGAS AKHIR

1. Sebutkan minimal 5 contoh bandul gabungan !
2. Buatlah Grafik jarak terhadap waktu berdasarkan untuk sudut 50 dan 15 0 nilai
pengolahan data yang didapat.
3. Buktikan persamaan berikut :
T 2
l
g
4. Buat grafik T (perioda) terhadap l (jarak), tentukan
l
untuk minimal 8
T2
(delapan) T yang berbeda lalu hitunglah nilai g nya. Beri penjelasan anda
mengenai pengaruh besar sudut terhadap perhitungan g.
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119
6.10. KESIMPULAN
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120
LAMPIRAN GAMBAR
121
VII. VISKOSITAS ZAT CAIR

1. Memahami penerapan Hukum Stokes.
2. Menentukan harga viskositas zat cair, dengan cara Stokes.

1. Gelas ukur yang berisi zat cair
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2. Peluru-peluru kecil
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3. Stopwatch
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4. Mistar
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5. Jangka sorong
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6. Mikrometer skrup
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7. Pinset
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8. Kain lap/tissue
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9. Sendok saringan atau Magnet
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10. Neraca torsi/neraca analitis
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11. Gelas ukur
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122
7.3. DASAR TEORI

Fluida dapat didefinisikan sebagai zat yang dapat mengalir, yang berubah bentuk
secara terus menerus bila terkena tegangan geser walau sangat kecil. Cairan dan gas
adalah wujud fisik zat yang mudah berubah sesuai dengan wadahnya dan juga dapat
mengalir dari tempat yang bertekanan tinggi ke tempat yang bertekanan lebih rendah,
jadi cairan dan gas adalah fluida.
Pada fluida statik tekanannya hanya akan dipengaruhi oleh rapat massa dan
posisinya. Untuk fluida yang bergerak kekentalan atau viskositas merupakan faktor yang
penting, karena viskositas berpengaruh pada sifat alirnya.
Viskositas
Viskositas atau kekentalan dapat dianggap sebagai gesekan dibagian dalam suatu
fluida.
Karena
adanya viskositas maka untuk menggerakkan satu bagian terhadap
bagian lain dalam fluida haruslah dilakukan gaya pada permukaan lapisan-lapisan fluida.
Gambar.1 memperlihatkan sebagian lapisan fluida cair (cairan) pada dinding atas
yang bergerak dengan dinding bawah yang diam
v
d
dc
l
F
Gambar 1. Lapisan fluida kental antar dua dinding
Cairan yang bersentuhan dengan dinding atas yang bergerak ternyata mempunyai
kecepatan yang sama dengan kecepatan gerak dinding, sedang cairan disebelah dinding
yang tak bergerak adalah diam. Atau dengan kata lain kecepatan lapisan-lapisan cairan
semakin cepat bila semakin dekat dengan dinding yang bergerak (sehingga timbul
gradien kecepatan), seperti ditunjukkan oleh anak-anak panah. Lapisan-lapisan cairan
tersebut saling meluncuri, bagian cairan yang suatu ketika berbentuk abcd pada saat yang
lain menjadi abcd.
Hukum Stokes
Bila sebuah bola bergerak di dalam suatu fluida statik tak viskos, maka garisgaris arusnya akan membentuk suatu pola simetris sempurna disekeliling bola itu. Sesuai
123
dengan prinsip Pascal maka tekanan terhadap sembarang titik pada permukaan bola yang
menghadap arah aliran datang tepat sama dengan tekanan terhadap titik berlawanan pada
permukaan bola tersebut, dan gaya resultan terhadap bola itu nol. Tetapi bila fluida itu
viskos maka akan ada seretan kekentalan atau hambatan terhadap bola, yang dirumuskan
sebagai:
FD C D A
v2
2
(1)
dengan CD adalah koefisien hambat, A adalah luas bola dan v adalah kecepatan relatif
bola terhadap fluida.
Dalam hal aliran fluida viskos disekitar bola yang mempunyai bilangan Reynold
lebih kecil dari satu telah dirumuskan oleh Stokes. Stokes mengambil nilai CD = 24/Re.
Jika CD = 24/Re disubstitusikan ke persamaan 1, dan mengganti Re dengan vd/, serta
A dengan d2/4, maka diperoleh:
FD = 3 d v = 6 r v
(2)
Persamaan 2 dikenal sebagai hukum Stokes, yang dikemukanan oleh Sir George Stokes
pada tahun 1845.
Kecepatan Terminal
Sebuah bola yang jatuh melalui suatu fluida yang viskos (lihat Gambar 2) akan
mengalami gaya berat Fg, gaya apung Fa dan gaya seretan Fs. Jika hukum Stokes berlaku
maka gaya seretan akan sama degan persamaan 2 (FD = Fs).
Fs
Fa
Gambar 2 Gaya-gaya yang bekerja pada sebuah bola

yang jatuh dalam suatu fluida viskos
Fg
Menurut hukum kedua Newton bila bola ini bergerak dari keadaan diam dan arah
z positip adalah arah ke bawah, maka:
Fz = Fg Fa Fs = m a
..
(3)
Pada awal gerak, disaat v = 0, gaya Stokes adalah nol dan percepatan awal ao adalah :
ao
Fg Fa
m
(4)
124
Setelah beberapa lama, apabila v menjadi cukup besar, maka gaya Stokes sama dengan
gaya berat dikurangi gaya apung dan tidak ada gaya resultan yang bekerja pada bola.
Pada saat ini percepatan bola sama dengan nol dan lajunya konstan. Karena itu laju
maksimum atau laju akhir (terminal velocity) vT dapat dihitung dengan membuat a = 0,
sehingga persamaan 3 dapat ditulis menjadi:
Fg Fa k vT = 0
atau:
v T (Fg Fa )/k
(5)
dengan k = 6 r.
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126

1. Ukurlah jarak S antara dua karet gelang (tanda) yang terdapat pada tabung yang
berisi zat cair.
2. Ukurlah diameter peluru yang digunakan (lakukan pengukuran 10 kali untuk masingmasing peluru).
3. Timbanglah berat peluru yang digunakan.
4. Tentukan massa jenis zat cair yang digunakan.
5. Dengan menggunakan pinset, jatuhkan peluru tepat pada permukaan atas zat cair, dan
waktu untuk menempuh jarak S dicatat dan diukur dengan menggunakan stopwatch.
6. Dengan menggunakan magnet, ambil peluru pada dasar tabung, kemudian tunggu
sampai tidak ada lagi gelembung-gelembung udara di dalamnya.
7. Ulangi langkah 5 dan 6 sebanyak 10 kali.
8. Kemudian ulangi langkah 5, 6, dan 7 untuk peluru yang lain.
9. Selanjutnya lakukan percobaan untuk zat cair yang lain.
127

1. Apakah satuan viskositas dalam SI dan dalam CGS.?
2. Pada saat dilepaskan dalam zat cair dengan kecepatan awal nol, gaya apa saja yang
dialami peluru (tuliskan juga persamaannya).
3. Turunkan persamaan viskositas zat cair adalah :
2 r2g
( o )
9 v
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129

Jarak AB
No.
Oli,
SAE
40
M.
Sayur
Waktu (t)
Oli, SAE 40
Diameter bola
I
II
III
II
III
Waktu (t)
Minyak Sayur
I
II
III
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
130

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133
7.8. ANALISA
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134
7.9. TUGAS AKHIR

1. Larutan yang digunakan dalam percobaan ini kental, untuk mencari kecepatan peluru,
apakah bisa dipakai rumus benda jatuh bebas?, Berikan alasannya!
2. Hitunglah masing-masing kecepatan peluru (v) dan massa jenis dari hasil percobaan
yang telah dilakukan dan sertakan simpangan (kesalahannya) !.
3. Dengan menggunakan rumusan seperti soal No.3 pada tugas pendahuluan dan
menganggap percepatan gravitasi (g = 10 m/det2) maka hitunglah viskositas zat cair
() yang digunakan dalam percobaan ini dimana (o = air = 103 kg/cm3).
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136
7.10. KESIMPULAN
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137
LAMPIRAN GAMBAR
138

Modul Praktikum Fisika Dasar I PDF

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Modul Praktikum Fisika Dasar I PDF

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CARA PENGGUNAAN ALAT UKUR

PRAKTIKUM FISIKA DASAR I

Gambar 1. Alat ukur Jangka Sorong

CARA PENGGUNAAN JANGKA SORONG

Gambar 2. Keadaan titik nol Alat Jangka Sorong

Penuntun Praktikum Fisika Dasar I

Gambar 3. Alat ukur Mikrometer Sekrup

CARA PENGGUNAAN MIKROMETER SEKRUP

Jumlah skala pada nonius C

Kesalahan titik nol

Skala yang besarnya dipakai Oleh

Garis tengah kawat

Penuntun Praktikum Fisika Dasar I

TEORI KETIDAKPASTIAN PENGUKURAN DALAM PERCOBAAN

II. KETIDAKPASTIAN PADA PENGUKURAN

II.2. Kesalahan Random

II.3. Kesalahan-Kesalahan Lain

Penuntun Praktikum Fisika Dasar I

III. PERHITUNGAN KESALAHAN

III.2. Menentukan Harga Rata-rata (nilai terbaik) dan Sesatannya

( X N = rata-rata = nilai terbaik), maka simpangan atau deviasi untuk :

Persamaan (III.2.2) ini disebut deviasi rata-rata.

Dimana Vx adalah variasi yang didefinisikan

dengan N menuju tak hingga.

dengan N menuju tak hingga.

dinamakan simpangan baku contoh (sample standard deviation). N memberikan

Dimana N 8 (untuk N = 1 SN tidak mempunyai arti).

didalam praktek percobaan tak

bahwa Xo ada dalam interval X S X N dengan demikian persoalan selesai.

Penuntun Praktikum Fisika Dasar I

maka nilai terbaik X = ( 10,00 0,05 )

III.3. Contoh Perhitungan

(b). I = skala terkecil = x 0,1 A = 0,05 A, dan I = 2,5 A

III.3.2. Sesatan Yang Ditentukan Oleh Skala Alat

R ( 0,05 0,01) x 200 12 ohm

Jadi R = ( 200 12 ) ohm

2. Pada percobaan tegangan permukaan air digunakan rumus : h

Bila : r = ( 0,30 0,005 ) mm

(tidak mempunyai sesatan)

0,0018 x 73,50 0,13

Jadi ( 73,50 0,13 ) dyne.

3. Sesatan yang paling mempengaruhi

Bila S = ( 8,0 0,05 ) cm dan S = ( 24,0 0,05 ) cm

f 0,008678 x (6,0) 2 0,0312

Jadi f ( 6,00 0,03 ) cm.

Penuntun Praktikum Fisika Dasar I

I. GERAK JATUH BEBAS

1.1. TUJUAN PERCOBAAN

1.2. ALAT DAN BAHAN BESERTA FUNGSINYA

Magnet pemegang bola logam

Timer counter, AT-01

10. Plumb bob

Penuntun Praktikum Fisika Dasar I

1.3. DASAR TEORI

Penuntun Praktikum Fisika Dasar I

Gambar 1. Skema Percobaan

g t12 untuk gerbang cahaya 1

untuk gerbang cahaya 2

1.4. PROSEDUR PERCOBAAN

Gambar 2. Rangkaian Percobaan

2. Hubungkan magnet pemegang bola ke keluaran P1/E.MAGNET pada Timer

II. PELAKSANAAN PENGAMBILAN DATA

Penuntun Praktikum Fisika Dasar I