Fisika II
Materi Kuliah Seri 1
2013
FISIKA II
(3 SKS Teori)
Sasaran:
Taruna memahami pengetahuan tentang hukum-
hukum termodinamika untuk benda makroskopik dan
teori kinetik gas.
Deskripsi Teori:
Temperatur dan pemuaian: termometer,
kesetimbangan termal, ekspansi termal,
panas/kalor, energi panas, panas jenis.
1
3/6/2013
FISIKA II
(3 SKS Teori)
Sifat termal materi: persamaan keadaan gas ideal,
kerja, permukaan pVT gas ideal dan zat sejati,
hukum pertama termodinamika dan aplikasinya.
FISIKA II
(3 SKS Teori)
2
3/6/2013
FISIKA II
Daftar Pustaka
FISIKA II
(3 SKS Teori)
SAP Fisika II
(3 SKS Teori)
3
3/6/2013
Temperatur (Suhu)
Suhu suatu benda adalah ukuran panas atau
dinginnya benda tsb.
Temperatur (Suhu)
Perubahan sifat fisik Prinsip kerja termometer.
4
3/6/2013
Temperatur (Suhu)
Utk mengukur suhu suatu benda, sentuhkan
termometer pd benda tsb misalnya celupkan
termometer ke dlm secangkir kopi, mk terjadi
interaksi antara termometer dan kopi.
//www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/Images/thermo0.gif
5
3/6/2013
6
3/6/2013
Jenis2 Termometer
Jenis2 Termometer
Kelemahan termometer Hg Hg membeku pd -40
C dan pd 360 C sudah banyak yg menguap, shg
tidak dpt digunakan utk mengukur suhu di luar
batas tsb.
Termometer alkohol dpt mencapai -130 C.
Termometer pentana dpt mencapai -200 C.
7
3/6/2013
Jenis2 Termometer
http://www.chinatraderonline.com/
Termometer bimetal
Jenis2 Termometer
8
3/6/2013
Jenis2 Termometer
Bimetal element
http://sci-toys.com/scitoys/scitoys/thermo/bimetal_1_closeup.jpg
Jenis2 Termometer
www.efunda.com/designstandards/sensors/thermocouples/images/thermocouple_A.gif
9
3/6/2013
Jenis2 Termometer
Basic principle of thermocouple;
A junction with two dissimilar metals in contact generates a
voltage called the thermoelectric voltage which varies with
temperature according to the Seebeck coefficient. The
thermocouple system has at least two junctions. One junction
is the probe junction, while the other junction is the cold
junction to be kept at a reference temperature. The voltage
difference between these junctions is given by V = ST,
where S is the Seebeck coefficient. In practical measurement
circuits, it is not convenient to use a fixed reference
temperature. Hence, a cold-junction compensation is applied
by direction sensing the cold-junction temperature by another
device, such as a thermistor. Since the probe junction is small
and can have a very small thermal mass, it can follow
temperature changes rapidly and come to equilibrium quickly.
Jenis2 Termometer
Handheld
Thermocuple
Thermometer
http://www.benmeadows.com/store/Weather/Portable_Equipment/Thermometers/5517/
10
3/6/2013
Jenis2 Termometer
http://controls.engin.umich.edu/wiki/images/0/07/Pyrometer.gif
Jenis2 Termometer
An optical pyrometer consists a telescope, a red glass filter and a small electric lamp
bulb connected in series with a variable resistor, an ammeter and a battery (or power
supply). The lamp bulb is incorporated into the telescope at its focus so that the
filament of the lamp appears superimposed on the image of the hot object whose
temperature is to be measured. The current through the filament is adjusted by
varying the resistance until it is neither darker (cooler) than the hot object, nor brighter
(hotter). Then the filament is of the same temperature as the distant object.
Since no part of the instrument needs to come into contact with the hot object, the
optical pyrometer may be used for very high temperature (above 1300C)
measurements.
11
3/6/2013
Jenis2 Termometer
Pyranometer
://www.sheffield-pottery.com/v/vspfiles/assets/images/pyrometer-paragon-dt27.jpg
Skala Suhu
Utk dpt membuat skala suhu, perlu ditentukan
lebih dulu dua titik tetap suhu.
Misalnya pada penentuan skala suhu Celcius
(centigrade): titik beku air atau titik lebur es pd
tekanan 1 atmosfer diberi skala 0 dan titik didih air
pd tekanan 1 atmosfer diberi skala 100.
Antara kedua titik tsb dibagi 100 secara linier
diperoleh skala suhu dlm C.
12
3/6/2013
Skala Suhu
Dlm pembuatan skala Fahrenheit, titik beku air tsb
diberi skala 32 dan titik didihnya diberi skala 212,
antara kedua skala ini dibagi 180 secara linier
diperoleh skala suhu dlm F.
Hubungan antara pengukuran suhu dalam skala C
dan F adalah sbb:
TF 95 TC 32
TC 95 TF 32
TK TC 273,15
13
3/6/2013
The pressure of a fixed volume gas varies directly with temperature according
to the gas constant (which is independent of the nature of the gas). The
volume of the gas is kept constant by raising or lowering the reservoir B to
keep the mercury level at A constant.
14
3/6/2013
15
3/6/2013
//www.npl.co.uk/
16
3/6/2013
//boomeria.org/chemlectures/textass2/fig17-9.jpg
17
3/6/2013
18
3/6/2013
19
3/6/2013
20
3/6/2013
21
3/6/2013
22
3/6/2013
Rasio Poisson:
= (W/W) / (L/L)
Bormann, 2002
23
3/6/2013
24
3/6/2013
F L F
Y Y t Tegangan
A L0 A termal.
25
3/6/2013
F/A = tegangan
termal.
Jika batas elastisitas
terlampaui, batang
dpt patah.
Latihan
1. Sebuah cincin baja dg (dlm) = 2,5000 inci pd
20,0C dihangatkan dan disisipi dg batang
kuningan dg (luar) = 2,5020 inci pd 20,0C.
Sampai suhu berapa sebaiknya cincin
dipanaskan?
Jika cincin dan batang keduanya didinginkan, pd
suhu berapakah cincin akan tepat lepas dari
batang?
2. Sebuah wadah gelas dg volume 1000,00 cm 3 pd
0,0 C penuh dg air raksa (Hg) pd suhu yg sama.
Saat wadah bersama Hg dihangatkan hingga 55,0
C, ternyata 8,95 cm3 Hg tumpah ke luar. Jika Hg
= 18,010-5 K-1, hitung gelas.
26
3/6/2013
Latihan
3. Seutas kawat sepanjang 1,50 m pd 20C ternyata
bertambah panjang 1,9 cm saat dipanaskan
hingga 420C.
Hitung rata-rata kawat pd rentang suhu tsb.
Kawat tsb ditarik secukupnya agar lurus pd 420C.
Hitung tegangan pd kawat jika didinginkan hingga
20 tanpa dibolehkan berkontraksi. Ykawat =
2,01011 Pa.
4. Rel kereta dari baja dipasang dari ujung ke ujung
terdiri atas segmen-segmen sepanjang 12,0 m.
Pemasangan dilakukan pd musim dingin dg suhu
minus 2,0C.
Latihan
Berapa banyak ruang yg harus disisakan di antara
rel-rel yg berdekatan bila hanya dibolehkan
bersentuhan saja pd saat musim panas dg suhu
33,0C?
Jika rel-rel tsb pd awalnya dipasang menempel pd
musim dingin (-2C), berapa tegangan termal yg
timbul pd musim panas (33C)?
27