Terowongan #1
Dr. Ir. Ahmad Rifa’i, M.T.
Introduction: Rock and Soil cycles
ORIGIN OF ROCKS AND SOILS
The ultimate source of all rock and soil is the molten magma from deep in the
earth. The minerals are nearly all forms of silicates with various other metallic
elements. The rock cycle starts with the hardened magma, igneous rock. The
rock mass can be changed by a combination of extreme pressure, heat,
distortion, and solution to form metamorphic rock. Weathering of the surface
of the rock, whether igneous or metamorphic, can be followed by the
transportation of the weathered particles to a new location and subsequent
induration into sedimentary rocks.
3 kelompok batuan:
n Batuan beku (igneous rock).
n Batuan sedimen (sedimentary rock).
n Batuan metamorf (metamorphic rock).
Igneous Rocks
n Umumnya batuan primer terbentuk dari
pembekuan magma.
n Contoh: granite, dolerite, basalt.
n Sifat teknis batuan: baik, keras &padat,
daya dukung tinggi.
Sedimentary Rocks
n Pressure and/or cementation harden the
sediments into sandstone (batu pasir), siltstone,
conglomerate, shales (serpih), or limestone
(calcium carbonate, batu gamping) and dolomite
(magnesium carbonate), batuan volkanik
pyrocrastic, breksi andesit.
Metamorphic Rocks
A combination of heat, pressure, solution, and distortion
alter the minerals in the original rock into new forms.
Granites become gneiss. Basalt becomes schist.
Sandstones and siltstones are altered into quartzites.
Shales are altered into slates or mica schists and
limestones and dolomites are altered into marble.
Time
Tanah & Batuan
Pelapukan Batuan
PROFIL PELAPUKAN
PROFIL DERAJAT TINGKAT DISKRIPSI
Top Soil - Tanah permukaan (zona perakaran tanaman)
Residual VI Semua batuan berubah menjadi tanah
Soil
Semua batuan telah lapuk menjadi tanah
Pelapukan V (sisa-sisa batuan berukuran pasir-kerikil
Komplit masih terlihat dalam jumlah kecil)
10
Dasar Perancangan Terowongan
n Redistribusi
original stress &
failure.
n Perilaku stress-
deformation:
elastic,
elastoplastic, dan
failure.
11
Dasar Perancangan Terowongan
n Media: tidak
homogen,
diskontinyu &
anisotropis.
n Aksi: dynamic
phenomenon.
n Reaksi: perilaku
deformasi.
Tunnelling-ARF 12
Jenis Deformasi & Perilakunya
Tunnelling-ARF 14
Tahapan Perancangan Terowongan
Tunnelling-ARF 16
Simulasi Numeris
Stress level
1.13e+00
1.00e+00
8.75e-01
7.50e-01
6.25e-01
5.00e-01
3.75e-01
2.50e-01
1.25e-01
0.00e+00
Time = 8.00 s.
Transversal Displ.
Stress level
Time = 12.00 s.
Tunnelling-ARF 19
Metode Observasi
Tunnelling-ARF 21
Metode Empiris
Tunnelling-ARF 22