DAFTAR ISI

PRAKATA ....................................................................................................... vi

DAFTAR ISI ....................................................................................................vii

DAFTAR GAMBAR ....................................................................................... ix

DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................. x

DAFTAR SINGKATAN .................................................................................. xi

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .................................................................................... xii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN .............................................................................. 1

A. Latar Belakang ............................................................................... 1

B. Rumusan Masalah .......................................................................... 4

C. Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................ 4

D. Manfaat Penelitian.......................................................................... 4

BAB II LANDASAN TEORI .......................................................................... 5

A. Tinjauan Pustaka ............................................................................ 5

1. Tuberkulosis .............................................................................. 5

a. Etiologi .................................................................................... 5

b. Epidemiologi ........................................................................... 5

c. Patogenesis ............................................................................ 10

d. Klasifikasi ............................................................................. 13

e. Diagnosis ............................................................................... 15

2. Metode GeneXpert MTB/RIF ................................................... 19

3. Metode Kultur........................................................................... 22

vii
 B. Kerangka Pemikiran .................................................................... 25

C. Hipotesis ...................................................................................... 26

BAB III METODE PENELITIAN .................................................................. 27

A. Jenis Penelitian ............................................................................. 27

B. Lokasi Penelitian .......................................................................... 27

C. Subjek Penelitian .......................................................................... 27

D. Rancangan Penelitian ................................................................... 28

E. Identifikasi Variabel Penelitian .................................................... 28

F. Definisi Operasional Variabel Penelitian...................................... 29

G. Alat dan Bahan Penelitian ............................................................ 31

H. Cara Kerja .................................................................................... 31

I. Teknik Analisis Data .................................................................... 33

BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN ....................................................................... 34

A. Karakteristik Sampel ................................................................... 34

B. Hasil Analisis Statistika ................................................................ 37

BAB V PEMBAHASAN ............................................................................... 42

A. Analisis Data ................................................................................ 42

B. Keterbatasan Penelitian ................................................................ 51

BAB VI SIMPULAN DAN SARAN .............................................................. 52

A. Simpulan ...................................................................................... 52

B. Saran ............................................................................................. 52

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ....................................................................................... 54

LAMPIRAN

viii
 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1 Sepuluh Penyebab Kematian Utama di Dunia Tahun 2015 ....... 8

Gambar 2.2 Insidensi Tuberkulosis di Dunia Tahun 2015 ............................... 9

Gambar 2.3 Angka Penemuan Kasus Tuberkulosis Menurut Kab/Kota di

Provinsi Jawa Tengah Tahun 2015 ............................................. 10

Gambar 2.4 Patogenesis Tuberkulosis ........................................................... 13

Gambar 2.5 Alur Diagnosis dan Tindak Lanjut TB Paru Pasien Dewasa ...... 18

Gambar 2.6 Kerangka Pemikiran ................................................................... 25

Gambar 3.1 Skema Rancangan Penelitian...................................................... 31

Gambar 4.1 Alur Distribusi Sampel Penelitian .............................................. 36

Gambar 4.2 Grafik Antara Jumlah Sampel dengan Jenis Kelamin ................ 39

Gambar 4.3 Grafik Antara Jumlah Sampel dengan Klasifikasi Wilayah ....... 39

Gambar 4.4 Grafik Antara Jumlah Sampel dengan Klasifikasi Daerah ......... 39

Gambar 4.5 Grafik Antara Jumlah Sampel dengan Jenis Kelamin dan Usia . 40

Gambar 4.6 Grafik Antara Jumlah Sampel dengan Wilayah dan Klasifikasi

Daerah ......................................................................................... 41

Gambar 4.7 Grafik Persentase Uji Diagnostik ............................................... 41

ix
 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1 Perbedaan Lama Waktu Pemeriksaan Laboratorium untuk

Mendeteksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis ...................................... 19

Tabel 3.1 Tabel 2x2 Uji Diagnostik .............................................................. 30

Tabel 4.1 Karakteristik Sampel Penelitian Tahun 2012-2015 ...................... 35

Tabel 4.2 Hasil Uji Diagnostik GeneXpert MTB/RIF dibandingkan

dengan Kultur Dahak ..................................................................... 37

x
 DAFTAR SINGKATAN

CT : Cycle Threshold

DNA : Deoxyribonucleic Acid

MTB : Mycobacterium tuberculosis

MDR-TB : Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis

NALC/NaOH : N-acetyl-l-cysteine and Sodium Hydroxide

NTM : Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

OAT : Obat antituberkulosis

PCR : Polymerase Chain Reaction

RIF : Rifampisin Isoniazid

SR : Sample Reagent

WHO : World Health Organization

xi
 DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Surat Ijin Penelitian

Lampiran 2. Ethical Clearence

Lampiran 3. Hasil Analisis Statistik

Lampiran 4. Data Tabel 2x2

xii