MATERI KE-19

ASPEK KEGEMPAAN DALAM PERANCANGAN GEOTEKNIK JEMBATAN

Dr. M. Asrurifak dkk.
Ketua Bidang Pengembangan Standar, Manual dan Pedoman HATTI
Peneliti di Pusat Penelitian Mitigasi Bencana ITB
Anggota Tim Revisi Peta Gempa Indonesia
Anggota Tim Mikrozonasi Kota-kota Besar Indonesia
Dosen ISTN jakarta

PELATIHAN PERANCANGAN DAN KONSTRUKSI JEMBATAN KHUSUS

Bandung, 5 Mei 2018

SNI 8460:2017 Persyaratan Perancangan Geoteknik

SNI 8460:2017

SNI 8460:2017
SNI 8460:2017

What is liquefaction?
 Perilaku Tanah Liquifaksi
Liquifaksi merupakan fenomena unik dimana material tanah
berperilaku lebih mirip cairan daripada padatan, sehingga benar-
benar kehilangan daya tahannya seperti pada Gambar-1. Fenomena
ini umumnya ditemukan saat material tanah yang mendapatkan gaya
siklik dalam kondisi termampat (undrained) seperti gempa. Selama
pembebanan siklik yang cepat undrained, tekanan air pori tidak bisa
mudah lolos (terdisipasi). Akibatnya, tegangan efektif menurun ke
arah nol, dimana hampir tidak ada kontak antara masing-masing
partikel. Ilustrasi sederhana dari fenomena ini dapat dilihat pada
Gambar 2.

Review of shear strength of soil

1. For Cohesive/ Clay soils
W I

C is dominant
c

2. For Non-Cohesive/ Sandy soils

W
I
I is dominant

c V
 Apa yang terjadi bila pasir lepas (loose) menerima beban siklis?

Pasir Lepas (loose)

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 5 10 15 20 25

memadat

Apaa ygg terjadi

di bilaa pasir
ir lepass tsb
b jenuh
uh?

W

I
n
' ta
' =V
W

V'

W'=V' tan I
V'=V - u
Menjad
Menjadi
dii se
d seperti
epert
perttti liliquid
quid
d ((cairan
(caaira
a an
an)
n)
Pengurangan n tegangan n efektif if menyebabkan
n liquefaction
Soil liquefaction:
Significant loss of soil strength due to
reduction in effective confining stress as a
result of pore pressure increase

Strength of cyclically loaded soil

 LIQUEFACTION
All liquefaction
q is dependent
p on g
generation of
excess pore pressure under undrained loading
conditions

Two
wo types of behav
behavior:
Flow Liquefactio
Liquefaction
Cyclic Mobility

Schematic illustrations of
examples of potential
p
liquefaction
liquefactio
on-
on
on-in
induced
n
nduced
GLOBAL INSTABILITY
and/or lateral spreading
 Schematic illustrations of
examples of potential
p
liquefaction
liquefactio
on-
on
on-in
induced
n
nduced
LOCAL INSTABILIT
INSTABILITY and/or
lateral spreading

What are the effects of liquefaction?

EFFECTS OF LIQUEFACTION
SOIL
LIQUEFACTION

EFFECTS OF LIQUEFACTION
Soil Liquefaction due to
o Nigataa Earthquake
EFFECTS OF LIQUEFACTION

Lateral Spreading due to

Flores Earthquake 1994
EFFECTS OF LIQUEFACTION
Semburan pasir dari dalam tanah
 Semburan pasir dari dalam tanah

Semburan pasir dari dalam sumur

Amblesan akibat likuifaksi

Settlement
ment Due To Liquefaction
Flores Earthquake 1994
 Increased Lateral Pressure on Retaining Wall

Liquefaction
q at
San Fernando Dam
 Cracked Pavement
nt on the Upstream Slope
of the Los Angeles Dam

Necessary Conditions:

1. Potentially liquefiable soil (soil type, condition)

2. Saturation

3. Undrained
ndrained loadin
loading:
• Earthquak
Earthquake
• Blasting
• Pile driving
drivin
rivin
ng
• Trains,
s etc
s,
 Liquefaction
quefaction Susceptibility
q p y
Compositional criteria

1. Sands (and Siltyy Sands

S and Clayey Sands),
if fine contentt < 15%

2. Silt:
Low Plasticity (PII < 15%)
Higher Plasticity

3. Clayyys:
Clays s:
1. Fraction
ion
n ffiner
ine
nerr tthan
ha
an
n 0.0
.00
.005
005
5 mm
m < 15
15%
2. Liquid
d lilimit,
im
mittt,, LL
LL < 335
5
5%
%
3. Natural
al waterr contentt > 0.9 .9 LL

Is the soil susceptible to liquefaction?

Investigate
vestigate several criteria:
ƒHHistorical criteria
ƒGGeologic criteria (near surface GWT,
GWT T, et
etc
ttcc)
ƒCCompositional criteria (particle shape,
shape size)
ƒ State criteria (density,
( initial stress)
ƒ C
Critical void ratio
ƒ S
Steady State of Deformation
De
ƒ State Parameter
 Liquefaction
action Susceptibility
p y
Historical Criteria

Rellationship between limiting

Relationship
epicentral
epiccentral distance of sites at which
liquefaction
liqu
uefaction has been observed and
moment
mo ment magnit
magnitude
gnittude for shallow
sha
allow
earthquakes (Ambrassey ey, 1988)
ey

Liquefaction Susceptibility

Range of liquefaction zone (Tsuchida

da, 1970)

Limit for
Liquefiable Zone

Limit for
Unliquefiable Zone
2 Main Approaches to Evaluation of
Liquefaction Potential

1. Laboratory testing of carefully obtained samp

samples,
simulating ‘expected’ EQ loading conditions

2. Empirica
Empirical
all co
a correlations
orrelation
tion
on
nss (based on field case
histories), using in
histo in-
n-situ ‘index’ tests (e.g.: SPT, CPT,
Vs)

For Sandy Soil

I
I is dominant

Shear strength proporsional dengan V

 Working stress: Cyclic Stress Ratio
W
CSR=
Vn

0
0
0
0
0
0

Simplified Seed Procedure to Determine Liquefaction

Susceptibility

Newton’s Law

Soil element
Strength reduction
 Strength reduction factor ((rrd)
as a function of soil profile

Cyclic Stress Ratio Developed During Liquefaction

Magnitude
Correction
EQ Loading Characterization

9 Estimate the Average Cyclic Shear Stress of

Earthquake

Cyclic Stress Ratio generated

d byy the anticipated
earthquake ground motion = CSR Req

(W / V’0) = 0.65 * ((V

V0 / V’0) * ((aamax
ax / g) * rd

amaxx dii Permukaann dengann SHAKE/NEERA

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
time (second)
Maximum Peak Ground Acceleration at bedrock SB for Indonesia
for 500-years return period (SNI-1726, 2002)

SNI 2833:2013
Dasarnya adalah parameter tanah pada 30m teratas
Working stress (CSR)

Soil resistance

The denser the sand,

the less potential of liquefaction

The higher
g the densityy Dr,
The stronger
g the sand,
The less potential to liquefaction
Resistance against
g liquefaction
q is measured by using :
ƒ SPT (Standard
( Penetration Test)
ƒ CPT (Cone Penetration Test)
CPT

SPT

W
CSR=
Vn

Liquefied
Non-Liquefied

N
 Cyclic Stress Ratio versus SPT resistance
resistanc for various
earthquake magnitude

Correction factor for N

N-SPT
-SP
SPT
due to overburden pressure

Unitt V in t/m
/m2
CN=(1(1-
(1
1-1.25 log (V/11.1))
g (V

Unitt V in t/ft
/ft2
CN=(1(1-
(1
1-1.25 log (V)
g (V

Unitt V in
n ksff ((kips/ft
p /ft2)
CN=(1
(1-
(11-1.25 log g (V2.1))
V
 Standard Penetration Resistance

Relationship between cyclic stress ratios causing liquefaction and (N

N1)600 values for
silty sands in M = 7.5 earthquakes (Seed et al., 1975)

CPT
 Cone Penetration Resistance

CPT
PT-
T based Liquefaction Curves
T-

CPT
Tipp re
rresistance
esistan
tanc
ncee iss normalized
d to
o a standard
d effective
e overburden
n pressure
off 1 ton/ft
ft2 by
1 .8
qc1 qc
0.8  V'v 0
 The denser the sand,
the less potential of liquefaction

N
Dr = Vv in psi
1.7 (Vv +10)
7 (V

N
Vv in t/m
m2
Dr = 2 Vv +10)
1.7 (1.42

Requirement: Dr > 70%

When does liquefaction result in

ground surface damage?
 Condition under which
ground surface damaged
dam
will be caused by
liquefaction

SOIL IMPROVEMENT
MPROVEMENT
TECHNIQUES
 Mitigation of Liquefaction Hazard

9 Adaptt – by building liquefaction resistant structures

9 Alte
Alterr
A – so
ssoil
oil stabiliz
stabilization
bilizzation (by enhancing the str
strength, density,
and/orr drainagege characteristics of the soil):

- Densifyy the liquefied

q soil
- Provide drainage for pore pressure dissipation

Dynamic Compaction
Liquefaction Remediation
tion Meth
Methods
ho
hods
Deep
ep-
ep
p-vibro

Liquefaction Remediation
on Met
Methods
th
thods
KS-
KS
S-HARD
Liquefaction
q Remediation Methods
Compaction and drain combination

Liquefaction Remediation
ation Methods
Gravel drain
Liquefaction Remediation
ion Methods
drain pipe

Soil Improvement Techniques

Soil Improvement Techniques

Soil Improvement Techniques

 Soil Improvement Techniques

Recommendation of Liquefaction Remediation

1. It is recommended to use pile foundation for important and heavy buildings

Ground surface

Non liquefied layer

Liquefiable layer

Non liquefied layer

Schematic diagram of liquefaction
remediation measures applied
ap to DEEP
underground structures